1
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Rolauffs B, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Integrins, cadherins and channels in cartilage mechanotransduction: perspectives for future regeneration strategies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e14. [PMID: 34702419 PMCID: PMC8724267 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage, is a major constituent of the human musculoskeletal system and has critical functions in frictionless joint movement and articular homoeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of articular cartilage, which promotes joint degeneration. Although it affects millions of people, there are no satisfying therapies that address this disease at the molecular level. Therefore, tissue regeneration approaches aim at modifying chondrocyte biology to mitigate the consequences of OA. This requires appropriate biochemical and biophysical stimulation of cells. Regarding the latter, mechanotransduction of chondrocytes and their precursor cells has become increasingly important over the last few decades. Mechanotransduction is the transformation of external biophysical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals, involving sensor molecules at the cell surface and intracellular signalling molecules, so-called mechano-sensors and -transducers. These signalling events determine cell behaviour. Mechanotransducing ion channels and gap junctions additionally govern chondrocyte physiology. It is of great scientific and medical interest to induce a specific cell behaviour by controlling these mechanotransduction pathways and to translate this knowledge into regenerative clinical therapies. This review therefore focuses on the mechanotransduction properties of integrins, cadherins and ion channels in cartilaginous tissues to provide perspectives for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Medical Center – Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Coutinho FP, Green CR, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID. Xentry-Gap19 inhibits Connexin43 hemichannel opening especially during hypoxic injury. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:751-765. [PMID: 32318976 PMCID: PMC7223318 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic injury results in cell death, tissue damage and activation of inflammatory pathways. This is mediated by pathological Connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannel (HC) opening resulting in osmotic and ionic imbalances as well as cytokine production perpetuating the inflammatory environment. Gap19 is an intracellularly acting Cx43 mimetic peptide that blocks HC opening and thus promotes cell survival. However, native Gap19, which must enter the cell in order to function, exhibits low cell permeability. In this study, Gap19 was conjugated to the cell-penetrating peptide, Xentry, to investigate if cellular uptake could be improved while maintaining peptide function. Cellular uptake of Xentry-Gap19 (XG19) was much greater than that of native Gap19 even under normal cell culture conditions. Peptide function was maintained post uptake as shown by reduced ethidium homodimer influx and ATP release due to Cx43 HC block. While XG19 blocked pathologic HC opening though, normal gap junction communication required for cell repair and survival mechanisms was not affected as shown in a dye scrape-load assay. Under hypoxic conditions, increased expression of Syndecan-4, a plasma membrane proteoglycan targeted by Xentry, enabled even greater XG19 uptake leading to higher inhibition of ATP release and greater cell survival. This suggests that XG19, which is targeted specifically to hypoxic cells, can efficiently and safely block Cx43 HC and could therefore be a novel treatment for hypoxic and inflammatory diseases. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer P Coutinho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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3
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Colarusso S, De Simone D, Frattarelli T, Andreini M, Cerretani M, Missineo A, Moretti D, Tambone S, Kempf G, Augustin M, Steinbacher S, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Park L, Summa V, Tomei L, Bresciani A, Dominguez C, Toledo-Sherman L, Bianchi E. Optimization of linear and cyclic peptide inhibitors of KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115738. [PMID: 33065433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction is considered a promising strategy to selectively and effectively activate NRF2, a transcription factor which is involved in several pathologies such as Huntington's disease (HD). A library of linear peptides based on the NRF2-binding motifs was generated on the nonapeptide lead Ac-LDEETGEFL-NH2 spanning residues 76-84 of the Neh2 domain of NRF2 with the aim to replace E78, E79 and E82 with non-acidic amino acids. A deeper understanding of the features and accessibility of the T80 subpocket was also targeted by structure-based design. Approaches to improve cell permeability were investigated using both different classes of cyclic peptides and conjugation to cell-penetrating peptides. This insight will guide future design of macrocycles, peptido-mimetics and, most importantly, small neutral brain-penetrating molecules to evaluate whether NRF2 activators have utility in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Colarusso
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele De Simone
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Frattarelli
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Andreini
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cerretani
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Missineo
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Moretti
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Tambone
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Georg Kempf
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7 a, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Augustin
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7 a, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Larry Park
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Tomei
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- Translational & Discovery Research, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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4
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Nadal‐Bufí F, Henriques ST. How to overcome endosomal entrapment of cell‐penetrating peptides to release the therapeutic potential of peptides? Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Nadal‐Bufí
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
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5
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Peng Y, Bariwal J, Kumar V, Tan C, Mahato RI. Organic Nanocarriers for Delivery and Targeting of Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug DeliveryUniversity of Mississippi University MS 38677 USA
| | - Ram I. Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
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6
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides Enhance the Activity of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 by Prolonging the Retention Time: A New Vision for Drug-Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020442. [PMID: 32284513 PMCID: PMC7013552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are defined by their ability to deliver cargo into cells and have been studied and developed as a promising drug-delivery system (DDS). However, the issue of whether the CPPs that have already entered the cells can be re-released or reused has not been studied. The purpose of this research was to construct CPP-conjugated human fibroblast growth factor 2 (hFGF2) and investigate whether they can be re-released from the cell membrane for reuse. This study combined hFGF2 with Tat or Ara27, a newly developed CPP derived from the zinc knuckle (CCHC-type) family protein of Arabidopsis. Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was treated with Tat-conjugated hFGF2 (tFGF2) and Ara27-conjugated hFGF2 (NR-FGF2) for both long and short durations, and the effects on cell growth were compared. Furthermore, tFGF2 and NR-FGF2 re-released from the cells were quantified and the effects were evaluated by culturing HDF in a conditioned medium. Interestingly, the proliferation of HDF increased only when NR-FGF2 was treated for 1 h in endocytosis-independent manner. After 1 h, NR-FGF2 was significantly re-released, reaching a maximum concentration at 5 h. Furthermore, increased proliferation of HDF cultured in the conditioned medium containing re-released NR-FGF2 was discovered. While previous studies have focused on the delivery of cargo and its associated applications, this study has revealed that combinations of superior CPPs and therapeutics can be expected to prolong both the retention time and the cell-penetrating capacity, even in the presence of external factors. Therefore, CPPs can be applied in the context of topical drugs and cosmetics as a new DDS approach.
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7
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Patel SG, Sayers EJ, He L, Narayan R, Williams TL, Mills EM, Allemann RK, Luk LYP, Jones AT, Tsai YH. Cell-penetrating peptide sequence and modification dependent uptake and subcellular distribution of green florescent protein in different cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6298. [PMID: 31000738 PMCID: PMC6472342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein therapy holds great promise for treating a variety of diseases. To act on intracellular targets, therapeutic proteins must cross the plasma membrane. This has previously been achieved by covalent attachment to a variety of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). However, there is limited information on the relative performance of CPPs in delivering proteins to cells, specifically the cytosol and other intracellular locations. Here we use green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a model cargo to compare delivery capacity of five CPP sequences (Penetratin, R8, TAT, Transportan, Xentry) and cyclic derivatives in different human cell lines (HeLa, HEK, 10T1/2, HepG2) representing different tissues. Confocal microscopy analysis indicates that most fusion proteins when incubated with cells at 10 µM localise to endosomes. Quantification of cellular uptake by flow cytometry reveals that uptake depends on both cell type (10T1/2 > HepG2 > HeLa > HEK), and CPP sequence (Transportan > R8 > Penetratin≈TAT > Xentry). CPP sequence cyclisation or addition of a HA-sequence increased cellular uptake, but fluorescence was still contained in vesicles with no evidence of endosomal escape. Our results provide a guide to select CPP for endosomal/lysosomal delivery and a basis for developing more efficient CPPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay G Patel
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Edward J Sayers
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Lin He
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Rohan Narayan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emily M Mills
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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8
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Bell GD, Yang Y, Leung E, Krissansen GW. mRNA transfection by a Xentry-protamine cell-penetrating peptide is enhanced by TLR antagonist E6446. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201464. [PMID: 30059522 PMCID: PMC6066245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection is a developing field that has applications in research and gene therapy. Potentially, mRNA transfection can be mediated efficiently by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as they may be modified to target specific tissues. However, whilst CPPs are well-documented to transfect oligonucleotides and plasmids, mRNA transfection by CPPs has barely been explored. Here we report that peptides, including a truncated form of protamine and the same peptide fused to the CPP Xentry (Xentry-protamine; XP), can transfect mRNAs encoding reporter genes into human cells. Further, this transfection is enhanced by the anti-malarial chloroquine (CQ) and the toll-like receptor antagonist E6446 (6-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-(4-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl]benzo[d]oxazole), with E6446 being >5-fold more potent than CQ at enhancing this transfection. Finally, E6446 facilitated the transfection by XP of mRNA encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, the protein mutated in cystic fibrosis. As such, these findings introduce E6446 as a novel transfection enhancer and may be of practical relevance to researchers seeking to improve the mRNA transfection efficiency of their preferred CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D. Bell
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W. Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Intracellular oligonucleotide delivery using the cell penetrating peptide Xentry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11256. [PMID: 30050146 PMCID: PMC6062516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the use of two cationic peptides, Xentry-KALA (XK) and Xentry-Protamine (XP), for intracellular delivery of Connexin43 antisense oligonucleotides (Cx43AsODN). The charge and size of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP complexes was determined by Zetasizer analysis. The earliest positive zeta potential reading was obtained at a 1:2 and 1:1.2 charge ratio of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP respectively, with Cx43AsODN:XK resulting in overall larger complexes than Cx43AsODN:XP. Gel shift mobility assays revealed complete complex formation at a 1:2.5 and 1:2.2 charge ratio of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP, respectively. Cellular uptake studies were carried out in ARPE-19 cells. While both complexes were able to enter the cells, Cx43AsODN:XK uptake appeared punctate and circular indicative of endosomal containment. Cx43AsODN:XP uptake, in contrast, resulted in diffuse appearance inside the cell suggesting endosomal escape of the cargo. Finally, western blot analysis confirmed that Cx43AsODN:XP was able to knockdown Cx43 expression in these cells under normal and hypoxic conditions.
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10
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Wang H, Ma JL, Yang YG, Song Y, Wu J, Qin YY, Zhao XL, Wang J, Zou LL, Wu JF, Li JM, Liu CB. Efficient therapeutic delivery by a novel cell-permeant peptide derived from KDM4A protein for antitumor and antifibrosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49075-49090. [PMID: 27081693 PMCID: PMC5226491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) based delivery have provided immense potential for the therapeutic applications, however, most of nonhuman originated CPPs carry the risk of possible cytotoxicity and immunogenicity, thus may restricting to be used. Here, we describe a novel human-derived CPP, denoted hPP10, and hPP10 has cell-penetrating properties evaluated by CellPPD web server, as well as In-Vitro and In-Vivo analysis. In vitro studies showed that hPP10-FITC was able to penetrate into various cells including primary cultured cells, likely through an endocytosis pathway. And functionalized macromolecules, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), tumor-specific apoptosis inducer Apoptin as well as biological active enzyme GCLC (Glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit) can be delivered by hPP10 in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that hPP10 provide a novel and versatile tool to deliver exogenous proteins or drugs for clinical applications as well as reprogrammed cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jie-Lan Ma
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ying-Gui Yang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yang Song
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yan-Yan Qin
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,The 1st People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Li-Li Zou
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jun-Ming Li
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,The 1st People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Chang-Bai Liu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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11
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Xu W, Lau YH, Fischer G, Tan YS, Chattopadhyay A, de la Roche M, Hyvönen M, Verma C, Spring DR, Itzhaki LS. Macrocyclized Extended Peptides: Inhibiting the Substrate-Recognition Domain of Tankyrase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2245-2256. [PMID: 28084734 PMCID: PMC5358875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a double-click macrocyclization approach for the design of constrained peptide inhibitors having non-helical or extended conformations. Our targets are the tankyrase proteins (TNKS), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) that regulate Wnt signaling by targeting Axin for degradation. TNKS are deregulated in many different cancer types, and inhibition of TNKS therefore represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, clinical development of TNKS-specific PARP catalytic inhibitors is challenging due to off-target effects and cellular toxicity. We instead targeted the substrate-recognition domain of TNKS, as it is unique among PARP family members. We employed a two-component strategy, allowing peptide and linker to be separately engineered and then assembled in a combinatorial fashion via click chemistry. Using the consensus substrate-peptide sequence as a starting point, we optimized the length and rigidity of the linker and its position along the peptide. Optimization was further guided by high-resolution crystal structures of two of the macrocyclized peptides in complex with TNKS. This approach led to macrocyclized peptides with submicromolar affinities for TNKS and high proteolytic stability that are able to disrupt the interaction between TNKS and Axin substrate and to inhibit Wnt signaling in a dose-dependent manner. The peptides therefore represent a promising starting point for a new class of substrate-competitive inhibitors of TNKS with potential for suppressing Wnt signaling in cancer. Moreover, by demonstrating the application of the double-click macrocyclization approach to non-helical, extended, or irregularly structured peptides, we greatly extend its potential and scope, especially given the frequency with which such motifs mediate protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Xu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Bioinformatics
Institute, Agency for Science, Technology
and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix 138671, Singapore
| | - Anasuya Chattopadhyay
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Marc de la Roche
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics
Institute, Agency for Science, Technology
and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix 138671, Singapore
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, 60 Nanyang
Drive 637551, Singapore
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 14 Science
Drive 4 117543, Singapore
| | - David R. Spring
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Laura S. Itzhaki
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
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12
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Ullah I, Chung K, Beloor J, Kim J, Cho M, Kim N, Lee KY, Kumar P, Lee SK. Trileucine residues in a ligand-CPP-based siRNA delivery platform improve endosomal escape of siRNA. J Drug Target 2016; 25:320-329. [PMID: 27820977 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1258566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
siRNA entrapment within endosomes is a significant problem encountered with siRNA delivery platforms that co-opt receptor-mediated entry pathways. Attachment of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), such as nona-arginine (9R) to a cell receptor-binding ligand like the Rabies virus glycoprotein, RVG, allows effective siRNA delivery to the cytoplasm by non-endocytic pathways, but a significant amount of siRNA complexes also enters the cell by ligand-induced receptor endocytosis and remain localized in endosomes. Here, we report that the incorporation of trileucine (3 Leu) residues as an endo-osmolytic moiety in the peptide improves endosomal escape and intracellular delivery of siRNA. The trileucine motif did not affect early non-endosomal mechanism of cytoplasmic siRNA delivery but enhanced target gene silencing by >20% only beyond 24 h of transfection when siRNA delivery is mostly through the endocytic route and siRNA trapped in the endosomes at later stages were subject to release into cytoplasm. The mechanism may involve endosomal membrane disruption as trileucine residues lysed RBCs selectively under endosomal pH conditions. Interestingly <3 Leu or >3 Leu residues were not as effective, suggesting that 3 Leu residues are useful for enhancing cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA routed through endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kunho Chung
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jongkil Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Priti Kumar
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
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13
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He H, Sun L, Ye J, Liu E, Chen S, Liang Q, Shin MC, Yang VC. Enzyme-triggered, cell penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of anti-tumor agents. J Control Release 2016; 240:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Krautwald S, Dewitz C, Fändrich F, Kunzendorf U. Inhibition of regulated cell death by cell-penetrating peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2269-84. [PMID: 27048815 PMCID: PMC4887531 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of the means to efficiently and continuously renew missing and non-functional proteins in diseased cells remains a major goal in modern molecular medicine. While gene therapy has the potential to achieve this, substantial obstacles must be overcome before clinical application can be considered. A promising alternative approach is the direct delivery of non-permeant active biomolecules, such as oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins, to the affected cells with the purpose of ameliorating an advanced disease process. In addition to receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell-penetrating peptides are widely used as vectors for rapid translocation of conjugated molecules across cell membranes into intracellular compartments and the delivery of these therapeutic molecules is generally referred to as novel prospective protein therapy. As a broad coverage of the enormous amount of published data in this field is unrewarding, this review will provide a brief, focused overview of the technology and a summary of recent studies of the most commonly used protein transduction domains and their potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cellular damage and the prevention of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krautwald
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christin Dewitz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kunzendorf
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Wang H, Ma J, Yang Y, Zeng F, Liu C. Highly Efficient Delivery of Functional Cargoes by a Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide Derived from SP140-Like Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1373-81. [PMID: 27070736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successfully applied to deliver various functional macromolecules into cells in recent times. Here, we describe a novel CPP designated as hPP3 (KPKRKRRKKKGHGWSR), which were derived from human nuclear body protein SP140-like protein. The location of hPP3-FITC in cells was investigated using the fluorescence microscopy, and the internalization of hPP3 was quantitatively measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed that hPP3-FITC could enter into culturing cells, following a concentration-, incubation time-, serum-, and temperature-dependent manner. Uptake of hPP3-FITC into cells was significantly enhanced by DMSO pretreatment, and inhibited by heparin and the endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine and sodium azide), while the potent lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, showed small positive effects on hPP3-FITC penetrating. Moreover, hPP3 could mediate functional GFP, KLA, or NBD penetration. The findings of this study showed that human origin peptide hPP3 has the potential to act as a macromolecular carrier penetrating cellular membranes and promising delivery peptide as drug delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fanhui Zeng
- The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture , Enshi 445000, China
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16
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Montrose K, Yang Y, Krissansen GW. X-pep, a novel cell-penetrating peptide motif derived from the hepatitis B virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:64-8. [PMID: 25251474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are able to penetrate the plasma membrane and gain access to the interior of any replicating or non-replicating cell, and are being considered as drug delivery agents. Here we describe the serendipitous discovery of a novel CPP motif (MAARLCCQ), designated X-pep, located at the extreme N-terminus of the X-protein of the hepatitis B virus. X-pep, and a C-terminally truncated form of the peptide (MAARL), readily penetrated HepG2 cells. Further truncation by removal of the terminal leucine residue impaired the cell-penetrating activity of peptide, indicating that MAARL is the active core of the peptide. X-pep is located adjacent to another CPP, namely Xentry, and like Xentry is unable to penetrate unactivated resting lymphocytes suggesting selective cell uptake. A D-isomeric form of the MAARL peptide was not cell-permeable, indicating that the cell-penetrating function of the peptide involves stereoselective interaction with a chiral receptor. The discovery of X-pep, which bears no resemblance to known CPPs, allows studies to be undertaken to determine additional characteristics of this novel CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Montrose
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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