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FGF/FGFR-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225796. [PMID: 34830951 PMCID: PMC8616288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR axis is associated with many types of cancer and contributes to the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of current treatment strategies. There are several mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, including cross-talks with other signaling pathways, avoidance of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, and initiation of EMT. Here, we provide an overview of current research and approaches focusing on targeting components of the FGFR/FGF signaling module to overcome drug resistance during anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Increased expression of both FGF proteins and their receptors observed in many cancers is often associated with the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of currently used anti-cancer therapies. Malfunctioning of the FGF/FGFR axis in cancer cells generates a number of molecular mechanisms that may affect the sensitivity of tumors to the applied drugs. Of key importance is the deregulation of cell signaling, which can lead to increased cell proliferation, survival, and motility, and ultimately to malignancy. Signaling pathways activated by FGFRs inhibit apoptosis, reducing the cytotoxic effect of some anti-cancer drugs. FGFRs-dependent signaling may also initiate angiogenesis and EMT, which facilitates metastasis and also correlates with drug resistance. Therefore, treatment strategies based on FGF/FGFR inhibition (using receptor inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, or microRNAs) appear to be extremely promising. However, this approach may lead to further development of resistance through acquisition of specific mutations, metabolism switching, and molecular cross-talks. This review brings together information on the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the FGF/FGFR axis in the generation of drug resistance in cancer and highlights the need for further research to overcome this serious problem with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Duan T, Zhou D, Yao Y, Shao X. The Association of Aberrant Expression of FGF1 and mTOR-S6K1 in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706838. [PMID: 34552869 PMCID: PMC8450504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms worldwide, and the effect of treatments is limited. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been involved in a wide variety of several malignant diseases and takes part in the tumorigenesis of CRC. However, the function and mechanism of FGF1 in CRC remains elusive. In this study, the results indicated that FGF1 is elevated in CRC tissues and linked with poor prognosis (P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis of FGF1 in CRC, regardless of any clinic-factors except gender, high level FGF1 expression was associated with markedly shorter survival (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of p-S6K1 and FGF1 was not associated in normal tissue (P = 0.781), but their expression was closely related in tumor tissue (P = 0.010). The oncogenic role of FGF1 was determined using in vitro and in vivo functional assays. FGF1 depletion inhibited the proliferation and migration of CRC cells in vitro and vivo. FGF1 was also significantly correlated with mTOR-S6K1 pathway on the gene and protein levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FGF1 acts as a tumor activator in CRC, and against FGF1 may provide a new visual field on treating CRC, especially for mTORC1-targeted resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Duan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Diyuan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Feng F, Wu X, Shi X, Gao Q, Wu Y, Yu Y, Cheng Q, Li B, Yi B, Liu C, Hao Q, Zhang L, Gao C, Jiang X. Comprehensive analysis of genomic alterations of Chinese hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:717-727. [PMID: 33387086 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignant tumor of the biliary system. The heterogeneity of CCA leads to the lack of effective targeted treatment for CCA subtypes. The molecular characteristic of hilar CCA (hCCA) is still unclear. METHODS A total of 63 hCCA patients were enrolled from Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, and matched blood were collected and deep sequencing targeting 450 cancer genes were performed. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) was measured by an algorithm developed in-house. Correlation analysis was performed by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The most commonly mutated genes were TP53 (51.7%), NF1 and KRAS (20%, for both), SMAD4 (16.7%), FAT3 and FRS2 (13.3%, for both), NF1 (11.7%), and KMT2C, MDM2, and ATM (10%, for each) in hCCA. ARID1A, GATA6, and PREX2 mutations commonly occurred in female and KMT2C mutations mainly occurred in patients under 60 years old. Statistical analysis showed the association between ARID1A mutation and tumor stage (P = 0.041) and between NF1 mutation and high TMB (P = 0.0095). Furthermore, ARID1B mutation was identified to associate with the poor prognosis of Chinese hCCA patients (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The mutational characterization of hCCA is different from both extrahepatic CCA and intrahepatic CCA. ARID1B is a potential biomarker for prognosis prediction of Chinese hCCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiling Feng
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Shi
- Origimed Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Gao
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbao Cheng
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Hao
- Origimed Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Origimed Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of Biliary Tract I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No.225, Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Y, Wu C, Lu G, Hu Z, Chen Q, Du X. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway involved resistance in various cancer types. J Cancer 2020; 11:2000-2007. [PMID: 32127928 PMCID: PMC7052940 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance becomes major clinical issue in cancer treatment, which strongly limits patients to benefit from oncotherapy. Growing evidences have been indicative of the critical role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/receptor (FGFR) signaling played in resistance to oncotherapy. In this review we discussed the underlying mechanisms of FGF/FGFR signaling mediated resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy in various cancers. Meanwhile, we summarized the reported mechanism of FGF/FGFR inhibitors resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Guangrong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China)
| | - Zijing Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qiuxiang Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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5
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Zhong X, Xie G, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Li L, Bu H, Li J, Zheng H. MiR-4653-3p and its target gene FRS2 are prognostic biomarkers for hormone receptor positive breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen as adjuvant endocrine therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61166-61182. [PMID: 27533459 PMCID: PMC5308643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term tamoxifen treatment significantly improves the survival of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) patients. However, tamoxifen resistance remains a challenge. We aimed to identify prognostic biomarkers for tamoxifen resistance and reveal the underlying mechanism. From March 2001 to September 2013, 400 HR+ BC women (stage I~III) were treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for 5 years or until relapse in West China Hospital. We included a discovery set of 6 patients who were refractory to tamoxifen, and a validation cohort of 88 patients including 35 cases with relapse. In the discovery set, microRNA microarray showed that miR-4653-3p decreased in recurrent/metastatic lesions compared to the matched primary lesions. In the validation cohort, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that, following tamoxifen treatment, miR-4653-3p overexpression in the primary tumors decreased the risk of relapse (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05~0.57, P = 0.004). Conversely, high expression of FRS2, the key adaptor protein required by FGFR signaling, predicted poor disease-free survival (DFS) (adjusted HR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.11~6.56, P = 0.03). MiR-4653-3p down regulated FRS2 by binding to its 3′ untranslated region. Either overexpressing miR-4653-3p or attenuating FRS2 expression could restore TAM sensitivity in two tamoxifen-resistant BC cell lines. In conclusion, high miR-4653-3p level was the potential predictor for favorable DFS, while FRS2 overexpression was potential high-risk factor for relapse in HR+ BC patients receiving TAM adjuvant therapy. FGFR/FRS2 signaling might be a promising target for reversing tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoRong Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - GuiQin Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - YanPing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - JiaYuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.,Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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6
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Zeng L, Kuti M, Mujtaba S, Zhou MM. Structural insights into FRS2α PTB domain recognition by neurotrophin receptor TrkB. Proteins 2015; 82:1534-41. [PMID: 24470253 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) substrate 2 (FRS2) family proteins function as scaffolding adapters for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The FRS2α proteins interact with RTKs through the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain and transfer signals from the activated receptors to downstream effector proteins. Here, we report the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the FRS2α PTB domain bound to phosphorylated TrkB. The structure reveals that the FRS2α-PTB domain is comprised of two distinct but adjacent pockets for its mutually exclusive interaction with either nonphosphorylated juxtamembrane region of the FGFR, or tyrosine phosphorylated peptides TrkA and TrkB. The new structural insights suggest rational design of selective small molecules through targeting of the two conjunct pockets in the FRS2α PTB domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
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7
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A Network Map of FGF-1/FGFR Signaling System. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2014; 2014:962962. [PMID: 24829797 PMCID: PMC4009234 DOI: 10.1155/2014/962962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is a well characterized growth factor among the 22 members of the FGF superfamily in humans. It binds to all the four known FGF receptors and regulates a plethora of functions including cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival in different cell types. FGF-1 is involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes such as development, angiogenesis, wound healing, adipogenesis, and neurogenesis. Deregulation of FGF-1 signaling is not only implicated in tumorigenesis but also is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Given the biomedical significance of FGFs and the fact that individual FGFs have different roles in diverse physiological processes, the analysis of signaling pathways induced by the binding of specific FGFs to their cognate receptors demands more focused efforts. Currently, there are no resources in the public domain that facilitate the analysis of signaling pathways induced by individual FGFs in the FGF/FGFR signaling system. Towards this, we have developed a resource of signaling reactions triggered by FGF-1/FGFR system in various cell types/tissues. The pathway data and the reaction map are made available for download in different community standard data exchange formats through NetPath and NetSlim signaling pathway resources.
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8
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Cheng YM, Chou CY, Hsu YC, Chen MJ. Influence of HPV16 E6/7 on the Expression of FGF2 and FGFR Type B in Cervical Carcinogenesis. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:580-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111432874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Innovative Research Center of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jenn Chen
- Division of Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Cheng YM, Chou CY, Hsu YC, Chen MJ, Wing LYC. The role of human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 oncoproteins in cervical epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:667-671. [PMID: 22740973 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy in females worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of the E6/E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, which are important in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2- and 4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cervical tumorigenesis. We investigated the functional interaction between HPV16 E6/E7-transfected Cx cells (CxWJ cells) and treatment with FGF2 and 4, according to the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin protein as well as cell growth and invasive ability. The results showed the upregulation of α-SMA and vimentin and the downregulation of E-cadherin protein expression in CxWJ cells. HPV16 E6/E7 infection partially repressed proliferation, but not the invasive ability of FGF2 or FGF4 stimulation in cervical cancer cells (CxWJ cells). These data provide evidence of a functional interaction between HPV16 E6/E7 and FGFs 2 and 4, suggesting that cooperative stimulation of HPV E6/E7 and FGFs activated in human cervical cancer cells is required to completely overcome the oncogenic function associated with the development of cervical epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
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10
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Tomlinson DC, Knowles MA, Speirs V. Mechanisms of FGFR3 actions in endocrine resistant breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2857-66. [PMID: 21792889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although endocrine therapy has dramatically improved the treatment of breast cancer therapeutic resistance and tumour recurrence occurs, even in estrogen receptor (ER) positive cases. Identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms which underpin endocrine resistance is therefore important if future therapeutic strategies are to be developed. Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) families have been implicated in breast cancer development and progression. Our results demonstrate that culture of michigan cancer foundation - 1 (MCF)7 cells with FGF1 results in reduced sensitivity to tamoxifen in vitro. Furthermore, our tissue microarray expression data demonstrates that FGFR3 expression is increased in tamoxifen resistant breast tumours. To confirm that activation of FGFR3 reduced sensitivity to tamoxifen we used an inducible activation system and a constitutively active mutant of FGFR3 expressed in MCF7 cells. Activation of FGFR3 reduced sensitivity to tamoxifen and Fulvestrant but did not lead to phosphorylation of ER demonstrating that FGFR3 does not feedback to modulate ER activity. FGFR3 activation in MCF7 cells stimulated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathways, both of which have been implicated in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Furthermore, our data indicates that activation of phospholipase C gamma is a key-signalling event regulating MAPK and PI3K activation and that its activation reduces sensitivity to tamoxifen. Therefore, we hypothesise that FGFRs could play an integral part, not only in breast cancer development but also in resistance to endocrine-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Tomlinson
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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Sawada T, Jing X, Zhang Y, Shimada E, Yokote H, Miyajima M, Sakaguchi K. Ternary complex formation of EphA4, FGFR and FRS2α plays an important role in the proliferation of embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells. Genes Cells 2010; 15:297-311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Sato T, Gotoh N. The FRS2 family of docking/scaffolding adaptor proteins as therapeutic targets of cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:689-700. [PMID: 19456272 DOI: 10.1517/14728220902942330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two members--FRS2alpha and FRS2beta--in the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) family of docking/scaffolding adaptor proteins. These proteins function downstream of certain kinds of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are important for tumorigenesis. FRS2alpha acts as a control centre for fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and encourages tumorigenesis, while FRS2beta regulates EGFR signalling negatively, and might have a tumour suppressive role. Therefore, both proteins could be good therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer. OBJECTIVE To examine the physiological and pathological roles of FRS2, especially in cancer, and describe their potential value as therapeutic targets. METHODS A review of relevant literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Although it is still difficult to develop small compounds to modify functions of FRS2 adaptor proteins, such compounds may be useful as the next generation of molecular targeting drugs. Combination therapy with RTK-targeting drugs and FRS2-targeting drugs may be useful for cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sato
- The University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science, Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Gotoh N. Regulation of growth factor signaling by FRS2 family docking/scaffold adaptor proteins. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1319-25. [PMID: 18452557 PMCID: PMC11159094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The FRS2 family of adaptor/scaffold proteins has two members, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta. Both proteins contain N-terminal myristylation sites for localization on the plasma membrane and a PTB domain for binding to limited species of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including the FGF receptor, the neurotophin receptor, RET, and ALK. Activation of these RTKs allows FRS2 proteins to become phosphorylated of tyrosine residues and then bind to Grb2 and Shp2, a SH2 domain-containing adaptor and a tyrosine phosphatase, respectively. Subsequently, Shp2 activates a Ras/ERK pathway and Grb2 activates a Ras/ERK, phosphatidyl inositol (PI)-3 kinase and ubiquitination/degradation pathways by binding to SOS, Gab1, and Cbl via the SH3 domains of Grb2. FRS2alpha acts as 'a conning center' in FGF signaling mainly because it induces sustained levels of activation of ERK via Shp2-binding sites and Grb2-binding sites, though the contribution of the former is greater. Indeed, FRS2alpha knockout mice and mice with mutated Shp2-binding sites exhibit a variety of phenotypes due to defects in FGF signaling in vivo. Although FRS2beta binds to the EGF receptor, it does not induce tyrosine phosphorylation on the receptor. Instead, it inhibits EGF signaling, resulting in inhibition of EGF-induced cell proliferation and cell transformation. Based on these findings, the involvement of FRS2 proteins in tumorigenesis should be studied extensively to be validated as candidate biomarkers for the effectiveness of treatments targeting RTKs such as the FGF receptor and EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo.
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14
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Zhang Y, McKeehan K, Lin Y, Zhang J, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) tyrosine phosphorylation regulates binding of FGFR substrate 2alpha (FRS2alpha) but not FRS2 to the receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:167-75. [PMID: 17901128 PMCID: PMC2194630 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase leads to receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of multiple downstream signaling molecules that are recruited to the receptor either by direct binding or through adaptor proteins. The FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2) family consists of two members, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta, and has been shown to recruit multiple signaling molecules, including Grb2 and Shp2, to FGFR1. To better understand how FRS2 interacted with FGFR1, in vivo binding assays with coexpressed FGFR1 and FRS2 recombinant proteins in mammalian cells were carried out. The results showed that the interaction of full-length FRS2alpha, but not FRS2beta, with FGFR1 was enhanced by activation of the receptor kinase. The truncated FRS2alpha mutant that was comprised only of the phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) bound FGFR1 constitutively, suggesting that the C-terminal sequence downstream the PTB domain inhibited the PTB-FGFR1 binding. Inactivation of the FGFR1 kinase and substitutions of tyrosine phosphorylation sites of FGFR1, but not FRS2alpha, reduced binding of FGFR1 with FRS2alpha. The results suggest that although the tyrosine autophosphorylation sites of FGFR1 did not constitute the binding sites for FRS2alpha, phosphorylation of these residues was essential for optimal interaction with FRS2alpha. In addition, it was demonstrated that the Grb2-binding sites of FRS2alpha are essential for mediating signals of FGFR1 to activate the FiRE enhancer of the mouse syndecan 1 gene. The results, for the first time, demonstrate the specific signals mediated by the Grb2-binding sites and further our understanding of FGF signal transmission at the adaptor level.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyou Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030-3303.
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Ong CT, Khoo YT, Mukhopadhyay A, Do DV, Lim IJ, Aalami O, Phan TT. mTOR as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of keloids and excessive scars. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:394-404. [PMID: 17437482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Keloid is a dermal fibroproliferative disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen, glycoproteins and fibronectin. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/theronine kinase which plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes and translation rates. Published reports have shown mTOR as regulator of collagen expression and its inhibition induces a decrease in ECM deposition. Our aim was to investigate the role of mTOR in keloid pathogenesis and investigate the effect of rapamycin on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, collagen, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression in normal fibroblasts (NF) and keloid fibroblasts (KF). Tissue extracts obtained from keloid scar demonstrated elevated expression of mTOR, p70KDa S6 kinase (p70S6K) and their activated forms, suggesting an activated state in keloid scars. Serum stimulation highlighted the heightened responsiveness of KF to mitogens and the importance of mTOR and p70S6K during early phase of wound healing. Application of rapamycin to monoculture NF and KF, dose- and time-dependently downregulates the expression of cytoplasmic PCNA, cyclin D1, fibronectin, collagen and alpha-SMA, demonstrating the anti-proliferative effect and therapeutic potential of rapamycin in the treatment of keloid scars. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin was found to be reversible following recovery in the expression of proteins following the removal of rapamycin from the culture media. These results demonstrate the important role of mTOR in the regulation of cell cycle and the expression of ECM proteins: fibronectin, collagen and alpha-SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ong
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
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