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Manousakis E, Miralles CM, Esquerda MG, Wright RHG. CDKN1A/p21 in Breast Cancer: Part of the Problem, or Part of the Solution? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17488. [PMID: 38139316 PMCID: PMC10743848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cip1/Waf1/CDKN1A/p21) is a well-established protein, primarily recognised for its pivotal role in the cell cycle, where it induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Over the years, extensive research has shed light on various additional mechanisms involving CDKN1A/p21, implicating it in processes such as apoptosis, DNA damage response (DDR), and the regulation of stem cell fate. Interestingly, p21 can function either as an oncogene or as a tumour suppressor in these contexts. Complicating matters further, the expression of CDKN1A/p21 is elevated in certain tumour types while downregulated in others. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the multifaceted functions of CDKN1A/p21, present clinical data pertaining to cancer patients, and delve into potential strategies for targeting CDKN1A/p21 as a therapeutic approach to cancer. Manipulating CDKN1A/p21 shows great promise for therapy given its involvement in multiple cancer hallmarks, such as sustained cell proliferation, the renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, and resistance to chemotherapy. Given the dual role of CDKN1A/p21 in these processes, a more in-depth understanding of its specific mechanisms of action and its regulatory network is imperative to establishing successful therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roni H. G. Wright
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Velazquez FN, Stith JL, Zhang L, Allam AM, Haley J, Obeid LM, Snider AJ, Hannun YA. Targeting sphingosine kinase 1 in p53KO thymic lymphoma. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23247. [PMID: 37800872 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a key sphingolipid enzyme that is upregulated in several types of cancer, including lymphoma which is a heterogenous group of malignancies. Treatment for lymphoma has improved significantly by the introduction of new therapies; however, subtypes with tumor protein P53 (p53) mutations or deletion have poor prognosis, making it critical to explore new therapeutic strategies in this context. SK1 has been proposed as a therapeutic target in different types of cancer; however, the effect of targeting SK1 in cancers with p53 deletion has not been evaluated yet. Previous work from our group suggests that loss of SK1 is a key event in mediating the tumor suppressive effect of p53. Employing both genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit SK1 function in Trp53KO mice, we show that targeting SK1 decreases tumor growth of established p53KO thymic lymphoma. Inducible deletion of Sphk1 or its pharmacological inhibition drive increased cell death in tumors which is accompanied by selective accumulation of sphingosine levels. These results demonstrate the relevance of SK1 in the growth and maintenance of lymphoma in the absence of p53 function, positioning this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of tumors that lack functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola N Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Stith
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Amira M Allam
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - John Haley
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ashley J Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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3
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Gattupalli M, Dey P, Poovizhi S, Patel RB, Mishra D, Banerjee S. The Prospects of RNAs and Common Significant Pathways in Cancer Therapy and Regenerative Medicine. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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4
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Marney CB, Anderson ES, Baum R, Schmitt AM. A Unique Spectrum of Spontaneous Tumors in Dino Knockout Mice Identifies Tissue-Specific Requirements for Tumor Suppression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111818. [PMID: 35681513 PMCID: PMC9180304 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that Dino, a lncRNA required for p53 signaling, suppresses spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Dino−/− mice develop significantly more malignant tumors than Dino+/+ littermate controls, consisting predominantly of sarcomas, B cell lymphomas and additional rare tumors. While the prevalence of lymphomas and sarcomas in Dino−/− mice is similar to that of mice with p53 loss, important distinctions emerged. p53-null mice predominantly develop T cell lymphomas; however, no spontaneous T cell lymphoma was observed in Dino−/− mice. Rather than being a phenocopy of the p53-null tumor spectrum, spontaneous tumors in Dino−/− mice resemble the spectrum of human cancers in which DINO is recurrently silenced by methylation in a manner that is mutually exclusive with TP53 alterations, suggesting that similar tissues in human and mouse require DINO for tumor suppression. Consistent with a tissue-specific role for Dino in tumor suppression, loss of Dino had no impact on the development of radiation-induced T cell lymphoma and oncogene-driven medulloblastoma, tumors that are accelerated by the loss of p53. Taken together, these data indicate that Dino serves as a potent tumor suppressor molecule specific to a select subset of tissues in mice and humans.
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Virdis P, Marchesi I, Fiorentino FP, Migheli R, Sanna L, Bordoni V, Pintore G, Galleri G, Muroni MR, Bagella L, Fozza C, De Miglio MR, Podda L. Tomentosin a Sesquiterpene Lactone Induces Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects in Human Burkitt Lymphoma by Deregulation of Anti- and Pro-Apoptotic Genes. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111128. [PMID: 34833004 PMCID: PMC8623649 DOI: 10.3390/life11111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Tomentosin is the most representative sesquiterpene lactone extracted by I. viscosa. Recently, it has gained particular attention in therapeutic oncologic fields due to its anti-tumor properties. (2) In this study, the potential anticancer features of tomentosin were evaluated on human Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell line, treated with increasing tomentosin concentration for cytotoxicity screening. (3) Our data showed that both cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis induction are responsible of the antiproliferative effects of tomentosin and may end in the inhibition of BL cell viability. Moreover, a microarray gene expression profile was performed to assess differentially expressed genes contributing to tomentosin activity. Seventy-five genes deregulated by tomentosin have been identified. Downregulated genes are enriched in immune-system pathways, and PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways which favor proliferation and growth processes. Importantly, different deregulated genes identified in tomentosin-treated BL cells are prevalent in molecular pathways known to lead to cellular death, specifically by apoptosis. Tomentosin-treatment in BL cells induces the downregulation of antiapoptotic genes such as BCL2A1 and CDKN1A and upregulation of the proapoptotic PMAIP1 gene. (4) Overall, our results suggest that tomentosin could be taken into consideration as a potential natural product with limited toxicity and relevant anti-tumoral activity in the therapeutic options available to BL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Virdis
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Irene Marchesi
- Kitos Biotech Srls, Porto Conte Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (F.P.F.)
| | | | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Sanna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Valentina Bordoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Giorgio Pintore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Muroni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Luigi Bagella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (L.B.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (M.R.D.M.)
| | - Maria Rosaria De Miglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (M.R.D.M.)
| | - Luigi Podda
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (R.M.); (L.S.); (G.G.); (M.R.M.); (L.P.)
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Marhenke S, Becker D, Geffers R, Itzel T, Teufel A, Jaeschke H, Lechel A, Unger K, Markovic J, Sharma AD, Marquardt JU, Saborowski M, Saborowski A, Vogel A. p53-Independent Induction of p21 Fails to Control Regeneration and Hepatocarcinogenesis in a Murine Liver Injury Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1387-1404. [PMID: 33484913 PMCID: PMC8024980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A coordinated stress and regenerative response is important after hepatocyte damage. Here, we investigate the phenotypes that result from genetic abrogation of individual components of the checkpoint kinase 2/transformation-related protein 53 (p53)/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) pathway in a murine model of metabolic liver injury. METHODS Nitisinone was reduced or withdrawn in Fah-/- mice lacking Chk2, p53, or p21, and survival, tumor development, liver injury, and regeneration were analyzed. Partial hepatectomies were performed and mice were challenged with the Fas antibody Jo2. RESULTS In a model of metabolic liver injury, loss of p53, but not Chk2, impairs the oxidative stress response and aggravates liver damage, indicative of a direct p53-dependent protective effect on hepatocytes. Cell-cycle control during chronic liver injury critically depends on the presence of both p53 and its downstream effector p21. In p53-deficient hepatocytes, unchecked proliferation occurs despite a strong induction of p21, showing a complex interdependency between p21 and p53. The increased regenerative potential in the absence of p53 cannot fully compensate the surplus injury and is not sufficient to promote survival. Despite the distinct phenotypes associated with the loss of individual components of the DNA damage response, gene expression patterns are dominated by the severity of liver injury, but reflect distinct effects of p53 on proliferation and the anti-oxidative stress response. CONCLUSIONS Characteristic phenotypes result from the genetic abrogation of individual components of the DNA damage-response cascade in a liver injury model. The extent to which loss of gene function can be compensated, or affects injury and proliferation, is related to the level at which the cascade is interrupted. Accession numbers of repository for expression microarray data: GSE156983, GSE156263, GSE156852, and GSE156252.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Timo Itzel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jovana Markovic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Arndt Vogel, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. fax: (49) 5115328392.
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7
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Sladky VC, Knapp K, Szabo TG, Braun VZ, Bongiovanni L, van den Bos H, Spierings DCJ, Westendorp B, Curinha A, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Timelthaler G, Tsuchia K, Pinter M, Semmler G, Foijer F, de Bruin A, Reiberger T, Rohr‐Udilova N, Villunger A. PIDDosome-induced p53-dependent ploidy restriction facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50893. [PMID: 33225610 PMCID: PMC7726793 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization frequently precedes tumorigenesis but also occurs during normal development in several tissues. Hepatocyte ploidy is controlled by the PIDDosome during development and regeneration. This multi-protein complex is activated by supernumerary centrosomes to induce p53 and restrict proliferation of polyploid cells, otherwise prone for chromosomal instability. PIDDosome deficiency in the liver results in drastically increased polyploidy. To investigate PIDDosome-induced p53-activation in the pathogenesis of liver cancer, we chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. Strikingly, PIDDosome deficiency reduced tumor number and burden, despite the inability to activate p53 in polyploid cells. Liver tumors arise primarily from cells with low ploidy, indicating an intrinsic pro-tumorigenic effect of PIDDosome-mediated ploidy restriction. These data suggest that hyperpolyploidization caused by PIDDosome deficiency protects from HCC. Moreover, high tumor cell density, as a surrogate marker of low ploidy, predicts poor survival of HCC patients receiving liver transplantation. Together, we show that the PIDDosome is a potential therapeutic target to manipulate hepatocyte polyploidization for HCC prevention and that tumor cell density may serve as a novel prognostic marker for recurrence-free survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C Sladky
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Tamas G Szabo
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Vincent Z Braun
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Diana CJ Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart Westendorp
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ana Curinha
- Institute of PathophysiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital GrazGrazAustria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute for Cancer ResearchInternal Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kaoru Tsuchia
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyMusashino Red Cross HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Georg Semmler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI‐RUD)ViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Nataliya Rohr‐Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI‐RUD)ViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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8
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Kreis NN, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/ CDKN1A) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091220. [PMID: 31438587 PMCID: PMC6770903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Mukherjee AK, Sharma S, Sengupta S, Saha D, Kumar P, Hussain T, Srivastava V, Roy SD, Shay JW, Chowdhury S. Telomere length-dependent transcription and epigenetic modifications in promoters remote from telomere ends. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007782. [PMID: 30439955 PMCID: PMC6264879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere-binding proteins constituting the shelterin complex have been studied primarily for telomeric functions. However, mounting evidence shows non-telomeric binding and gene regulation by shelterin factors. This raises a key question—do telomeres impact binding of shelterin proteins at distal non-telomeric sites? Here we show that binding of the telomere-repeat-binding-factor-2 (TRF2) at promoters ~60 Mb from telomeres depends on telomere length in human cells. Promoter TRF2 occupancy was depleted in cells with elongated telomeres resulting in altered TRF2-mediated transcription of distal genes. In addition, histone modifications—activation (H3K4me1 and H3K4me3) as well as silencing marks (H3K27me3)—at distal promoters were telomere length-dependent. These demonstrate that transcription, and the epigenetic state, of telomere-distal promoters can be influenced by telomere length. Molecular links between telomeres and the extra-telomeric genome, emerging from findings here, might have important implications in telomere-related physiology, particularly ageing and cancer. Telomeres (special DNA-protein assemblies that protect chromosome ends) affect ageing and diseases such as cancer. Although this has been recognized for many years, biological processes that connect telomeres to ageing, cancer and other cellular functions remain to be fully understood. Certain proteins, believed to be only telomere-associated, engage DNA outside telomeres. This raises an interesting question. Does telomere length influence how telomere-binding proteins associate with DNA at regions distal from telomeres. If so, how does this impact function? Motivated by these questions, in the present studies we tested if extra-telomeric binding of the well-known telomere-repeat-binding-actor-2 (TRF2) depends on telomere length. Our results show that the level of DNA-bound TRF2 at telomere-distal sites changes as telomeres shorten or elongate. Consequently, TRF2-mediated gene regulation affects many genes. Notably, histone modifications that dictate chromatin compaction and access to regulatory factors, at sites distant from telomere ends also depended on telomere length. Together, this links the state of telomeres to gene regulation and epigenetics directly in ways not previously appreciated that might impact a more complete understanding of molecular processes underlying ageing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Kishore Mukherjee
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalu Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Sengupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhurjhoti Saha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- G.N.R. Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tabish Hussain
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumitabho Deb Roy
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shantanu Chowdhury
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- G.N.R. Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Golob-Schwarzl N, Friedbichler K, Kenner L, Haybaeck J, Moriggl R. STAT5 deficiency in hepatocytes reduces diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumorigenesis in mice. Cytokine 2018; 124:154573. [PMID: 30377054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are closely linked and pose a major medical challenge as treatment options are limited. Animal studies have shown that genetic deletion of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 in liver is associated with higher susceptibility to fatty liver disease, fibrosis and cancer, indicating a protective role of hepatic STAT5 in mouse models of chronic liver disease. To investigate the role of STAT5 in the etiology of liver cancer in more detail, we applied the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to mice harboring a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Stat5 (S5KO). At 8 months after DEN injections, tumor formation in S5KO was significantly reduced. This was associated with diminished tumor frequency and less aggressive liver cancer progression. Apoptosis and inflammation markers were not changed in S5KO livers suggesting that the reduced tumor burden was not due to impaired inflammatory response. Despite reduced mRNA expression of the DEN bio-activator cytochrome P450 2e1 (Cyp2e1) in S5KO livers, protein levels were similar. Yet, delayed tumor formation in S5KO mice coincided with decreased activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Taken together, while STAT5 has a protective role in fatty liver-associated liver cancer, it exerts oncogenic functions in DEN-induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria; Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; CBMed Core Lab2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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de Vicente JC, Peña I, Rodrigo JP, Rodríguez-Santamarta T, Lequerica-Fernández P, Suárez-Fernández L, Allonca E, García-Pedrero JM. Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 correlation with p21 expression and inverse association with tumor size in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2017; 39:1876-1887. [PMID: 28675642 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6), a surrogate marker of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, and p21 in a series of 125 patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to ascertain the phosphorylation status of p-S6 at Ser235/236 and Ser240/244, p21, and p53 protein expression. RESULTS Expression of phosphorylated S6 protein on either serine 235/236 or serine 240/244 was detected in 83% and 88% tumors, respectively, and both of them were inversely and significantly correlated with the tumor size and local infiltration. Positive p21 expression was found in 91.5% of the cases, and was inversely correlated with tumor size. In OSCC, p21 expression correlates with p-S6 levels, a surrogate marker of mTOR activation, independently of p53 status. CONCLUSION Expression of both p21 and p-S6 was found to inversely associate with tumor size but not survival outcomes in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C de Vicente
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
| | - Ignacio Peña
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Santamarta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Laura Suárez-Fernández
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Eva Allonca
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
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12
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Georgakilas AG, Martin OA, Bonner WM. p21: A Two-Faced Genome Guardian. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:310-319. [PMID: 28279624 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon DNA damage or other stressors, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated, leading to transient expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21. This either triggers momentary G1 cell cycle arrest or leads to a chronic state of senescence or apoptosis, a form of genome guardianship. In the clinic, the presence of p21 has been considered an indicator of wildtype p53 activity. However, recent evidence suggests that p21 also acts as an oncogenic factor in a p53-deficient environment. Here, we discuss the controversial aspects of the two-faced involvement of p21 in cancer and speculate on how this new information may increase our understanding of its role in cancer pathogenesis. Prevailing notions indicate that p21 might also act as antiapoptotic agent, which may have relevant implications for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Iroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William M Bonner
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Wu X, Liu T, Fang O, Dong W, Zhang F, Leach L, Hu X, Luo Z. MicroRNA-708-5p acts as a therapeutic agent against metastatic lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2417-32. [PMID: 26678031 PMCID: PMC4823045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been recognized as targets for anti-metastatic therapy against cancer malignancy. Development of effective miRNA mediated therapies remains a challenge to both basic research and clinical practice. Here we presented the evidence for a miR-708-5p mediated replacement therapy against metastatic lung cancer. Expression of miR-708-5p was substantially reduced in metastatic lung cancer samples and cancer cell lines when compared to non-metastatic counterparts. Expression of the miRNA suppressed cell survival and metastasis in vitro through its direct target p21, and inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway and stem cell-like characteristics of lung cancer cells. Systemic administration of this miRNA in a mouse model of NSCLC using polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated delivery of unmodified miRNA mimics induced tumor specific apoptosis. It also effectively protected the tested animals from developing metastatic malignancy without causing any observed toxicity. The findings strongly support miR-708-5p as a novel and effective therapeutic agent against metastatic malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchi Liu
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ou Fang
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lindsey Leach
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Laboratory of Population and Quantitative Genetics, Institute of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Wang Y, Kuramitsu Y, Baron B, Kitagawa T, Tokuda K, Akada J, Nakamura K. CGK733-induced LC3 II formation is positively associated with the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 through modulation of the AMPK and PERK/CHOP signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39692-701. [PMID: 26486079 PMCID: PMC4741855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II is essential for autophagosome formation and is widely used to monitor autophagic activity. We show that CGK733 induces LC3 II and LC3-puncta accumulation, which are not involved in the activation of autophagy. The treatment of CGK733 did not alter the autophagic flux and was unrelated to p62 degradation. Treatment with CGK733 activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (PERK/CHOP) pathways and elevated the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1. Inhibition of both AMPK and PERK/CHOP pathways by siRNA or chemical inhibitor could block CGK733-induced p21Waf1/Cip1 expression as well as caspase-3 cleavage. Knockdown of LC3 B (but not LC3 A) abolished CGK733-triggered LC3 II accumulation and consequently diminished AMPK and PERK/CHOP activity as well as p21Waf1/Cip1 expression. Our results demonstrate that CGK733-triggered LC3 II formation is an initial event upstream of the AMPK and PERK/CHOP pathways, both of which control p21Waf1/Cip1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Byron Baron
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Takao Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tokuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Centre of Clinical Laboratories in Tokuyama Medical Association Hospital, Shunan, Japan
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15
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Han C, Liao X, Qin W, Yu L, Liu X, Chen G, Liu Z, Lu S, Chen Z, Su H, Zhu G, Lu Z, Liu Z, Qin X, Gui Y, Mo Z, Li L, Peng T. EGFR and SYNE2 are associated with p21 expression and SYNE2 variants predict post-operative clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31237. [PMID: 27502069 PMCID: PMC4977508 DOI: 10.1038/srep31237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to explore the association between gene variants and p21 expression and investigate the TP53-independent p21 regulation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from Guangxi by genome-wide association study. 426 HBV-related HCC patients were enrolled. Results showed that, after quality control, a total of 21,643 SNPs were identified in 107 p21 positive and 298 p21 negative patients. The variants of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; rs2227983 and rs6950826) and spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2 (SYNE2; rs8010699, rs4027405 and rs1890908) were associated with p21 expression. Moreover the haplotype block (rs2227983 and rs6950826, r2 = 0.378) in EGFR and the haplotype block in SYNE2 (rs8010699 was in strong LD with rs4027405 and rs1890908 (r2 = 0.91 and 0.70, respectively)) were identified, and the haplotype A-G of EGFR and haplotype G-A-A of SYNE2 were significantly associated with p21 expression (P < 0.01). rs4027405 and rs1890908 were significantly associated with overall survival, and patients with AG/GG genotypes of SYNE2 gene had a worse overall survival (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Our findings indicate that variants of EGFR and SYNE2 play an important role in p21 regulation and are associated with the clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC in a TP53-indenpdent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Sicong Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zili Lu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Gui
- Department of Clinical laboratory center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lequn Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
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16
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Ehedego H, Trautwein C. p21 in chronic and acute liver injury. Oncoscience 2016; 3:56-7. [PMID: 27014723 PMCID: PMC4789571 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haksier Ehedego
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Yeganeh M, Gui Y, Kandhi R, Bobbala D, Tobelaim WS, Saucier C, Yoshimura A, Ferbeyre G, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-dependent regulation of the expression and oncogenic functions of p21(CIP1/WAF1) in the liver. Oncogene 2016; 35:4200-11. [PMID: 26725321 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SOCS1 gene coding for suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 is frequently repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hence SOCS1 is considered a tumor suppressor in the liver. However, the tumor-suppressor mechanisms of SOCS1 are not yet well understood. SOCS1 is known to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and signaling and to promote activation of the p53 tumor suppressor. However, we observed that SOCS1-deficient mice developed numerous and large liver tumor nodules following treatment with the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) without showing increased interleukin-6 production or activation of p53. On the other hand, the livers of DEN-treated Socs1-null mice showed elevated levels of p21(CIP1/WAF1) protein (p21). Even though p21 generally functions as a tumor suppressor, paradoxically many cancers, including HCC, are known to express elevated levels of p21 that correlate with poor prognosis. We observed elevated p21 expression also in the regenerating livers of SOCS1-deficient mice and in cisplatin-treated Socs1-null hepatocytes, wherein the p21 protein showed increased stability. We show that SOCS1 interacts with p21 and promotes its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Besides, the DEN-treated livers of Socs1-null mice showed increased nuclear and cytosolic p21 staining, and the latter was associated with growth factor-induced, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of p21 in SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes. Cytosolic p21 is often associated with malignancy and chemo-resistance in many cancers. Accordingly, SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes showed increased resistance to apoptosis that was reversed by shRNA-mediated p21 knockdown. In the regenerating livers of Socs1-null mice, increased p21 expression coincided with elevated cyclinD levels. Correspondingly, SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes showed increased proliferation to growth factor stimulation that was reversed by p21 knockdown. Overall, our findings indicate that the tumor-suppressor functions of SOCS1 in the liver could be mediated, at least partly, via regulation of the expression, stability and subcellular distribution of p21 and its paradoxical oncogenic functions, namely, resistance to apoptosis and increased proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yeganeh
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Y Gui
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - R Kandhi
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - D Bobbala
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - W-S Tobelaim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - C Saucier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - A Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Ferbeyre
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - S Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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18
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Ohkoshi S, Yano M, Matsuda Y. Oncogenic role of p21 in hepatocarcinogenesis suggests a new treatment strategy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12150-6. [PMID: 26576099 PMCID: PMC4641132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-known tumor suppressor, p21, acts paradoxically by promoting tumor growth in some cellular conditions. These conflicting functions have been demonstrated in association with the HBx gene and in hepatocarcinogenesis. The molecular behavior of p21 depends on its subcellular localization. Nuclear p21 may inhibit cell proliferation and be proapoptotic, while cytoplasmic p21 may have oncogenic and anti-apoptotic functions. Because most typical tumor suppressive proteins also have different effects according to subcellular localization, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of these proteins would be significant and may lead to a new strategy for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a major nuclear export receptor involved in transport of tumor suppressors from nucleus to cytoplasm. Expression of CRM1 is enhanced in a variety of malignancies and in vitro studies have shown the efficacy of specific inhibition of CRM1 against cancer cell lines. Interestingly, interferon may keep p21 in the nucleus; this is one of the mechanisms of its anti-hepatocarcinogenic function. Here we review the oncogenic property of p21, which depends on its subcellular localization, and discuss the rationale underlying a new strategy for HCC treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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19
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Landuzzi L, Ianzano ML, Nicoletti G, Palladini A, Grosso V, Ranieri D, Dall'Ora M, Raschi E, Laranga R, Gambarotti M, Picci P, De Giovanni C, Nanni P, Lollini PL. Genetic prevention of lymphoma in p53 knockout mice allows the early development of p53-related sarcomas. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11924-38. [PMID: 25426555 PMCID: PMC4322986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous knockout of p53 in mice leads to early mortality from lymphoma, with almost complete penetrance, thus hampering studies of other tumor histotypes related to p53 alterations. To avoid lymphoma development, we crossed p53 knockout mice (BALB-p53 mice) with alymphocytic BALB/c Rag2−/−;Il2rg−/− (RGKO) mice. We compared the tumor spectrum of homozygous (BALB-p53−/−) and heterozygous (BALB-p53+/−) mice with alymphocytic mice (RGKO-p53−/− and RGKO-p53+/−). Lymphoma incidence in BALB-p53−/− mice exceeded 80%, whereas in RGKO-p53−/− it was strongly reduced. The prevalent tumor of RGKO-p53−/− mice was hemangiosarcoma (incidence over 65% in both sexes, mean latency 18 weeks), other tumors included soft tissue sarcomas (incidence ~10%), lung and mammary carcinomas. Tumor spectrum changes occurred also in p53 heterozygotes, in which lymphomas are relatively rare (~20%). RGKO-p53+/− had an increased incidence of hemangiosarcomas, reaching ~30%, and females had an increased incidence of osteosarcomas, reaching ~20%. Osteosarcomas shared with the corresponding human tumors the involvement of limbs and a high metastatic ability, mainly to the lungs. Specific alterations in the expression of p53-related genes (p16Ink4a, p19Arf, p15Ink4b, p21Cip1) were observed. Genetic prevention of lymphoma in p53 knockout mice led to new models of sarcoma development, available for studies on hemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma onset and metastatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna L Ianzano
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Giordano Nicoletti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. PROMETEO Laboratory, STB, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Palladini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Grosso
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Dario Ranieri
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Massimiliano Dall'Ora
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Elena Raschi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Roberta Laranga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Gambarotti
- Anatomy and Pathological Histology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla De Giovanni
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
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López-Rodríguez C, Aramburu J, Berga-Bolaños R. Transcription factors and target genes of pre-TCR signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2305-21. [PMID: 25702312 PMCID: PMC11113633 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago pioneering work by the laboratories of Harald von Boehmer and Susumo Tonegawa provided the first indications that developing thymocytes could assemble a functional TCRβ chain-containing receptor complex, the pre-TCR, before TCRα expression. The discovery and study of the pre-TCR complex revealed paradigms of signaling pathways in control of cell survival and proliferation, and culminated in the recognition of the multifunctional nature of this receptor. As a receptor integrated in a dynamic developmental process, the pre-TCR must be viewed not only in the light of the biological outcomes it promotes, but also in context with those molecular processes that drive its expression in thymocytes. This review article focuses on transcription factors and target genes activated by the pre-TCR to drive its different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader Nº88, 08003, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
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Humbert L, Ghozlan M, Canaff L, Tian J, Lebrun JJ. The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and p21 mediate the TGFβ tumor suppressive effects in human cutaneous melanoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:200. [PMID: 25885043 PMCID: PMC4389797 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer and its incidence in developed countries has dramatically increased over the past decades. Localized tumors are easily treated by surgery, but advanced melanomas lack efficient treatment and are associated with very poor outcomes. Thus, understanding the processes underlying melanoma development and progression is critical. The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) acts as a potent tumor suppressor in human melanoma, by inhibiting cell growth and preventing cellular migration and invasion. METHODS In this study, we aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying TGFβ-mediated tumor suppression. Human cutaneous melanoma cell lines, derived from different patients, were used to assess for cell cycle analysis, apoptosis/caspase activity and cell migration. Techniques involved immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, real time PCR and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS We found the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to be strongly up-regulated by TGFβ in melanoma cells, defining LIF as a novel TGFβ downstream target gene in cutaneous melanoma. Interestingly, we also showed that TGFβ-mediated LIF expression is required for TGFβ-induced cell cycle arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis, as well as for TGFβ-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Moreover, we found that TGFβ-mediated LIF expression leads to activation of transcription of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in a STAT3-dependent manner, and further showed that p21 is required for TGFβ/LIF-mediated cell cycle arrest and TGFβ-induced gene activation of several pro-apoptotic genes. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results define the LIF/p21 signaling cascade as a novel tumor suppressive-like pathway in melanoma, acting downstream of TGFβ to regulate cell cycle arrest and cell death, further highlight new potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Humbert
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mostafa Ghozlan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jun Tian
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Suite H7.66, 687 Pine Avenue West, H3A 1A1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Han SS, Tompkins VS, Son DJ, Han S, Yun H, Kamberos NL, Dehoedt CL, Gu C, Holman C, Tricot G, Zhan F, Janz S. CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:9. [PMID: 25838973 PMCID: PMC4383050 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative genetic and biological studies on malignant tumor counterparts in human beings and laboratory mice may be powerful gene discovery tools for blood cancers, including neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes and plasma cells such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Methods We used EMSA to detect constitutive NF-κB/STAT3 activity in BL- and MM-like neoplasms that spontaneously developed in single-transgenic IL6 (interleukin-6) or MYC (c-Myc) mice, or in double-transgenic IL6MYC mice. qPCR measurements and analysis of clinical BL and MM datasets were employed to validate candidate NF-κB/STAT3 target genes. Results qPCR demonstrated that IL6- and/or MYC-dependent neoplasms in mice invariably contain elevated mRNA levels of the NF-κB target genes, Cdkn1a and Fancd2. Clinical studies on human CDKN1A, which encodes the cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor p21, revealed that high p21 message predicts poor therapy response and survival in BL patients. Similarly, up-regulation of FANCD2, which encodes a key member of the Fanconi anemia and breast cancer pathway of DNA repair, was associated with poor outcome of patients with MM, particularly those with high-risk disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in BL and MM, respectively. Additionally, the IL-6- and/or MYC-driven mouse models of human BL and MM used in this study may lend themselves to the biological validation of CDKN1A and FANCD2 as molecular targets for new approaches to cancer therapy and prevention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Dong-Ju Son
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Hwakyung Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hanseo University, Choognam, South Korea
| | - Natalie L Kamberos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Casey L Dehoedt
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Carol Holman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
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Ehedego H, Boekschoten MV, Hu W, Doler C, Haybaeck J, Gaβler N, Müller M, Liedtke C, Trautwein C. p21 ablation in liver enhances DNA damage, cholestasis, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1144-55. [PMID: 25608711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mouse studies suggest that the NF-κB pathway regulator NEMO (also known as IKKγ) controls chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis in the liver. However, the molecular mechanisms explaining the function of NEMO are not well defined. Here, we report that overexpression of the cell-cycle regulator p21 is a critical feature of liver inflammation and carcinogenesis caused by the loss of NEMO. NEMO(Δhepa) mice develop chronic hepatitis characterized by increased hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation that causes the development of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), similar to the situation in human liver disease. Having identified p21 overexpression in this model, we evaluated its role in disease progression and LPS-mediated liver injury in double mutant NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice. Eight-week-old NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) animals displayed accelerated liver damage that was not associated with alterations in cell-cycle progression or the inflammatory response. However, livers from NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice displayed more severe DNA damage that was further characterized by LPS administration correlating with higher lethality of the animals. This phenotype was attenuated by genetic ablation of the TNF receptor TNF-R1 in NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice, demonstrating that DNA damage is induced via TNF. One-year-old NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice displayed greater numbers of HCC and severe cholestasis compared with NEMO(Δhepa) animals. Therefore, p21 overexpression in NEMO(Δhepa) animals protects against DNA damage, acceleration of hepatocarcinogenesis, and cholestasis. Taken together, our findings illustrate how loss of NEMO promotes chronic liver inflammation and carcinogenesis, and they identify a novel protective role for p21 against the generation of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksier Ehedego
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Doler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nikolaus Gaβler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Ianzano ML, Croci S, Nicoletti G, Palladini A, Landuzzi L, Grosso V, Ranieri D, Dall'Ora M, Santeramo I, Urbini M, De Giovanni C, Lollini PL, Nanni P. Tumor suppressor genes promote rhabdomyosarcoma progression in p53 heterozygous, HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2014; 5:108-19. [PMID: 24334679 PMCID: PMC3960193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sarcomas arise suddenly, thus preempting the study of preneoplastic and early neoplastic lesions. To explore the natural history of these tumors we studied male mice carrying a heterozygous deletion of p53 and an activated HER-2/neu transgene (BALB-p53Neu mice), that develop urethral rhabdomyosarcomas with nearly full penetrance and early onset (4 months of age). Among genes prominently upregulated in preneoplastic tissue, and more highly expressed in tumors, we found the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and tumor suppressors, p19Arf and p21Cip1. In urethral tissues of male mice p53 was less expressed than in female mice, whereas HER-2/neu was more expressed, a combination not found in other skeletal muscles of the same mice that could contribute to the anatomic and sexual specificity of BALB-p53Neu rhabdomyosarcoma. Upregulation of p19Arf and p21Cip1 was additively determined by HER-2/neu activation and by p53 inactivation. Silencing of p19Arf or p21Cip1 in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines can inhibit cell growth and motility, thus suggesting that these genes can contribute to growth autonomy and malignancy of tumor cells. In vivo injection of gene-silenced cells highlighted selective variations in organ-specific metastatic ability, indicating that overexpression of p19Arf and p21Cip1 controlled both tumor cell-intrinsic properties and microenvironmental interactions. The onset of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in BALB-p53Neu male mice is triggered by the coincidental overexpression of HER-2/neu and hypoexpression of the residual p53 allele, that foster p53 loss, Igf2 autocriny and overexpression of p19Arf and p21Cip1, a phenotype that could provide novel potential targets for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna L Ianzano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna
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25
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensitizes cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis through p53-dependent suppression of p21CDKN1A. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5067. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Marhenke S, Buitrago-Molina LE, Endig J, Orlik J, Schweitzer N, Klett S, Longerich T, Geffers R, Sánchez Muñoz A, Dorrell C, Katz SF, Lechel A, Weng H, Krech T, Lehmann U, Dooley S, Rudolph KL, Manns MP, Vogel A. p21 promotes sustained liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic cholestatic liver injury. Gut 2014; 63:1501-12. [PMID: 24092862 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 has been implicated as a tumour suppressor. Moreover, recent genetic studies suggest that p21 might be a potential therapeutic target to improve regeneration in chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to delineate the role of p21 in chronic liver injury and to specify its role in hepatocarcinogenesis in a mouse model of chronic cholestatic liver injury. METHODS The degree of liver injury, regeneration and tumour formation was assessed in Mdr2(-/-) mice and compared with Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Moreover, the role of p21 was evaluated in hepatoma cells in vitro and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS Mdr2(-/-) mice developed HCCs as a consequence of chronic inflammatory liver injury. In contrast, tumour development was profoundly delayed in Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Delayed tumour development was accompanied by markedly impaired liver regeneration in Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Moreover, the regenerative capacity of the Mdr2/ p21(-/-) livers in response to partial hepatectomy declined with age in these mice. Hepatocyte transplantation experiments revealed that impaired liver regeneration was due to intrinsic factors within the cells and changes in the Mdr2/ p21(-/-) microenvironment. In human HCCs, a subset of tumours expressed p21, which was associated with a significant shorter patient survival. CONCLUSIONS We provide experimental evidence that p21 is required for sustained liver regeneration and tumour development in chronic liver injury indicating that p21 needs to be tightly regulated in order to balance liver regeneration and cancer risk. Moreover, we identify p21 as a negative prognostic marker in human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Endig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Orlik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Schweitzer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Klett
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Sarah-Fee Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Honglei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Bazhanova ED, Popovich IG, Anisimov VN. Expression of Werner syndrome gene in hypothalamic neurons in physiological aging. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 453:342-4. [PMID: 24385166 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E D Bazhanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
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28
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Saiz-Ladera C, Lara MF, Garín M, Ruiz S, Santos M, Lorz C, García-Escudero R, Martínez-Fernández M, Bravo A, Fernández-Capetillo O, Segrelles C, Paramio JM. p21 suppresses inflammation and tumorigenesis on pRB-deficient stratified epithelia. Oncogene 2013; 33:4599-4612. [PMID: 24121270 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) controls proliferation and differentiation processes in stratified epithelia. Importantly, and in contrast to other tissues, Rb deficiency does not lead to spontaneous skin tumor formation. As the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 regulates proliferation and differentiation in the absence of pRb, we analyzed the consequences of deleting p21 in pRb-ablated stratified epithelia (hereafter pRb(ΔEpi);p21-/-). These mice display an enhancement of the phenotypic abnormalities observed in pRb(ΔEpi) animals, indicating that p21 partially compensates pRb absence. Remarkably, pRb(ΔEpi);p21-/- mice show an acute skin inflammatory phenotype and develop spontaneous epithelial tumors, particularly affecting tongue and oral tissues. Biochemical analyses and transcriptome studies reveal changes affecting multiple pathways, including DNA damage and p53-dependent signaling responses. Comparative metagenomic analyses, together with the histopathological profiles, indicate that these mice constitute a faithful model for human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that p21, in conjunction with pRb, has a central role in regulating multiple epithelial processes and orchestrating specific tumor suppressor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saiz-Ladera
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Lara
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Garín
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies (HIT). Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER). Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Fernández
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Llorente-Izquierdo C, Mayoral R, Cucarella C, Grau C, Alvarez MS, Flores JM, García-Palencia P, Agra N, Castro-Sánchez L, Boscá L, Martín-Sanz P, Casado M. Progression of liver oncogenesis in the double transgenic mice c-myc/TGF α is not enhanced by cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 106:106-15. [PMID: 23579063 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with cell growth regulation, tissue remodeling and carcinogenesis. Overexpression of COX-2 in hepatocytes constitutes an ideal condition to evaluate the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in liver pathogenesis. The effect of COX-2-dependent PGs in genetic hepatocarcinogenesis has been investigated in triple c-myc/transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) transgenic mice that express human COX-2 in hepatocytes on a B6CBAxCD1xB6DBA2 background. Analysis of the contribution of COX-2-dependent PGs to the development of hepatocarcinogenesis, evaluated in this model, suggested a minor role of COX-2-dependent prostaglandins to liver oncogenesis as indicated by liver histopathology, morphometric analysis and specific markers of tumor progression. This allows concluding that COX-2 is insufficient for modifying the hepatocarcinogenesis course mediated by c-myc/TGF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llorente-Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Marhenke S, Longerich T, Sharma AD, Boukouris AE, Geffers R, Guigas B, Manns MP, Vogel A. The degree of liver injury determines the role of p21 in liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:1143-52. [PMID: 23526443 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently arises in the context of chronic injury that promotes DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is an important transcriptional target of several tumor suppressors, which promotes cell cycle arrest in response to many stimuli. The aim of this study was to further delineate the role of p21 in the liver during moderate and severe injury and to specify its role in the initiation and progression of HCC. Deletion of p21 led to continuous hepatocyte proliferation in mice with severe injury allowing animal survival but also facilitated rapid tumor development, suggesting that control of compensatory proliferation by high levels of p21 is critical to the prevention of tumor development. Unexpectedly, however, liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis was impaired in p21-deficient mice with moderate injury. Mechanistically, loss of p21 was compensated by activation of Sestrin2, which impaired mitogenic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and activated cytoprotective Nrf2 signaling. CONCLUSION The degree of liver injury and the strength of p21 activation determine its effects on liver regeneration and tumor development in the liver. Moreover, our data uncover a molecular link in the complex mTOR, Nrf2, and p53/p21-signaling network through activation of Sestrin2, which regulates hepatocyte proliferation and tumor development in mice with liver injury.
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Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. p16(INK4A) positively regulates p21(WAF1) expression by suppressing AUF1-dependent mRNA decay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70133. [PMID: 23894605 PMCID: PMC3720951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background p16INK4a and p21WAF1 are two independent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors encoded by the CDKN2A and CDKN1A genes, respectively. p16INK4a and p21WAF1 are similarly involved in various anti-cancer processes, including the regulation of the critical G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle, senescence and apoptosis. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the link between these two important tumor suppressor proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings We have shown here that the p16INK4a protein positively controls the expression of p21WAF1 in both human and mouse cells. p16INK4a stabilizes the CDKN1A mRNA through negative regulation of the mRNA decay-promoting AUF1 protein. Immunoprecipitation of AUF1-associated RNAs followed by quantitative RT-PCR indicated that endogenous AUF1 binds to the CDKN1A mRNA in a p16INK4A-dependent manner. Furthermore, while AUF1 down-regulation increased the expression level of the CDKN1A mRNA, the concurrent knockdown of AUF1 and CDKN2A, using specific silencing RNAs, restored the normal expression of the gene. Moreover, we used EGFP reporter fused to the CDKN2A AU-rich element (ARE) to demonstrate that p16INK4A regulation of the CDKN1A mRNA is AUF1- and ARE-dependent. Furthermore, ectopic expression of p16INK4A in p16INK4A-deficient breast epithelial MCF-10A cells significantly increased the level of p21WAF1, with no effect on cell proliferation. In addition, we have shown direct correlation between p16INK4a and p21WAF1 levels in various cancer cell lines. Conclusion/Significance These findings show that p16INK4a stabilizes the CDKN1A mRNA in an AUF1-dependent manner, and further confirm the presence of a direct link between the 2 important cancer-related pathways, pRB/p16INK4A and p14ARF/p53/p21WAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda H. Al-Khalaf
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- The Joint Center for Genomics Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Lindner C, Urbánek P, Pavelka B, Hartmann M, Herrlich P. A link between two tumorigenic proteins, CD44 and p21WAF1: CD44 increases phorbol ester-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and extending protein half-life. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2698-704. [PMID: 23856463 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 enhances phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and enhancing the protein's half-life in several cell lines. Only the plasma membrane-anchored cytoplasmic tail of CD44 and its interacting ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) proteins are required for this effect. A mitogen activated kinase (MEK) inhibitor abolishes the action of CD44 on p21. Down-regulation of p21 dramatically decreased anchorage-independence of a cancer cell line, whereas CD44 expression in this background could partially rescue the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lindner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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L-Leucine and L-isoleucine enhance growth of BBN-induced urothelial tumors in the rat bladder by modulating expression of amino acid transporters and tumorigenesis-associated genes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:137-44. [PMID: 23747718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the underlying mechanisms of L-leucine and L-isoleucine mediated promotion of bladder carcinogenesis using an initiation-promotion model. Rats were administered N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine for 4 weeks and then fed AIN-93G basal diet or diet supplemented with L-leucine or L-isoleucine for 8 weeks followed by the basal diet for another 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, week 20, there was a significant elevation of papillary and nodular (PN) hyperplasia multiplicity in the amino acid groups. L-Leucine and L-isoleucine transporters were up-regulated in PN hyperplasias and/or bladder tumors compared with concomitant normal-appearing bladder urothelium at weeks 12 and/or 20 in all groups. In addition, in normal-appearing bladder urothelium, significantly increased mRNA levels of y+LAT1, LAT2, LAT4, and 4F2hc were observed in the amino acid groups compared with the BBN control group at both weeks 12 and 20, and increased mRNA levels of LAT1 were observed at week 20. Furthermore, up-regulation of TNF-α, c-fos, β-catenin, p53, p21(Cip1/WAF1), cdk4, cyclin D1 and caspase 3 in the amino acid groups was detected in normal-appearing bladder urothelium. Overall, our results indicate that supplementation with l-leucine or l-isoleucine enhanced growth of bladder urothelial tumors by triggering expression of amino acid transporters and tumorigenesis-associated genes.
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Romanov VS, Pospelov VA, Pospelova TV. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1): contemporary view on its role in senescence and oncogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:575-84. [PMID: 22817456 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791206003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
p21(Waf1) was identified as a protein suppressing cyclin E/A-CDK2 activity and was originally considered as a negative regulator of the cell cycle and a tumor suppressor. It is now considered that p21(Waf1) has alternative functions, and the view of its role in cellular processes has begun to change. At present, p21(Waf1) is known to be involved in regulation of fundamental cellular programs: cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence, and apoptosis. In fact, it not only exhibits antioncogenic, but also oncogenic properties. This review provides a contemporary understanding of the functions of p21(Waf1) depending on its intracellular localization. On one hand, when in the nucleus, it serves as a negative cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor, in particular by participating in the launch of a senescence program. On the other hand, when p21(Waf1) is localized in the cytoplasm, it acts as an oncogene by regulating migration, apoptosis, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Romanov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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p21(WAF¹/C¹P¹) deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:653-8. [PMID: 23211592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression. However, the role of p21 in mitochondrial function remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effect of p21 deficiency on mitochondrial function in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. We found that there was a significant increase in the mitochondrial mass of p21(-/-) HCT116 cells, as measured by 10-N-nonyl-acridine orange staining, as well as an increase in the mitochondrial DNA content. In contrast, p53(-/-) cells had a mitochondrial mass comparable to that of wild-type HCT116 cells. In addition, the expression levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulators PGC-1α and TFAM and AMPK activity were also elevated in p21(-/-) cells, indicating that p21 deficiency induces the rate of mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK-PGC-1α axis. However, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis in p21(-/-) cells did not accompany an increase in the cellular steady-state level of ATP. Furthermore, p21(-/-) cells exhibited significant proliferation impairment in galactose medium, suggesting that p21 deficiency induces a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in HCT116 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the loss of p21 results in an aberrant increase in the mitochondrial mass and in mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 cells, indicating that p21 is required to maintain proper mitochondrial mass and respiratory function.
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Manfé V, Biskup E, Johansen P, Kamstrup MR, Krejsgaard TF, Morling N, Wulf HC, Gniadecki R. MDM2 Inhibitor Nutlin-3a Induces Apoptosis and Senescence in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Role of p53. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Osei-Sarfo K, de Castro IP, Pellicer A. p15(INK4b) plays a crucial role in murine lymphoid development and tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:708-13. [PMID: 22227036 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate if the cooperation between the Rgr oncogene and the inactivation of INK4b (a CDK inhibitor), as described previously in a sarcoma model, would be operational in a lymphoid system in vivo, we generated a transgenic/knockout murine model. Transgenic mice expressing the Rgr oncogene under a CD4 promoter were crossed into a p15(INK4b)-deficient background. Unexpectedly, mice with a complete ablation of both p15(INK4b) alleles had a lower tumor incidence and higher survival rate when compared with CD4-Rgr progeny with homozygous or heterozygous expression of p15(INK4b). Also, a similar survival pattern was observed in a parallel model in which transgenic mice expressing a constitutively activated N-Ras mutant were crossed into a p15(INK4b)-deficient background. To analyze this paradoxical event, we investigated the hypothesis that the absence of both p15(INK4b) alleles in the presence of the Rgr oncogene could be deleterious for proper thymocyte development. When analyzed, thymocyte development was blocked at the double negative (DN) 3 and DN4 stages in mice missing one or both alleles of p15(INK4b), respectively. We found reduction in overall apoptotic levels in the thymocytes of mice expressing Rgr, compared with their wild-type mice, supporting thymocyte escape from programmed cell death and subsequently facilitating the onset of thymic lymphomas but less for those missing both p15 alleles. These findings provide evidence of the complex interplay between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in tumor development and indicate that in the lymphoid tissue the inactivation of both p15 alleles is unlikely to be the first event in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Osei-Sarfo
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Xu B, Sun Z, Gong Y, Shao C. Neferine, an alkaloid ingredient in lotus seed embryo, inhibits proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by promoting p38 MAPK-mediated p21 stabilization. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 677:47-54. [PMID: 22227330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of natural products that have antitumor activity is invaluable to the chemoprevention and therapy of cancer. The embryos of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seeds are consumed in beverage in some parts of the world for their presumed health-benefiting effects. In this report we studied the effects of neferine, a major alkaloid component in lotus embryos, on human osteosarcoma cells and the underlying mechanisms. We found that neferine possessed a potent growth-inhibitory effect on human osteosarcoma cells, but not on non-neoplastic human osteoblast cells. The inhibitory effect of neferine on human osteosarcoma cells was largely attributed to cell cycle arrest at G1. The induction of G1 arrest was p21(WAF1/CIP1)-dependent, but was independent of p53 or RB (retinoblastoma-associated protein). The up-regulation of p21 by neferine was due to an increase in the half-life of p21 protein. We examined four kinases that are known to affect the stabilization of p21, and found that p38 MAPK and JNK were activated by neferine. However, only SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38), but not SP600125 (the inhibitor of JNK), can attenuate the up-regulation of p21 in response to neferine. Furthermore, the p21-stabilizing effect of neferine was abolished when p38 was silenced by RNA interference. Finally, we showed that neferine treatment led to an increased phosphorylation of p21 at Ser130 that was dependent on p38. Our results for the first time showed a direct antitumor effect of neferine, suggesting that consumption of neferine may have cancer-preventive and cancer-therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Abstract
The cell cycle inhibitors p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) are frequently downregulated in many human cancers, and correlate with a worse prognosis. We show here that combined deficiency in p21 and p27 proteins in mice is linked to more aggressive spontaneous tumorigenesis, resulting in a decreased lifespan. The most common tumors developed in p21p27 double-null mice were endocrine, with a higher incidence of pituitary adenomas, pheochromocytomas and thyroid adenomas. The combined absence of p21 and p27 proteins delays the incidence of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas with a higher apoptotic rate, measured by active caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 immunoexpresion. These results provide experimental evidence for a cooperation of both cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in tumorigenesis in mice.
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40
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Romanov VS, Bardin AA, Zubova SG, Bykova TV, Pospelov VA, Pospelova TV. p21Waf1 is required for complete oncogenic transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts by E1Aad5 and c-Ha-ras oncogenes. Biochimie 2011; 93:1408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kabacik S, Ortega-Molina A, Efeyan A, Finnon P, Bouffler S, Serrano M, Badie C. A minimally invasive assay for individual assessment of the ATM/CHEK2/p53 pathway activity. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1152-61. [PMID: 21389785 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.7.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) which activate the ATM/CHEK2/p53 pathway leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through transcription of genes including CDKN1A (p21) and BBC3 (PUMA). This pathway prevents genomic instability and tumorigenesis as demonstrated in heritable syndromes [e.g. Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT); Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)]. Here, a simple assay based on gene expression in peripheral blood to measure accurately ATM/CHEK2/p53 pathway activity is described. The expression of p21, Puma and Sesn2 was determined in blood from mice with different gene copy numbers of Atm, Trp53 (p53), Chek2 or Arf and in human blood and mitogen stimulated T-lymphocyte (MSTL) cultures from AT, AT carriers, LFS patients, and controls, both before and after ex vivo ionizing irradiation. Mouse Atm/Chek2/p53 activity was highly dependent on the copy number of each gene except Arf. In human MSTL, an AT case, AT carriers and LFS patients showed responses distinct from healthy donors. The relationship between gene copy number and transcriptional induction upon radiation was linear for p21 and Puma and correlated well with cancer incidence in p53 variant mice. This reliable blood test provides an assay to determine ATM/CHEK2/p53 pathway activity and demonstrates the feasibility of assessing the activity of this essential cancer protection pathway in simple assays. These findings may have implications for the individualized prediction of cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kabacik
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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Llorente Izquierdo C, Mayoral R, Flores JM, García-Palencia P, Cucarella C, Boscá L, Casado M, Martín-Sanz P. Transgenic mice expressing cyclooxygenase-2 in hepatocytes reveal a minor contribution of this enzyme to chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1361-73. [PMID: 21356386 PMCID: PMC3069875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with cell growth regulation, tissue remodeling, and carcinogenesis. Ectopic expression of COX-2 in hepatocytes constitutes a nonphysiological condition ideal for evaluating the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in liver pathogenesis. The effect of COX-2-dependent PGs in chronic liver disease, hepatitis, fibrosis, and chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, has been investigated in transgenic (Tg) mice that express human COX-2 in hepatocytes and in Tg hepatic human cell lines. We have used three different complementary approaches: i) diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in COX-2 Tg mice, ii) DEN/phenobarbital treatment of human COX-2 Tg hepatocyte-like cells, and iii) COX-2 Tg hepatocyte-like cells implants in nude mice. The data suggest that PGs produced by COX-2 in hepatocytes promoted mild hepatitis in 60-week-old mice, as assessed by histological examination, but failed to contribute to the development of liver fibrogenesis after methionine- and choline-deficient diet treatment. Moreover, liver injury, collagen content, and hepatic stellate cell activation were equally severe in wild-type and COX-2 Tg mice. The contribution of COX-2-dependent PGs to the development of DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was evaluated in Tg mice, Tg hepatocyte-like cells, and nude mice and the analysis revealed that COX-2 expression favors the development of preneoplastic foci without affecting malignant transformation. Endogenous COX-2 expression in wild-type mice is a late event in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Mayoral
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana María Flores
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Palencia
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Cucarella
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Biomedical Research Centre Network of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- Address reprint requests to Paloma Martín-Sanz, Ph.D., or Marta Casado, Ph.D., Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Address reprint requests to Paloma Martín-Sanz, Ph.D., or Marta Casado, Ph.D., Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Cheng X, Xia W, Yang JY, Hsu JL, Chou CK, Sun HL, Wyszomierski SL, Mills GB, Muller WJ, Yu D, Hung MC. Activation of p21(CIP1/WAF1) in mammary epithelium accelerates mammary tumorigenesis and promotes lung metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:103-7. [PMID: 21040707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While p21 is well known to inhibit cyclin-CDK activity in the nucleus and it has also been demonstrated to have oncogenic properties in different types of human cancers. In vitro studies showed that the oncogenic function of p21is closely related to its cytoplasmic localization. However, it is unclear whether cytoplasmic p21 contributes to tumorigenesis in vivo. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice expressing the Akt-phosphorylated form of p21 (p21T145D) in the mammary epithelium. The results showed that Akt-activated p21 was expressed in the cytoplasm of mammary epithelium. Overexpression of Akt-activated p21 accelerated tumor onset and promoted lung metastasis in MMTV/neu mice, providing evidence that p21, especially cytoplasmic phosphorylated p21, has an oncogenic role in promoting mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Srg3, a mouse homolog of BAF155, is a novel p53 target and acts as a tumor suppressor by modulating p21WAF1/CIP1 expression. Oncogene 2010; 30:445-56. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Khwaja SS, Liu H, Tong C, Jin F, Pear WS, van Deursen J, Bram RJ. HIV-1 Rev-binding protein accelerates cellular uptake of iron to drive Notch-induced T cell leukemogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2537-48. [PMID: 20516639 DOI: 10.1172/jci41277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic activating mutations in Notch1 contribute to the pathogenesis of T cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), but how activated Notch1 signaling exerts this oncogenic effect is not completely understood. Here we identify HIV-1 Rev-binding protein (Hrb), a component of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis machinery, as a critical mediator of Notch-induced T-ALL development in mice. Hrb was found to be a direct transcriptional target of Notch1, and Hrb loss reduced the incidence or delayed the onset of T-ALL in mouse models in which activated Notch1 signaling either contributes to or drives leukemogenesis. Consistent with this observation, Hrb supported survival and proliferation of hematopoietic and T cell precursor cells in vitro. We demonstrated that Hrb accelerated the uptake of transferrin, which was required for upregulation of the T cell protooncogene p21. Indeed, iron-deficient mice developed Notch1-induced T-ALL substantially more slowly than control mice, further supporting a critical role for iron uptake during leukemogenesis. Taken together, these results reveal that Hrb is a critical Notch target gene that mediates lymphoblast transformation and disease progression via its ability to satisfy the enhanced demands of transformed lymphoblasts for iron. Further, our data suggest that Hrb may be targeted to improve current treatment or design novel therapies for human T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq S Khwaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Dubourdeau M, Pipy B, Rousseau D. [Roles of PPAR and p21WAF1/CIP1 in monocyte/macrophage differentiation: are circulating monocytes able to proliferate?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:481-6. [PMID: 20510146 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010265481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the immune and the inflammatory response. The deregulation of their physiological properties is associated with several pathologies such as atherosclerosis and some cancers. Cytokines action on this blood lineage modulates p21WAF1/CIP1 expression. It appears that this protein may play a role in the inflammation regulation through PPAR (peroxysome proliferator-activated receptors) transcription factors, strongly linked to lipid metabolism. It could also be involved in the control of the proliferation of monocytes/macrophages, even if these cells are classically described as devoided of any proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dubourdeau
- Ambiotis-Incubateur Midi-Pyrénées, rue Jeanne Marvig, Toulouse, France
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47
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Winter JN, Li S, Aurora V, Variakojis D, Nelson B, Krajewska M, Zhang L, Habermann TM, Fisher RI, Macon WR, Chhanabhai M, Felgar RE, Hsi ED, Medeiros LJ, Weick JK, Weller EA, Melnick A, Reed JC, Horning SJ, Gascoyne RD. Expression of p21 protein predicts clinical outcome in DLBCL patients older than 60 years treated with R-CHOP but not CHOP: a prospective ECOG and Southwest Oncology Group correlative study on E4494. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2435-42. [PMID: 20371683 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively investigate the prognostic significance of p21 and p53 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the context of the U.S. Intergroup trial comparing conventional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy to rituximab-CHOP (R-CHOP) induction, with or without maintenance rituximab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining of 197 paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens was scored by an independent panel of experts. RESULTS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, was expressed in 55% of cases examined. In a multivariable analysis adjusting for International Prognostic Index score and BCL2 status, p21 expression was a significant, independent, favorable predictive factor for failure-free survival (relative risk, 0.3; P = 0.001) and overall survival (relative risk, 0.3; P = 0.003) for patients treated with R-CHOP. Expression of p21 was not predictive of outcome for CHOP-treated patients. Only p21-positive cases benefited from the addition of rituximab to CHOP. Among p21-positive patients, treatment with R-CHOP was associated with a higher failure-free survival rate at 5 years compared with CHOP (61% versus 24%; P = 0.01). In contrast, no significant differences were detected in failure-free survival according to treatment arm for p21-negative patients. Expression of p53, alone or in combination with p21, did not predict for outcome in univariable or multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this study, p21 protein expression emerged as an important independent predictor of a favorable clinical outcome when rituximab was added to CHOP therapy. These data suggest that rituximab-related effects on lymphoma survival pathways may be functionally linked to p21 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane N Winter
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Kool J, Uren AG, Martins CP, Sie D, de Ridder J, Turner G, van Uitert M, Matentzoglu K, Lagcher W, Krimpenfort P, Gadiot J, Pritchard C, Lenz J, Lund AH, Jonkers J, Rogers J, Adams DJ, Wessels L, Berns A, van Lohuizen M. Insertional mutagenesis in mice deficient for p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 reveals cancer gene interactions and correlations with tumor phenotypes. Cancer Res 2010; 70:520-31. [PMID: 20068150 PMCID: PMC2875110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p15, p16, p21, and p27 are frequently deleted, silenced, or downregulated in many malignancies. Inactivation of CDK inhibitors predisposes mice to tumor development, showing that these genes function as tumor suppressors. Here, we describe high-throughput murine leukemia virus insertional mutagenesis screens in mice that are deficient for one or two CDK inhibitors. We retrieved 9,117 retroviral insertions from 476 lymphomas to define hundreds of loci that are mutated more frequently than expected by chance. Many of these loci are skewed toward a specific genetic context of predisposing germline and somatic mutations. We also found associations between these loci with gender, age of tumor onset, and lymphocyte lineage (B or T cell). Comparison of retroviral insertion sites with single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed a significant overlap between the datasets. Together, our findings highlight the importance of genetic context within large-scale mutation detection studies, and they show a novel use for insertional mutagenesis data in prioritizing disease-associated genes that emerge from genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Kool
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony G. Uren
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla P. Martins
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daoud Sie
- Central Microarray Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miranda van Uitert
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Matentzoglu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Lagcher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Krimpenfort
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Lenz
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anders H. Lund
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jane Rogers
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Lodewyk Wessels
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vaysberg M, Lambert SL, Krams SM, Martinez OM. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in Epstein Barr virus+-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease: role of interferon-gamma. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2292-302. [PMID: 19656130 PMCID: PMC2774223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated with B-cell lymphomas in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncogenic protein of EBV, promotes tumorigenesis through activation of NF-kappaB, Erk, p38, JNK and Akt. The Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway is also constitutively active in PTLD-associated EBV(+) B-cell lymphomas. Here we determine the mechanism of Jak/STAT activation in EBV(+) B-cell lymphomas and the role of LMP1 in this process. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed no direct interaction of LMP1 and JAK3, but known associations between JAK3 and common gamma chain, and between LMP1 and TRAF3, were readily detected in EBV(+) B cell lines from patients with PTLD. An inducible LMP1 molecule expressed in EBV(-) BL41 Burkitt's cells demonstrated STAT activation only after prolonged LMP1 signaling. While LMP1 induced IFN-gamma production in BL41 cells, IFN-gamma receptor blockade and IFN-gamma neutralization prior to LMP1 activation markedly decreased STAT1 activation and expression of LMP1-driven IFN-gamma inducible genes. Understanding the mechanisms by which EBV induces cellular signal transduction pathways may facilitate development of new treatments for PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vaysberg
- Program in Immunology, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stacie L. Lambert
- Program in Immunology, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sheri M. Krams
- Program in Immunology, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Olivia M. Martinez
- Program in Immunology, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
,Corresponding Author: Dr. Olivia M. Martinez Stanford University School of Medicine 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P312 Stanford, CA 94305-5492 Phone: (650) 498-6247 FAX: (650) 498-6250
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50
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Kuljaca S, Liu T, Dwarte T, Kavallaris M, Haber M, Norris MD, Martin-Caballero J, Marshall GM. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1), promotes angiogenesis by repressing gene transcription of thioredoxin-binding protein 2 in cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1865-71. [PMID: 19773351 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1), induces cell-cycle arrest and can act as a tumor suppressor. However, increasing evidence indicates that p21(WAF1) can also increase resistance to some anticancer therapies and thus promote tumor growth. The mechanisms explaining this paradox have not been explained. We found that conditioned media from MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with a p21(WAF1)-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced endothelial cell migration, invasion and vascular sprouting. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the conditioned media revealed that p21(WAF1) knockdown significantly reduced secretion of thioredoxin (Trx), a redox protein known to promote tumor angiogenesis. p21(WAF1) knockdown decreased Trx enzymatic activity in cancer cells, by effects on the expression levels of intracellular thioredoxin-binding protein 2 (TBP2), known to bind and inactivate Trx. Consistent with these findings, media from cancer cells transfected with TBP2 siRNA promoted endothelial cell invasion and blocked the anti-angiogenic effect of p21(WAF1) siRNA. Addition of Trx siRNA blocked the pro-angiogenic effects of TBP2 siRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed p21(WAF1) bound TBP2 gene promoter. Taken together, our data suggests that p21(WAF1) can induce Trx secretion and angiogenesis in cancer cells, by direct transcriptional repression of the TBP2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Kuljaca
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
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