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Rochais F, Kelly RG. Fibroblast growth factor 10. Differentiation 2024; 139:100741. [PMID: 38040515 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a major morphoregulatory factor that plays essential signaling roles during vertebrate multiorgan development and homeostasis. FGF10 is predominantly expressed in mesenchymal cells and signals though FGFR2b in adjacent epithelia to regulate branching morphogenesis, stem cell fate, tissue differentiation and proliferation, in addition to autocrine roles. Genetic loss of function analyses have revealed critical requirements for FGF10 signaling during limb, lung, digestive system, ectodermal, nervous system, craniofacial and cardiac development. Heterozygous FGF10 mutations have been identified in human genetic syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies, including lacrimal and salivary gland aplasia. Elevated Fgf10 expression is associated with poor prognosis in a range of cancers. In addition to developmental and disease roles, FGF10 regulates homeostasis and repair of diverse adult tissues and has been identified as a target for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France.
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2
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Bzdega K, Karolak JA. Phenotypic spectrum of FGF10-related disorders: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14003. [PMID: 36124135 PMCID: PMC9482362 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF10, as an FGFR2b-specific ligand, plays a crucial role during cell proliferation, multi-organ development, and tissue injury repair. The developmental importance of FGF10 has been emphasized by the identification of FGF10 abnormalities in human congenital disorders affecting different organs and systems. Single-nucleotide variants in FGF10 or FGF10-involving copy-number variant deletions have been reported in families with lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands, or lethal lung developmental disorders. Abnormalities involving FGF10 have also been implicated in cleft lip and palate, myopia, or congenital heart disease. However, the exact developmental role of FGF10 and large phenotypic heterogeneity associated with FGF10 disruption remain incompletely understood. Here, we review human and animal studies and summarize the data on FGF10 mechanism of action, expression, multi-organ function, as well as its variants and their usefulness for clinicians and researchers.
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Bevilacqua G. The Viral Origin of Human Breast Cancer: From the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) to the Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV). Viruses 2022; 14:1704. [PMID: 36016325 PMCID: PMC9412291 DOI: 10.3390/v14081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV) has been identified in humans, dating as far back as about 4500 years ago, with a high probability of it being acquired by our species around 10,000 years ago, following a species jump from mice to humans. HBRV is the human homolog of the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus), which is the etiological agent of murine mammary tumors. The hypothesis of a HMTV (human mammary tumor virus) was proposed about 50 years ago, and has acquired a solid scientific basis during the last 30 years, with the demonstration of a robust link with breast cancer and with PBC, primary biliary cholangitis. This article summarizes most of what is known about MMTV/HMTV/HBRV since the discovery of MMTV at the beginning of last century, to make evident both the quantity and the quality of the research supporting the existence of HBRV and its pathogenic role. Here, it is sufficient to mention that scientific evidence includes that viral sequences have been identified in breast-cancer samples in a worldwide distribution, that the complete proviral genome has been cloned from breast cancer and patients with PBC, and that saliva contains HBRV, as a possible route of inter-human infection. Controversies that have arisen concerning results obtained from human tissues, many of them outdated by new scientific evidence, are critically discussed and confuted.
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Wang Y, Song W, Zhou S, Chang S, Chang J, Tian J, Zhang L, Li J, Che G. The genomic and transcriptome characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma patients with previous breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:618. [PMID: 35668376 PMCID: PMC9171992 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer and lung cancer are the top two malignancies in the female population and the number of patients with breast cancer and subsequent primary lung cancer has increased significantly in recent years. However, the unique molecular characteristics of this group of patients remains unclear. Purpose To identify the genomic and transcriptome characteristics of primary lung adenocarcinoma patients with previous breast cancer by comparison with single primary lung adenocarcinoma (SPLA) patients. Methods The tumor and normal pulmonary tissue specimens of ten primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients with previous breast cancer (multiple primary cancer, MPC) and ten SPLA patients were prospectively collected. The whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed to analyze the gene mutation and expression differences between MPC and SPC patients. Results The results of WES indicated that the mutations of TRIM73, DLX6 and CNGB1 only existed in MPC patients. The results of RNA-seq manifested the occurrence of second primary lung adenocarcinoma in breast cancer patients was closely associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor action, autophagy, PI3L-Akt, cAMP and calcium ion signaling pathways. Besides, the expression levels of FGF10 and VEGFA genes were significantly increased in MPC patients. Conclusion The occurrence of second primary lung adenocarcinoma may be related to the cytokine-cytokine receptor action, autophagy, PI3L-Akt, cAMP and calcium ion signaling pathways. Furthermore, the mutations of TRIM73, DLX6 and CNGB1 and high expression of FGF10 and VEGFA might play an important role in the development of lung adenocarcinoma in breast cancer patients. However, more in-depth investigations are needed to verify above findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09727-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenpeng Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sicheng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junke Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Francavilla C, O'Brien CS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling dysregulation and targeting in breast cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:210373. [PMID: 35193394 PMCID: PMC8864352 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signalling plays a critical role in breast embryonal development, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. FGFR, its numerous FGF ligands and signalling partners are often dysregulated in breast cancer progression and are one of the causes of resistance to treatment in breast cancer. Furthermore, FGFR signalling on epithelial cells is affected by signals from the breast microenvironment, therefore increasing the possibility of breast developmental abnormalities or cancer progression. Increasing our understanding of the multi-layered roles of the complex family of FGFRs, their ligands FGFs and their regulatory partners may offer novel treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, as a single agent or rational co-target, which will be explored in depth in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Ciara S. O'Brien
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2BX, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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Jin X, Yan J, Chen C, Chen Y, Huang WK. Integrated Analysis of Copy Number Variation, Microsatellite Instability, and Tumor Mutation Burden Identifies an 11-Gene Signature Predicting Survival in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:721505. [PMID: 34650974 PMCID: PMC8505672 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.721505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants such as copy number variation (CNV), microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutation burden (TMB) have been reported to associate with the immune microenvironment and prognosis of patients with breast cancer. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of CNV, MSI, and TMB data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, thereby generating two genetic variants-related subgroups. We characterized the differences between the two subgroups in terms of prognosis, MSI burden, TMB, CNV, mutation landscape, and immune landscape. We found that cluster 2 was marked by a worse prognosis and lower TMB. According to these groupings, we identified 130 differentially expressed genes, which were subjected to univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-penalized multivariate modeling. Consequently, we constructed an 11-gene signature risk model called the genomic variation-related prognostic risk model (GVRM). Using ROC analysis and a calibration plot, we estimated the prognostic prediction of this GVRM. We confirmed the predictive efficiency of this GVRM by validating it in another independent International Cancer Genome Consortium cohort. Our results conclude that an 11-gene signature developed by integrated analysis of CNV, MSI, and TMB has a high potential to predict breast cancer prognosis, which provided a strong rationale for further investigating molecular mechanisms and guiding clinical decision-making in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Junfeng Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Chuanzhi Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen-Kuan Huang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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7
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Rivetti S, Chen C, Chen C, Bellusci S. Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling in Mammary Gland Development, Homeostasis, and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:415. [PMID: 32676501 PMCID: PMC7333592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) is a secreted ligand acting via the Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b). Fgf10/Fgfr2b signaling plays important roles both in the epithelium and in the mesenchyme during mammary gland development. Evidence in mice show that Fgf10 is critical for the induction of four out of five of the mammary placodes and for the formation of the white adipose tissue. Fgfr2b ligands also play important function in the maintenance of the terminal end buds, specialized structures at the tip of the ramified ducts during the postnatal phase of mammary gland development. Finally, in humans, FGF10 has been described to be expressed in 10% of the breast adenocarcinoma and activation of FGFR2b signaling correlates with a worse prognostic. Therefore, Fgf10 plays pleiotropic roles in both mammary gland development, homeostasis and cancer and elucidating its mechanism of action and cellular targets will be crucial to either enhance mammary gland development or to find innovative targets to treat aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rivetti
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Institute of Lung Health, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Institute of Lung Health, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Suh J, Kim DH, Lee YH, Jang JH, Surh YJ. Fibroblast growth factor-2, derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts, stimulates growth and progression of human breast cancer cells via FGFR1 signaling. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1028-1040. [PMID: 32557854 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute a major compartment of the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, we investigated the role for CAFs in breast cancer progression and underlying molecular mechanisms. Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the CAF-conditioned media manifested a more proliferative phenotype, as evidenced by enhanced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Cyclin D1, c-Myc, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) expression was well correlated with the presence of CAFs. We noticed that the mRNA level of FGF2 in CAFs was higher than that in normal fibroblasts. FGF2 exerts its biological effects through interaction with FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1). In the breast cancer tissue array, 42% estrogen receptor-negative patients coexpressed FGF2 and FGFR1, whereas only 19% estrogen receptor-positive patients exhibited coexpression. CAF-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasiveness were abolished when FGF2-neutralizing antibody was added to the conditioned media of CAFs. In a xenograft mouse model, coinjection of MDA-MB-231 cells with activated fibroblasts expressing FGF2 dramatically enhanced tumor growth, and this was abrogated by silencing of FGFR1 in cancer cells. In addition, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with FGF2 enhanced expression of Cyclin D1, a key molecule involved in cell cycle progression. FGF2-induced cell migration and upregulation of Cyclin D1 were abolished by siRNA-mediated FGFR1 silencing. Taken together, the above findings suggest that CAFs promote growth, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells via the paracrine FGF2-FGFR1 loop in the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Suh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Hwa Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Farajihaye Qazvini F, Samadi N, Saffari M, Emami-Razavi AN, Shirkoohi R. Fibroblast growth factor-10 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:530-539. [PMID: 31611737 PMCID: PMC6785779 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10) has a role in cell proliferation and differentiation in the embryo in addition to invasion and metastasis during carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the FGF-10 gene expression in tumor tissues based on the pathological feature of tumor related to EMT and metastasis. 62 tumors were obtained from 62 colorectal cancer patients during surgery. The pathological characteristics of the patients were carefully collected and classified by Iran National Tumor Bank. To quantify FGF-10 gene expression, RNA extraction, reverse transcription-PCR and real-time PCR were respectively performed. In addition, three colorectal cancer cell lines including LS174T, SW-948 and SW-480 were collected and cultured for further molecular analysis. Consequently, FGF-10 gene expression showed increased expression level in LS174T and SW-948 while it displayed decreased level in SW-480. Considering the tumor samples, we found an upregulation of FGF-10 gene expression in 52.1 % of all tumors in stage III and only in 9.09 % of all tumors in stage I. Also, there were an upregulation of FGF-10 gene expression in 50 % of all positive lymph invasion patients. Besides, FGF-10 gene upregulation was observed in 50 % of all tumors with a size larger than 5 cm (P value < 0.05) and 69 % of all tumors located in the colon (P value < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first time that FGF-10 expression is reported based on pathological features of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farajihaye Qazvini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Saffari
- Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Nader Emami-Razavi
- Iran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Polymorphisms in FGF3, FGF10, and FGF13 May Contribute to the Presence of Temporomandibular Disorders in Patients Who Required Orthognathic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:2082-2084. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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11
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Clayton NS, Grose RP. Emerging Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 in Cancer. Front Genet 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 30405704 PMCID: PMC6207577 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst cross-talk between stroma and epithelium is critical for tissue development and homeostasis, aberrant paracrine stimulation can result in neoplastic transformation. Chronic stimulation of epithelial cells with paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) has been implicated in multiple cancers, including breast, prostate and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Here, we examine the mechanisms underlying FGF10-induced tumourigenesis and explore novel approaches to target FGF10 signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Clayton
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Watson J, Francavilla C. Regulation of FGF10 Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Genet 2018; 9:500. [PMID: 30405705 PMCID: PMC6205963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) is a multifunctional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling growth factor, which is essential for multi-organ development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Furthermore, FGF10 deregulation has been associated with human genetic disorders and certain forms of cancer. Upon binding to FGF receptors with heparan sulfate as co-factor, FGF10 activates several intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in cell proliferation, differentiation, and invasion. FGF10 activity is modulated not only by heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix, but also by hormones and other soluble factors. Despite more than 20 years of research on FGF10 functions, context-dependent regulation of FGF10 signaling specificity remains poorly understood. Emerging modes of FGF10 signaling regulation will be described, focusing on the role of FGF10 trafficking and sub-cellular localization, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and miRNAs. Systems biology approaches based on quantitative proteomics will be considered for globally investigating FGF10 signaling specificity. Finally, current gaps in our understanding of FGF10 functions, such as the relative contribution of receptor isoforms to signaling activation, will be discussed in the context of genetic disorders and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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El-Naby NEH, Hassan Mohamed H, Mohamed Goda A, El Sayed Mohamed A. Epstein-Barr virus infection and breast invasive ductal carcinoma in Egyptian women: A single center experience. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2017; 29:77-82. [PMID: 28462850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A controversy of the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in breast carcinomas has been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVES We carried on this research to explore possible association between EBV infection and breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in Egyptian women attending our center. STUDY DESIGN This study carried out at Sohag university hospital on 84 paraffin embedded samples of breast tissue, of them 42 breast IDC as the case group and 42 breast fibroadenomas as the control group. Nested PCRand immunohistochemistry (IHC) done separately for all samples to identify the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) gene and EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) respectively, in breast cancer cells and controls. RESULTS Specimen considered positive when both (EBNA-1) gene and LMP-1 were detected using PCR and IHC separately for the same sample, this was achieved by 10/42 (23.81%) of breast IDC (case group) and 6/42 (14.29%) of breast fibro-adenomas (control group) (P-value=0.4). Nodal involvement was the only parameter that demonstrated a significant statistical relationship with EBV presence in cancerous tissue with p-value=0.003. CONCLUSION Our research could not find a significant statistical association between EBV infection and breast IDC in Egyptian women attending our center, but, there might be an association between the existence of EBV and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hameda Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Mohamed Goda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed El Sayed Mohamed
- Department of Clinical and Radiation Oncology, Sohag University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
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14
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Ghoussaini M, French JD, Michailidou K, Nord S, Beesley J, Canisus S, Hillman KM, Kaufmann S, Sivakumaran H, Moradi Marjaneh M, Lee JS, Dennis J, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dicks E, Milne RL, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Fletcher O, Johnson N, Sawyer EJ, Tomlinson I, Burwinkel B, Marme F, Guénel P, Truong T, Bojesen SE, Flyger H, Benitez J, González-Neira A, Alonso MR, Pita G, Neuhausen SL, Anton-Culver H, Brenner H, Arndt V, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, Brauch H, Hamann U, Tessier DC, Vincent D, Nevanlinna H, Khan S, Matsuo K, Ito H, Dörk T, Bogdanova NV, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Mannermaa A, Kosma VM, Wu AH, Van Den Berg D, Lambrechts D, Floris G, Chang-Claude J, Rudolph A, Radice P, Barile M, Couch FJ, Hallberg E, Giles GG, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L, Goldberg MS, Teo SH, Yip CH, Borresen-Dale AL, Zheng W, Cai Q, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Andrulis IL, Devilee P, Tollenaar RAEM, García-Closas M, Figueroa J, Hall P, Czene K, Brand JS, Darabi H, Eriksson M, Hooning MJ, Koppert LB, Li J, Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cox A, Cross SS, Shah M, Rhenius V, Choi JY, Kang D, Hartman M, Chia KS, Kabisch M, Torres D, Luccarini C, Conroy DM, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Sangrajrang S, Brennan P, Olswold C, Slager S, Shen CY, Hou MF, Swerdlow A, Schoemaker MJ, Simard J, Pharoah PDP, Kristensen V, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Dunning AM, Edwards SL. Evidence that the 5p12 Variant rs10941679 Confers Susceptibility to Estrogen-Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer through FGF10 and MRPS30 Regulation. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:903-911. [PMID: 27640304 PMCID: PMC5065698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed increased breast cancer risk associated with multiple genetic variants at 5p12. Here, we report the fine mapping of this locus using data from 104,660 subjects from 50 case-control studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). With data for 3,365 genotyped and imputed SNPs across a 1 Mb region (positions 44,394,495-45,364,167; NCBI build 37), we found evidence for at least three independent signals: the strongest signal, consisting of a single SNP rs10941679, was associated with risk of estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (per-g allele OR ER+ = 1.15; 95% CI 1.13-1.18; p = 8.35 × 10-30). After adjustment for rs10941679, we detected signal 2, consisting of 38 SNPs more strongly associated with ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer (lead SNP rs6864776: per-a allele OR ER- = 1.10; 95% CI 1.05-1.14; p conditional = 1.44 × 10-12), and a single signal 3 SNP (rs200229088: per-t allele OR ER+ = 1.12; 95% CI 1.09-1.15; p conditional = 1.12 × 10-05). Expression quantitative trait locus analysis in normal breast tissues and breast tumors showed that the g (risk) allele of rs10941679 was associated with increased expression of FGF10 and MRPS30. Functional assays demonstrated that SNP rs10941679 maps to an enhancer element that physically interacts with the FGF10 and MRPS30 promoter regions in breast cancer cell lines. FGF10 is an oncogene that binds to FGFR2 and is overexpressed in ∼10% of human breast cancers, whereas MRPS30 plays a key role in apoptosis. These data suggest that the strongest signal of association at 5p12 is mediated through coordinated activation of FGF10 and MRPS30, two candidate genes for breast cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ghoussaini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Juliet D French
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus
| | - Silje Nord
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sander Canisus
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristine M Hillman
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Susanne Kaufmann
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Haran Sivakumaran
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mahdi Moradi Marjaneh
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jason S Lee
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ed Dicks
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- Toby Robins Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Nichola Johnson
- Toby Robins Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Marme
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rosario Alonso
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetic Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetic Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel C Tessier
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC H3A OG1, Canada
| | - Daniel Vincent
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC H3A OG1, Canada
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Barile
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Emily Hallberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A8, Canada
| | - Soo H Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia; Breast Cancer Research Unit, Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judith S Brand
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3008 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linetta B Koppert
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3008 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 200336 Shanghai, China
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Valerie Rhenius
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Daehee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana Torres
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, DC 11001000, Colombia
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Don M Conroy
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Curtis Olswold
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Susan Slager
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Taiwan Biobank, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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FGF10: A multifunctional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling growth factor in development, health, and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 28:63-9. [PMID: 26559461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The FGF family comprises 22 members with diverse functions in development and health. FGF10 specifically activates FGFR2b in a paracrine manner with heparan sulfate as a co-factor. FGF10and FGFR2b are preferentially expressed in the mesenchyme and epithelium, respectively. FGF10 is a mesenchymal signaling molecule in the epithelium. FGF10 knockout mice die shortly after birth due to the complete absence of lungs as well as fore- and hindlimbs. FGF10 is also essential for the development of multiple organs. The phenotypes of Fgf10 knockout mice are very similar to those of FGFR2b knockout mice, indicating that FGF10 acts as a ligand that is specific to FGFR2b in mouse multi-organ development. FGF10 also plays roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the repair of tissue injury, and embryonic stem cell differentiation. In humans, FGF10 loss-of-function mutations result in inherited diseases including aplasia of lacrimal and salivary gland, lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FGF10 is also involved in the oncogenicity of pancreatic and breast cancers. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in FGF10 are also potential risk factors for limb deficiencies, cleft lip and palate, and extreme myopia. These findings indicate that FGF10 is a crucial paracrine signal from the mesenchyme to epithelium for development, health, and disease.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Mikropoulos C, Goh C, Leongamornlert D, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R. Translating genetic risk factors for prostate cancer to the clinic: 2013 and beyond. Future Oncol 2014; 10:1679-94. [PMID: 25145435 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the male UK population, with over 40,000 new cases per year. PrCa has a complex, polygenic predisposition, due to rare variants such as BRCA and common variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With the introduction of genome-wide association studies, 78 susceptibility loci (SNPs) associated with PrCa risk have been identified. Genetic profiling could risk-stratify a population, leading to the discovery of a higher proportion of clinically significant disease and a reduction in the morbidity related to age-based prostate-specific antigen screening. Based on the combined risk of the 78 SNPs identified so far, the top 1% of the risk distribution has a 4.7-times higher risk of developing PrCa compared with the average of the general population.
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Kim EJ, Jung HS, Lu P. Pleiotropic functions of fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:139-42. [PMID: 23613170 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is an ectodermal appendage and a defining feature of mammals. Consistent with it being a recent evolutionary novelty, many of the molecules essential for the ontogeny and morphogenesis of various vertebrate organs, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, are co-opted for induction, maintenance and morphogenesis of the mammary glands. Understanding the mechanism whereby FGF signaling regulates the fundamental cell behavior during normal mammary gland develop may facilitate determination of the consequences of its deregulation during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Klijn C, Koudijs MJ, Kool J, ten Hoeve J, Boer M, de Moes J, Akhtar W, van Miltenburg M, Vendel-Zwaagstra A, Reinders MJT, Adams DJ, van Lohuizen M, Hilkens J, Wessels LFA, Jonkers J. Analysis of tumor heterogeneity and cancer gene networks using deep sequencing of MMTV-induced mouse mammary tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62113. [PMID: 23690930 PMCID: PMC3653918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops through a multistep process in which normal cells progress to malignant tumors via the evolution of their genomes as a result of the acquisition of mutations in cancer driver genes. The number, identity and mode of action of cancer driver genes, and how they contribute to tumor evolution is largely unknown. This study deployed the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) as an insertional mutagen to find both the driver genes and the networks in which they function. Using deep insertion site sequencing we identified around 31000 retroviral integration sites in 604 MMTV-induced mammary tumors from mice with mammary gland-specific deletion of Trp53, Pten heterozygous knockout mice, or wildtype strains. We identified 18 known common integration sites (CISs) and 12 previously unknown CISs marking new candidate cancer genes. Members of the Wnt, Fgf, Fgfr, Rspo and Pdgfr gene families were commonly mutated in a mutually exclusive fashion. The sequence data we generated yielded also information on the clonality of insertions in individual tumors, allowing us to develop a data-driven model of MMTV-induced tumor development. Insertional mutations near Wnt and Fgf genes mark the earliest "initiating" events in MMTV induced tumorigenesis, whereas Fgfr genes are targeted later during tumor progression. Our data shows that insertional mutagenesis can be used to discover the mutational networks, the timing of mutations, and the genes that initiate and drive tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Klijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Koudijs
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kool
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle ten Hoeve
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Boer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost de Moes
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Waseem Akhtar
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van Miltenburg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Hilkens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F. A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Issa A, Gill JW, Heideman MR, Sahin O, Wiemann S, Dey JH, Hynes NE. Combinatorial targeting of FGF and ErbB receptors blocks growth and metastatic spread of breast cancer models. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R8. [PMID: 23343422 PMCID: PMC3672810 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with kinase inhibitors is a clinically validated anti-cancer approach. However, blocking one signaling pathway is often not sufficient to cause tumor regression and the effectiveness of individual inhibitors is often short-lived. As alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activity have been implicated in breast cancer, we examined in breast cancer models with autocrine FGFR activity the impact of targeting FGFRs in vivo with a selective kinase inhibitor in combination with an inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR or with a pan-ErbB inhibitor. Methods Using 4T1 or 67NR models of basal-like breast cancer, tumor growth was measured in mice treated with an FGFR inhibitor (dovitinib/TKI258), a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (NVP-BEZ235) or a pan-ErbB inhibitor (AEE788) individually or in combination. To uncover mechanisms underlying inhibitor action, signaling pathway activity was examined in tumor lysates and transcriptome analysis carried out to identify pathways upregulated by FGFR inhibition. Anti-phosphotyrosine receptor antibody arrays (P-Tyr RTK) were also used to screen 4T1 tumors. Results The combination of dovitinib + NVP-BEZ235 causes tumor stasis and strong down-regulation of the FRS2/Erk and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. P-Tyr RTK arrays identified high levels of P-EGFR and P-ErbB2 in 4T1 tumors. Testing AEE788 in the tumor models revealed that the combination of dovitinib + AEE788 resulted in blockade of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, prolonged tumor stasis and in the 4T1 model, a significant decrease in lung metastasis. The results show that in vivo these breast cancer models become dependent upon co-activation of FGFR and ErbB receptors for PI3K pathway activity. Conclusions The work presented here shows that in the breast cancer models examined, the combination of dovitinib + NVP-BEZ235 or dovitinib + AEE788 results in strong inhibition of tumor growth and a block in metastatic spread. Only these combinations strongly down-regulate the FGFR/FRS2/Erk and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. The resultant decrease in mitosis and increase in apoptosis was consistently stronger in the dovitinib + AEE788 treatment-group, suggesting that targeting ErbB receptors has broader downstream effects compared to targeting only PI3K/mTOR. Considering that sub-classes of human breast tumors co-express ErbB receptors and FGFRs, these results have implications for targeted therapy.
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Milne RL, Goode EL, García-Closas M, Couch FJ, Severi G, Hein R, Fredericksen Z, Malats N, Zamora MP, Arias Pérez JI, Benítez J, Dörk T, Schürmann P, Karstens JH, Hillemanns P, Cox A, Brock IW, Elliot G, Cross SS, Seal S, Turnbull C, Renwick A, Rahman N, Shen CY, Yu JC, Huang CS, Hou MF, Nordestgaard BG, Bojesen SE, Lanng C, Grenaker Alnæs G, Kristensen V, Børrensen-Dale AL, Hopper JL, Dite GS, Apicella C, Southey MC, Lambrechts D, Yesilyurt BT, Floris G, Leunen K, Sangrajrang S, Gaborieau V, Brennan P, McKay J, Chang-Claude J, Wang-Gohrke S, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Manoukian S, Barile M, Giles GG, Baglietto L, John EM, Miron A, Chanock SJ, Lissowska J, Sherman ME, Figueroa JD, Bogdanova NV, Antonenkova NN, Zalutsky IV, Rogov YI, Fasching PA, Bayer CM, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Brenner H, Müller H, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Glendon G, Mulligan AM, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen JM, Meindl A, Heil J, Bartram CR, Schmutzler RK, Thomas GD, Hoover RN, Fletcher O, Gibson LJ, dos Santos Silva I, Peto J, Nickels S, Flesch-Janys D, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Sawyer E, Tomlinson I, Kerin M, Miller N, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Van 't Veer LJ, Tollenaar RAEM, Pharoah PDP, Dunning AM, Pooley KA, Marme F, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C, Burwinkel B, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Jaworska K, Durda K, Kang D, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Kraft P, Lindstrom S, Chen X, Beesley J, Hamann U, Harth V, Justenhoven C, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Grip M, Hooning M, Hollestelle A, Oldenburg RA, Tilanus-Linthorst M, Khusnutdinova E, Bermisheva M, Prokofieva D, Farahtdinova A, Olson JE, Wang X, Humphreys MK, Wang Q, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF. Confirmation of 5p12 as a susceptibility locus for progesterone-receptor-positive, lower grade breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:2222-31. [PMID: 21795498 PMCID: PMC4164116 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 5p12-rs10941679 has been found to be associated with risk of breast cancer, particularly estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease. We aimed to further explore this association overall, and by tumor histopathology, in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. METHODS Data were combined from 37 studies, including 40,972 invasive cases, 1,398 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 46,334 controls, all of white European ancestry, as well as 3,007 invasive cases and 2,337 controls of Asian ancestry. Associations overall and by tumor invasiveness and histopathology were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS For white Europeans, the per-allele OR associated with 5p12-rs10941679 was 1.11 (95% CI = 1.08-1.14, P = 7 × 10(-18)) for invasive breast cancer and 1.10 (95% CI = 1.01-1.21, P = 0.03) for DCIS. For Asian women, the estimated OR for invasive disease was similar (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 0.99-1.15, P = 0.09). Further analyses suggested that the association in white Europeans was largely limited to progesterone receptor (PR)-positive disease (per-allele OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.12-1.20, P = 1 × 10(-18) vs. OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.99-1.07, P = 0.2 for PR-negative disease; P(heterogeneity) = 2 × 10(-7)); heterogeneity by ER status was not observed (P = 0.2) once PR status was accounted for. The association was also stronger for lower grade tumors [per-allele OR (95% CI) = 1.20 (1.14-1.25), 1.13 (1.09-1.16), and 1.04 (0.99-1.08) for grade 1, 2, and 3/4, respectively; P(trend) = 5 × 10(-7)]. CONCLUSION 5p12 is a breast cancer susceptibility locus for PR-positive, lower grade breast cancer. IMPACT Multicenter fine-mapping studies of this region are needed as a first step to identifying the causal variant or variants.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Neoplasm Grading
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Milne
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Huijts PEA, van Dongen M, de Goeij MCM, van Moolenbroek AJ, Blanken F, Vreeswijk MPG, de Kruijf EM, Mesker WE, van Zwet EW, Tollenaar RAEM, Smit VTHBM, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P. Allele-specific regulation of FGFR2 expression is cell type-dependent and may increase breast cancer risk through a paracrine stimulus involving FGF10. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R72. [PMID: 21767389 PMCID: PMC3236336 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SNPs rs2981582 and rs2981578, located in a linkage disequilibrium block (LD block) within intron 2 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2), are associated with a mildly increased breast cancer risk. Allele-specific regulation of FGFR2 mRNA expression has been reported previously, but the molecular basis for the association of these variants with breast cancer has remained elusive to date. Methods mRNA levels of FGFR2 and three fibroblast growth factor genes (FGFs) were measured in primary fibroblast and epithelial cell cultures from 98 breast cancer patients and correlated to their rs2981578 genotype. The phosphorylation levels of downstream FGFR2 targets, FGF receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), were quantified in skin fibroblasts exposed to FGF2. Immunohistochemical markers for angiogenesis and lymphocytic infiltrate were semiquantitatively assessed in 25 breast tumors. Results The risk allele of rs2981578 was associated with increased FGFR2 mRNA levels in skin fibroblasts, but not in skin epithelial cell cultures. FGFR2 mRNA levels in skin fibroblasts and breast fibroblasts correlated strongly in the patients from whom both cultures were available. Tumor-derived fibroblasts expressed, on average, eight times more FGFR2 mRNA than the corresponding fibroblasts from normal breast tissue. Fibroblasts with higher FGFR2 mRNA expression showed more FRS2α and ERK1/2 phosphorylation after exposure to FGF2. In fibroblasts, higher FGFR2 expression correlated with higher FGF10 expression. In 25 breast tumors, no associations between breast tumor characteristics and fibroblast FGFR2 mRNA levels were found. Conclusions The influence of rs2981578 genotypes on FGFR2 mRNA expression levels is cell type-dependent. Expression differences correlated well with signaling levels of the FGFR2 pathway. Our results suggest that the increased breast cancer risk associated with SNP rs2981578 is due to increased FGFR2 signaling activity in stromal fibroblasts, possibly also involving paracrine FGF10 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra E A Huijts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study. Nat Genet 2011; 43:785-91. [PMID: 21743467 PMCID: PMC3396006 DOI: 10.1038/ng.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study for PrCa and previously reported the results of the first two stages, which identified 16 PrCa susceptibility loci. We report here the results of stage 3, in which we evaluated 1,536 SNPs in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls. We followed up ten new association signals through genotyping in 51,311 samples in 30 studies from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. In addition to replicating previously reported loci, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 3q23, 3q26, 5p12, 6p21, 12q13 and Xq12 (P = 4.0 × 10(-8) to P = 2.7 × 10(-24)). We also identified a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported. More than 40 PrCa susceptibility loci, explaining ∼25% of the familial risk in this disease, have now been identified.
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Huang Y, Ballinger DG, Dai JY, Peters U, Hinds DA, Cox DR, Beilharz E, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, McTiernan A, Rohan T, Prentice RL. Genetic variants in the MRPS30 region and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Genome Med 2011; 3:42. [PMID: 21702935 PMCID: PMC3218816 DOI: 10.1186/gm258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified several genomic regions that are associated with breast cancer risk, but these provide an explanation for only a small fraction of familial breast cancer aggregation. Genotype by environment interactions may contribute further to such explanation, and may help to refine the genomic regions of interest. METHODS We examined genotypes for 4,988 SNPs, selected from recent genome-wide studies, and four randomized hormonal and dietary interventions among 2,166 women who developed invasive breast cancer during the intervention phase of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial (1993 to 2005), and one-to-one matched controls. These SNPs derive from 3,224 genomic regions having pairwise squared correlation (r2) between adjacent regions less than 0.2. Breast cancer and SNP associations were identified using a test statistic that combined evidence of overall association with evidence for SNPs by intervention interaction. RESULTS The combined 'main effect' and interaction test led to a focus on two genomic regions, the fibroblast growth factor receptor two (FGFR2) and the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S30 (MRPS30) regions. The ranking of SNPs by significance level, based on this combined test, was rather different from that based on the main effect alone, and drew attention to the vicinities of rs3750817 in FGFR2 and rs7705343 in MRPS30. Specifically, rs7705343 was included with several FGFR2 SNPs in a group of SNPs having an estimated false discovery rate < 0.05. In further analyses, there were suggestions (nominal P < 0.05) that hormonal and dietary intervention hazard ratios varied with the number of minor alleles of rs7705343. CONCLUSIONS Genotype by environment interaction information may help to define genomic regions relevant to disease risk. Combined main effect and intervention interaction analyses raise novel hypotheses concerning the MRPS30 genomic region and the effects of hormonal and dietary exposures on postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Divisions of Public Health Sciences, and Vaccine and Infectious Diseases, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Van Huffel SC, Tham JM, Zhang X, Lim K, Yang C, Tan Y, Ong F, Lee I, Hong W. Systematic analysis of secreted proteins reveals synergism between IL6 and other proteins in soft agar growth of MCF10A cells. Cell Biosci 2011; 1:13. [PMID: 21711799 PMCID: PMC3125203 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, still holds many secrets. The causes for non-hereditary breast cancer are still unknown. To elucidate any role for circulating naturally secreted proteins, a screen of secreted proteins' influence of MCF10A cell anchorage independent growth was set up. METHODS To systematically screen secreted proteins for their capacity to transform mammalian breast epithelial cells, a soft agar screen of MCF10A cells was performed using a library of ~ 470 secreted proteins. A high concentration of infecting viral particles was used to obtain multiple infections in individual cells to specifically study the combined effect of multiple secreted proteins. RESULTS Several known breast cancer factors, such as Wnt, FGF and IL were retained, as well as factors that were previously unknown to have a role in breast cancer, such as paraoxonase 1 and fibroblast growth factor binding protein 2. Additionally, a combinatory role of Interleukin 6 with other factors in MCF10A anchorage-independent growth is demonstrated. CONCLUSION The transforming effect of combinations of IL6 with other secreted proteins allows studying the transformation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro, and may also have implications in in vivo studies where secreted proteins are upregulated or overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie C Van Huffel
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division (CDCBD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-star, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore.
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27
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Ross SR. Mouse mammary tumor virus molecular biology and oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2000-2012. [PMID: 21274409 PMCID: PMC3026287 DOI: 10.3390/v2092000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which was discovered as a milk-transmitted, infectious cancer-inducing agent in the 1930s, has been used since that time as an animal model for the study of human breast cancer. Like other complex retroviruses, MMTV encodes a number of accessory proteins that both facilitate infection and affect host immune response. In vivo, the virus predominantly infects lymphocytes and mammary epithelial cells. High level infection of mammary epithelial cells ensures efficient passage of virus to the next generation. It also results in mammary tumor induction, since the MMTV provirus integrates into the mammary epithelial cell genome during viral replication and activates cellular oncogene expression. Thus, mammary tumor induction is a by-product of the infection cycle. A number of important oncogenes have been discovered by carrying out MMTV integration site analysis, some of which may play a role in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Hynes NE, Watson CJ. Mammary gland growth factors: roles in normal development and in cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a003186. [PMID: 20554705 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Normal development of the mammary gland proceeds via interactions between the epithelium and the mesenchyme that start during embryogenesis and continue during pubertal outgrowth and differentiation. The function of specific peptide growth factors that bind members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and the cytokine receptor family are required at each stage. In many cases the peptides are produced in one compartment and act on receptors in the other compartment. One of the striking differences between normal development and cancer is the loss of this cross-talk. Mammary tumor cells often produce a peptide and express the receptor on the same cell leading to autocrine activation of signaling pathways, a mechanism that is characteristic for cancer cells. We will discuss different peptides in the context of normal development and cancer in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Hynes
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerestrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Wang JF, Cai X, Zou MJ, Wang YY, Wang JX, Xu DG. Thr-114 is an important functional residue of fibroblast growth factor 10 identified by structure-based mutational analysis. Cytokine 2009; 49:338-43. [PMID: 20036575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays important roles in vertebrate limb development, lung branching morphogenesis, and epidermis regeneration. The receptor (FGFR2b) binding specificity is an essential element in regulating the diverse functions of FGF10. Analyzing the FGF10:FGFR2b complex we found that Thr-114 in beta4 of FGF10 could form specific interactions with D3 of FGFR2b. To investigate the role of Thr-114 played on functions of FGF10, two mutants of FGF10 were constructed, named TA (Thr-114-->Ala) and TR (Thr-114-->Arg), respectively. The biological activity assays showed that the receptor-binding affinity, the stimulating growth effect on rat tracheal epithelium (RTE) cells, and the inducing ability in receptor phosphorylation of both mutants were decreased, which were consistent with the interaction analysis of the TA:FGFR2b and TR:FGFR2b complexes. These results suggested that Thr-114 is a crucial functional residue for FGF10, and mutating Thr-114 to Ala or Arg would lead to great decrease in receptor-binding affinity and biological activity of FGF10.
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Tai CC, Curtis JL, Sala FG, Del Moral PM, Chokshi N, Kanard RJ, Al Alam D, Wang J, Burns RC, Ford HR, Grishin A, Wang KS, Bellusci S. Induction of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in the ileal crypt epithelium after massive small bowel resection suggests a role for FGF10 in gut adaptation. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:294-301. [PMID: 18773490 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is crucial for the survival and proliferation of progenitor cells during embryonic gastrointestinal development. We sought to characterize the potential role of FGF10 signaling in the adaptive response following small bowel resection. Adult wild-type and Fgf10(LacZ) mice underwent 50% small bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation. Tissues were harvested 24 or 48 hr after surgery for histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. After SBR, Fgf10 expression was demonstrated in the epithelium at the base of the crypts. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in proliferating cells and goblet cells after SBR. In vitro studies using rat intestinal epithelial crypt (IEC-6) cells exposed to medium with or without recombinant FGF10 showed increased proliferation and phosphorylation of Raf and AKT with the addition of FGF10. Our results suggest that FGF10 may play a therapeutic role in diseases involving intestinal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Tai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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31
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring invasive cancer among women and its estimated incidence rate worldwide is approximately 1 million cases annually. Although several breast cancer susceptibility genes have been identified over the past two decades, it is likely that many genes with modest effects are yet to be found. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been recently made with the emergence of empirical genome-wide association studies for breast cancer and the identification of several common, low-penetrance disease alleles at loci that had not been previously implicated as candidates for breast cancer susceptibility. We also discuss the implications of these recent findings for risk prediction, targeted screening and public health interventions, and conclude by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these studies, and the strategies required to identify additional risk factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ghoussaini
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways
Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK, Tel.: +44 122 374 0272,
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Oncology/Public Health Genetics Unit, University
of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK, Tel.: +44 122 340 166, Fax: +44
122 340 147,
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Chioni AM, Grose R. Negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) by polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3). Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:371-84. [PMID: 19410332 PMCID: PMC2691923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF-10 plays an important role in development and disease, acting as the key ligand for FGFR2B to regulate cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Aberrant FGF signalling is implicated in tumourigenesis, with several cancer studies reporting FGF-10 or FGFR2B upregulation or identifying activating mutations in Fgfr2. We used 5’ RACE to identify a novel transcription start site for murine Fgf-10. Conventional in silico analysis predicted multiple binding sites for the transcription factor PEA3 upstream of this site. Binding was confirmed by chromatin immunopreciptation, and functional significance was studied by both RNAi knockdown and transient over-expression of PEA3. Knockdown of PEA3 message led to increased Fgf-10 expression, whereas overexpression of PEA3 resulted in decreased Fgf-10 expression. Thus, we have identified PEA3 as a negative regulator of Fgf-10 expression in a murine cell line and confirmed that activity also is seen in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Furthermore, over-expression of PEA3 in these cells resulted in impaired cell migration, which was rescued by treatment with FGF-10. Thus, PEA3 can regulate the transcription of Fgf-10 and such modulation can control breast cancer cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Myrto Chioni
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta: its role in breast cancer and associations with receptor tyrosine kinases. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e12. [PMID: 19351437 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription factors that regulate gene expression to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and metabolism. Encoded by an intronless gene, C/EBPbeta is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, LIP) whose expression is regulated by the differential use of several in-frame translation start sites. LAP1 and LAP2 are transcriptional activators and are associated with differentiation, whereas LIP is frequently elevated in proliferative tissue and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of transcription. However, emerging evidence suggests that LIP can serve as a transcriptional activator in some cellular contexts, and that LAP1 and LAP2 might also have unique actions. The LIP:LAP ratio is crucial for the maintenance of normal growth and development, and increases in this ratio lead to aggressive forms of breast cancer. This review discusses the regulation of C/EBPbeta activity by post-translational modification, the individual actions of LAP1, LAP2 and LIP, and the functions and downstream targets that are unique to each isoform. The role of the C/EBPbeta isoforms in breast cancer is discussed and emphasis is placed on their interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Abstract
In a recent workshop organized by the NIH-NHLBI, investigators working on different aspects of lung biology met to discuss recent progress regarding the origin, development, and characterization of the various cell lineages present in the lung in both normal and disease states. The workshop was entitled "Resident Cellular Components of the Human Lung: Current Knowledge and Goals for Research on Cell Phenotyping and Function." In this article we will highlight some of the developmental aspects of the lung discussed at the meeting. We will review information about developmental signals that are possibly reactivated during lung regeneration/repair and disease processes, and we will pose the questions and challenges viewed to be relevant to further advance the field.
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Callahan R, Smith GH. Common integration sites for MMTV in viral induced mouse mammary tumors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:309-21. [PMID: 18709449 PMCID: PMC3104473 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of mammary cancer induction by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is used to illustrate the body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells represent targets for oncogenic transformation. It is argued that this is not a special case applicable only to MMTV-induced mammary cancer, because MMTV acts as an environmental mutagen producing random interruptions in the somatic DNA of infected cells by insertion of proviral DNA copies. In addition to disrupting the host genome, the proviral DNA also influences gene expression through its associated enhancer sequences over significant inter-genomic distances. Genes commonly affected by MMTV insertion in multiple individual tumors include, the Wnt, FGF, RSpo gene families as well as eIF3e and Notch4. All of these gene families are known to play essential roles in stem cell maintenance and behavior in a variety of organs. The MMTV-induced mutations accumulate in cells that are long-lived and possess the properties of stem cells, namely, self-renewal and the capacity to produce divergent epithelial progeny through asymmetric division. The evidence shows that epithelial cells with these properties are present in normal mammary glands, may be infected with MMTV, become transformed to produce epithelial hyperplasia through MMTV-induced mutagenesis and progress to frank mammary malignancy. Retroviral marking via MMTV proviral insertion demonstrates that this process progresses from a single mammary epithelial cell that possesses all of the features ascribed to tissue-specific stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Callahan
- Mammary Gland Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Building 37/Room 1118A, MSC4254, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gilbert H. Smith
- National Cancer Institute, Building 37/Room 1112A, MSC 4254, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Meyer KB, Maia AT, O'Reilly M, Teschendorff AE, Chin SF, Caldas C, Ponder BAJ. Allele-specific up-regulation of FGFR2 increases susceptibility to breast cancer. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e108. [PMID: 18462018 PMCID: PMC2365982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent whole-genome scan for breast cancer has revealed the FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) gene as a locus associated with a small, but highly significant, increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. Using fine-scale genetic mapping of the region, it has been possible to narrow the causative locus to a haplotype of eight strongly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of 7.5 kilobases (kb) in the second intron of the FGFR2 gene. Here we describe a functional analysis to define the causative SNP, and we propose a model for a disease mechanism. Using gene expression microarray data, we observed a trend of increased FGFR2 expression in the rare homozygotes. This trend was confirmed using real-time (RT) PCR, with the difference between the rare and the common homozygotes yielding a Wilcox p-value of 0.028. To elucidate which SNPs might be responsible for this difference, we examined protein–DNA interactions for the eight most strongly disease-associated SNPs in different breast cell lines. We identify two cis-regulatory SNPs that alter binding affinity for transcription factors Oct-1/Runx2 and C/EBPβ, and we demonstrate that both sites are occupied in vivo. In transient transfection experiments, the two SNPs can synergize giving rise to increased FGFR2 expression. We propose a model in which the Oct-1/Runx2 and C/EBPβ binding sites in the disease-associated allele are able to lead to an increase in FGFR2 gene expression, thereby increasing the propensity for tumour formation. Recently, a number of whole-genome association studies have identified genes that predispose individuals to common diseases such as cancer. The challenge now is to understand how the identified risk loci contribute to disease, since the majority of these loci are located within introns (which are discarded after transcription) and intergenic regions, and therefore do not change the coding region of nearby genes. This manuscript describes how two single–base pair changes in intron 2 of the FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) gene, “the top hit” of the breast cancer susceptibility study, exert their function. We find that the changes alter the binding of two transcription factors and cause an increase in FGFR2 gene expression, thus providing a molecular explanation for the risk phenotype. This is the first functional study, to our knowledge, of the risk loci identified for breast cancer in a whole-genome scan and demonstrates that these studies can be used as valid starting points for studying the underlying biology of cancer. Recent whole-genome scans have identified novel risk genes for many common diseases, challenging researchers to determine how these genes contribute to disease. A new study provides molecular insights into a breast cancer risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin B Meyer
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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37
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Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet 2008; 40:703-6. [PMID: 18438407 DOI: 10.1038/ng.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a genome-wide association study of breast cancer predisposition with replication and refinement studies involving 6,145 cases and 33,016 controls and identified two SNPs (rs4415084 and rs10941679) on 5p12 that confer risk, preferentially for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors (OR = 1.27, P = 2.5 x 10(-12) for rs10941679). The nearest gene, MRPS30, was previously implicated in apoptosis, ER-positive tumors and favorable prognosis. A recently reported signal in FGFR2 was also found to associate specifically with ER-positive breast cancer.
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Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Parsa S, Ramasamy SK, De Langhe S, Gupte VV, Haigh JJ, Medina D, Bellusci S. Terminal end bud maintenance in mammary gland is dependent upon FGFR2b signaling. Dev Biol 2008; 317:121-31. [PMID: 18381212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and its receptor FGFR2b play a key role in controlling the very early stages of mammary gland development during embryogenesis [Mailleux, A.A., Spencer-Dene, B., Dillon, C., Ndiaye, D., Savona-Baron, C., Itoh, N., Kato, S., Dickson, C., Thiery, J.P., and Bellusci, S. (2002). Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development 129, 53-60. Veltmaat, J. M., Relaix, F., Le, L.T., Kratochwil, K., Sala, F.G., van Veelen, W., Rice, R., Spencer-Dene, B., Mailleux, A.A., Rice, D.P., Thiery, J.P., and Bellusci, S. (2006). Gli3-mediated somitic Fgf10 expression gradients are required for the induction and patterning of mammary epithelium along the embryonic axes. Development 133, 2325-35.]. However, the role of FGFR2b signaling in postnatal mammary gland development is still elusive. We show that FGF10 is expressed at high level throughout the adipose tissue in the mammary gland of young virgin female mice whereas its main receptor FGFR2 is found mostly in the epithelium. Using a rtTA transactivator/tetracycline promoter approach allowing inducible and reversible attenuation of the FGFR2b signaling throughout the adult mouse, we are now reporting that FGFR2b signaling is also critical during postnatal mammary gland development. Ubiquitous attenuation of FGFR2b signaling in the postnatal mouse for 6 weeks starting immediately after birth is not lethal and leads to minor defects in the animal. Upon dissection of the mammary glands, a 40% reduction in size compared to the WT control is observed. Further examination shows a rudimentary mammary epithelial tree with completely absent terminal end buds (TEBs), compared to a well-branched structure observed in wild type. Transplantation of mammary gland explants into cleared fat pad of wild type mouse recipients indicates that the observed abnormal branching results from defective FGFR2b signaling in the epithelium. We also demonstrate that this rudimentary tree reforms TEBs and resumes branching upon removal of doxycycline suggesting that the regenerative capacities of the mammary epithelial progenitor cells were still functional despite long-term inactivation of the FGFR2b pathway. At the cellular level, upon FGFR2b attenuation, we show an increase in apoptosis associated with a decrease in the proliferation of the mammary luminal epithelium. We conclude that during puberty, there is a differential requirement for FGFR2b signaling in ductal vs. TEBs epithelium. FGFR2b signaling is crucial for the survival and proliferation of the mammary luminal epithelial cells, but does not affect the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Parsa
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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40
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Abstract
Based on integration site preferences, retroviruses can be placed into three groups. Viruses that comprise the first group, murine leukemia virus and foamy virus, integrate preferentially near transcription start sites. The second group, notably human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus, preferentially targets transcription units. Avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (ASLV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), forming the third group, show little preference for any genomic feature. We have previously shown that some human cells sustain mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection; therefore, we infected a susceptible human breast cell line, Hs578T, and, without introducing a species-specific bias, compared the MMTV integration profile to those of other retroviruses. Additionally, we infected a mouse cell line, NMuMG, and thus we could compare MMTV integration site selection in human and mouse cells. In total, we examined 468 unique MMTV integration sites. Irrespective of whether human or mouse cells were infected, no integration bias favoring transcription start sites was detected, a profile that is reminiscent of that of ASLV and HTLV. However, in contrast to ASLV and HTLV, not even a modest tendency in favor of integration within genes was observed. Similarly, repetitive sequences and genes that are frequently tagged by MMTV in mammary tumors were not preferentially targeted in cell culture either in mouse or in human cells; hence, we conclude that MMTV displays the most random dispersion of integration sites among retroviruses determined so far.
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Murabito JM, Rosenberg CL, Finger D, Kreger BE, Levy D, Splansky GL, Antman K, Hwang SJ. A genome-wide association study of breast and prostate cancer in the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 17903305 PMCID: PMC1995609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast and prostate cancer are two commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States. Prior work suggests that cancer causing genes and cancer susceptibility genes can be identified. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study (Affymetrix 100K SNP GeneChip) of cancer in the community-based Framingham Heart Study. We report on 2 cancer traits--prostate cancer and breast cancer--in up to 1335 participants from 330 families (54% women, mean entry age 33 years). Multivariable-adjusted residuals, computed using Cox proportional hazards models, were tested for association with qualifying SNPs (70, 987 autosomal SNPs with genotypic call rate > or =80%, minor allele frequency > or =10%, Hardy-Weinberg test p > or = 0.001) using generalized estimating equations (GEE) models and family based association tests (FBAT). RESULTS There were 58 women with breast cancer and 59 men with prostate cancer. No SNP associations attained genome-wide significance. The top SNP associations in GEE models for each trait were as follows: breast cancer, rs2075555, p = 8.0 x 10(-8) in COL1A1; and prostate cancer, rs9311171, p = 1.75 x 10(-6) in CTDSPL. In analysis of selected candidate cancer susceptibility genes, two MSR1 SNPs (rs9325782, GEE p = 0.008 and rs2410373, FBAT p = 0.021) were associated with prostate cancer and three ERBB4 SNPs (rs905883 GEE p = 0.0002, rs7564590 GEE p = 0.003, rs7558615 GEE p = 0.0078) were associated with breast cancer. The previously reported risk SNP for prostate cancer, rs1447295, was not included on the 100K chip. Results of cancer phenotype-genotype associations for all autosomal SNPs are web posted at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?id=phs000007 webcite. CONCLUSION Although no association attained genome-wide significance, several interesting associations emerged for breast and prostate cancer. These findings can serve as a resource for replication in other populations to identify novel biologic pathways contributing to cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Murabito
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine and the Sections of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol L Rosenberg
- Section of General Internal Medicine and the Sections of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Finger
- Section of General Internal Medicine and the Sections of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard E Kreger
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine and the Sections of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greta Lee Splansky
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Karen Antman
- Section of General Internal Medicine and the Sections of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ohtsuka R, Abe Y, Fujii T, Yamamoto M, Nishimura J, Takayanagi R, Muta K. Mortalin is a novel mediator of erythropoietin signaling. Eur J Haematol 2007; 79:114-25. [PMID: 17635236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythroid growth by enhancing the proliferation, maturation and survival of late-stage erythroid progenitor cells. However, the entire process of EPO stimulation remains undetermined. To further clarify the intracellular mechanisms by which EPO affects the growth of erythroid progenitor cells, we analyzed proteins obtained from purified human erythroid colony-forming cells (ECFCs) cultured with or without EPO, and one of the proteins apparently related with EPO stimuli was identified as mortalin (mthsp70/PBP74/Grp75/mot-2), which is a member of the heat shock protein 70 family of chaperones. The amount of mortalin mRNA in ECFCs increased in an EPO dose-dependent manner, and ECFC growth was dependent on the amount of mortalin. Furthermore, expression of mortalin in ECFCs was suppressed by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. Finally, we analyzed gene expression patterns in ECFCs cultured with or without EPO after treatment with mortalin small interfering RNA (siRNA) using a DNA microarray. When ECFCs treated with mortalin siRNA were cultured with EPO, the expression of several genes overlapped with the profile seen in control ECFCs cultured without EPO. Our data suggest that mortalin is involved in the mediation of EPO signaling and plays an important role in stimulating the growth of erythroid progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ohtsuka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pogach MS, Cao Y, Millien G, Ramirez MI, Williams MC. Key developmental regulators change during hyperoxia-induced injury and recovery in adult mouse lung. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1415-29. [PMID: 17167788 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmentally important genes have recently been linked to tissue regeneration and epithelial cell repair in neonatal and adult animals in several organs, including liver, skin, prostate, and musculature. We hypothesized that developmentally important genes play roles in lung injury repair in adult mice. Although there is considerable information known about these processes, the specific molecular pathways that mediate injury and regulate tissue repair are not fully elucidated. Using a hyperoxic injury model to study these mechanisms of lung injury and tissue repair, we selected the following genes based upon their known or putative roles in lung development and organogenesis: TTF-1, FGF9, FGF10, BMP4, PDGF-A, VEGF, Ptc, Shh, Sca-1, BCRP, CD45, and Cyclin-D2. Our findings demonstrate that several developmentally important genes (Sca-1, Shh, PDGF-A, VEGF, BCRP, CD45, BMP4, and Cyclin-D2) change during hyperoxic injury and normoxic recovery in mice, suggesting that adult lung may reactivate key developmental regulatory pathways for tissue repair. The mRNA for one gene (TTF-1), unchanged during hyperoxia, was upregulated late in recovery phase. These novel findings provide the basis for testing the efficacy of post-injury lung repair in animals genetically modified to inactivate or express individual molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Pogach
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Theodorou V, Kimm MA, Boer M, Wessels L, Theelen W, Jonkers J, Hilkens J. MMTV insertional mutagenesis identifies genes, gene families and pathways involved in mammary cancer. Nat Genet 2007; 39:759-69. [PMID: 17468756 DOI: 10.1038/ng2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We performed a high-throughput retroviral insertional mutagenesis screen in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-induced mammary tumors and identified 33 common insertion sites, of which 17 genes were previously not known to be associated with mammary cancer and 13 had not previously been linked to cancer in general. Although members of the Wnt and fibroblast growth factors (Fgf) families were frequently tagged, our exhaustive screening for MMTV insertion sites uncovered a new repertoire of candidate breast cancer oncogenes. We validated one of these genes, Rspo3, as an oncogene by overexpression in a p53-deficient mammary epithelial cell line. The human orthologs of the candidate oncogenes were frequently deregulated in human breast cancers and associated with several tumor parameters. Computational analysis of all MMTV-tagged genes uncovered specific gene families not previously associated with cancer and showed a significant overrepresentation of protein domains and signaling pathways mainly associated with development and growth factor signaling. Comparison of all tagged genes in MMTV and Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced malignancies showed that both viruses target mostly different genes that act predominantly in distinct pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Oncogenic Viruses/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Theodorou
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Abstract
Specification of mammary epithelial cell fate occurs during embryogenesis as cells aggregate to form the mammary anlage. Within the embryonic mammary bud, a population of epithelial cells exists that will subsequently proliferate to form a ductal tree filling the stromal compartment, and which can produce milk upon terminal differentiation after birth. Subsequently, these structures can be remodelled and returned to a basal state after weaning before regenerating in future pregnancies. The plasticity of the mammary epithelial cell, and its responsiveness to hormone receptors, facilitates this amazing biological feat, but aberrant signalling may also result in unintended consequences in the form of frequent malignancies. Reflecting this intimate connection, a considerable number of signalling pathways have been implicated in both mammary gland morphogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Pegram M, Ngo D. Application and potential limitations of animal models utilized in the development of trastuzumab (Herceptin): a case study. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:723-34. [PMID: 16876287 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical and clinical development of trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against a juxtamembrane epitope in the HER2 receptor ectodomain, relied heavily on the use of animal models to validate HER2 as a potential MAb target. The identification of HER2 (neu) as a proto-oncogene was first established in a carcinogen-induced brain tumor in the rat. Transgenic mouse technology led to an understanding of the role of HER2 in pathogenesis of breast cancer. Transfection studies of human HER2 cDNA into murine xenograft models further explored the role HER2 plays in tumor progression and metastasis. A murine subrenal capsule fresh human tumor explant assay was utilized to test efficacy of various murine monoclonal anti-HER2 antibodies, and the data were helpful in choosing the most efficacious for subsequent human engineering for clinical use. HER2-overexpressing xenograft models in athymic mice were used to test the efficacy of anti-HER2 antibodies, develop dose-response relationships, measure drug interactions between trastuzumab and chemotherapy, and optimize dosing schedules of chemotherapeutics combined with trastuzumab. In this work, we will highlight the utility of animal models exploited in the development of trastuzumab - noting not only their contribution to drug development but also their limitations in translation of preclinical data into the clinic. It is likely that the experience we gained in the case of preclinical animal models to study in vivo effects of trastuzumab have parallels in the development of other monoclonal antibodies since overcoming the species boundaries (i.e. cross-reactivity with antigenic determinant, development of cross-species neutralizing antibodies, and cross-species interaction with activating Fc receptors on immune effector cells) are major limitations in the design and interpretation of preclinical/translational experiments designed to fulfill various regulatory requirements prior to initiation of phase I human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pegram
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Center for the Health Sciences Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Tao H, Ono K, Kurose H, Noji S, Ohuchi H. Exogenous FGF10 can rescue an eye-open at birth phenotype of Fgf10-null mice by activating activin and TGFalpha-EGFR signaling. Dev Growth Differ 2006; 48:339-46. [PMID: 16759284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2006.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutant mice deficient in the fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) gene exhibit an eye-open phenotype at birth. It has previously been shown that FGF10 has a dual role in proliferation and migration during the early and later stages of eyelid development, respectively. To verify the role of FGF10 during eyelid closure, explant culture of Fgf10-null eyelid anlagen was performed, by which it was examined whether or not exogenous FGF10 could rescue the expression of activin betaB and transforming growth factor alpha, known to be required for eyelid closure. We found that the expression of these genes was markedly induced while that of Shh or Ptch1, Ptch2 was not. We also observed the distribution of filamentous actin (F-actin) after FGF10 application in the mutant eyelid explant, finding that the FGF10 protein induced F-actin accumulation. We further examined filopodia of the eyelid leading edge cells, finding the length of the filopodia was significantly reduced in the mutant. These results verify that FGF10 promotes eyelid closure through activating activin and TGFalpha-EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Lawson JS, Tran DD, Carpenter E, Ford CE, Rawlinson WD, Whitaker NJ, Delprado W. Presence of mouse mammary tumour-like virus gene sequences may be associated with morphology of specific human breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:1287-92. [PMID: 16698952 PMCID: PMC1860546 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.035907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) has a proven role in breast carcinogenesis in wild mice and genetically susceptible in-bred mice. MMTV-like env gene sequences, which indicate the presence of a replication-competent MMTV-like virus, have been identified in some human breast cancers, but rarely in normal breast tissues. However, no evidence for a causal role of an MMTV-like virus in human breast cancer has emerged, although there are precedents for associations between specific histological characteristics of human cancers and the presence of oncogenic viruses. AIM To investigate the possibility of an association between breast cancer and MMTV-like viruses. METHODS Histological characteristics of invasive ductal human breast cancer specimens were compared with archival MMTV-associated mammary tumours from C3H experimental mice. The presence of MMTV-like env DNA sequences in the human breast cancer specimens was determined by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by Southern hybridisation. RESULTS MMTV-like env gene sequences were identified in 22 of 59 (37.3%) human breast cancer specimens. Seventeen of 43 (39.5%) invasive ductal carcinoma breast cancer specimens and 4 of 16 (25%) ductal carcinoma in situ specimens had some histological characteristics, which were similar to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. However, these similarities were not associated with the presence or absence of MMTV-like gene sequences in the human breast tumour specimens. A significant (p = 0.05) correlation was found between the grade of the human breast cancer and similarity to the mouse mammary tumours. The lower the grade, the greater the similarity. CONCLUSION Some human breast cancer specimens, in which MMTV-like env DNA sequences have been identified, were shown to have histological characteristics (morphology) similar to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. These observations are compatible with, but not conclusive of, an association between the presence of MMTV-like env DNA sequences and some human breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Retroviridae Infections/complications
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
- Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lawson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Hilkens J. Recent translational research: oncogene discovery by insertional mutagenesis gets a new boost. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:102. [PMID: 16469121 PMCID: PMC1413991 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the genes and genetic pathways involved in onco-genesis is essential if we are to identify novel targets for cancer therapy. Insertional mutagenesis in mouse models is among the most efficient tools to detect novel cancer genes. Retrovirus-mediated insertional mutagenesis received a tremendous boost by the availability of the mouse genome sequence and new PCR methods. Application of such advances were limited to lympho-magenesis but are now also being applied to mammary tumourigenesis. Novel transposons that allow insertional muta-genesis studies to be conducted in tumors of any mouse tissue may give cancer gene discovery a further boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hilkens
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nezu M, Tomonaga T, Sakai C, Ishii A, Itoga S, Nishimura M, Matsuo Y, Tagawa M, Nomura F. Expression of the fetal-oncogenic fibroblast growth factor-8/17/18 subfamily in human hematopoietic tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:843-9. [PMID: 16095560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in hematopoiesis and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the contribution of the FGFs identified within the past 10 years to leukemogenesis. To elucidate whether these FGFs (FGF-8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, and -21) are expressed in leukemic cells, we performed RT-PCR analyses using 28 cell lines. The members of a fetal-oncogenic subfamily, FGF-8/-17/-18, were often expressed (53.5%, 25.0%, and 32.1%) with the co-expression of their receptors. Realtime quantitative-PCR analysis showed that FGF-8/-17 were aberrantly expressed in patients with acute leukemia. Moreover, cell proliferation assays revealed the proliferation activity of FGF-17 on leukemic cells expressing its receptors. These results demonstrated that certain recently identified FGFs play an important role in the growth of leukemic cells, possibly with an autocrine mode of action, and that these FGFs will become novel biomarkers for hematopoietic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nezu
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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