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Salana S, Verma V. Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39291816 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the in vitro studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (e.g., phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, i.e., metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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2
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Künzi L, Ryter S, Cornelius A, Leni Z, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Walser M, Engler O, Geiser M. Transport of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins through reconstituted human bronchial epithelia and protection against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5537. [PMID: 37016030 PMCID: PMC10072008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have proven antiviral effectiveness of treatment with a Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) specific against the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More information on transport mechanisms and efficiency to the site of action is desirable. Transepithelial migration through air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of reconstituted human bronchial epithelia (HBE) was assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for different DARPin designs in comparison to a monoclonal antibody. Antiviral efficacy against authentic SARS-CoV-2, applied apically on HBE, was investigated based on viral titers and genome equivalents, after administration of therapeutic candidates on the basal side. Transepithelial translocation of all DARPin candidates and the monoclonal antibody was efficient and dose dependent. Small DARPins and the antibody migrated more efficiently than larger molecules, indicating different transport mechanisms involved. Microscopic analyses support this, demonstrating passive paracellular transport of smaller DARPins and transcellular migration of the larger molecules. All therapeutic candidates applied to the basal side of HBE conferred effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we have shown that DARPins specific against SARS-CoV-2 translocate across intact airway epithelia and confer effective protection against infection and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Künzi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Ryter
- Labor Spiez, Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Marcel Walser
- Molecular Partners AG, 8952, Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Engler
- Labor Spiez, Federal Office for Civil Protection, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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3
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Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Disease: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054345. [PMID: 36901776 PMCID: PMC10001616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading mechanisms through which air pollutants exert their damaging effects are the promotion of oxidative stress, the induction of an inflammatory response, and the deregulation of the immune system by reducing its ability to limit infectious agents' spreading. This influence starts in the prenatal age and continues during childhood, the most susceptible period of life, due to a lower efficiency of oxidative damage detoxification, a higher metabolic and breathing rate, and enhanced oxygen consumption per unit of body mass. Air pollution is involved in acute disorders like asthma exacerbations and upper and lower respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis, tuberculosis, and pneumoniae. Pollutants can also contribute to the onset of chronic asthma, and they can lead to a deficit in lung function and growth, long-term respiratory damage, and eventually chronic respiratory illness. Air pollution abatement policies, applied in the last decades, are contributing to mitigating air quality issues, but more efforts should be encouraged to improve acute childhood respiratory disease with possible positive long-term effects on lung function. This narrative review aims to summarize the most recent studies on the links between air pollution and childhood respiratory illness.
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Yu C, Kotsimbos T. Respiratory Infection and Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis: A Dynamic Interplay among the Host, Microbes, and Environment for the Ages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044052. [PMID: 36835487 PMCID: PMC9966804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between airway inflammation and infection is now recognized as a major factor in the pathobiology in cystic fibrosis (CF). A proinflammatory environment is seen throughout the CF airway resulting in classic marked and enduring neutrophilic infiltrations, irreversibly damaging the lung. Although this is seen to occur early, independent of infection, respiratory microbes arising at different timepoints in life and the world environment perpetuate this hyperinflammatory state. Several selective pressures have allowed for the CF gene to persist until today despite an early mortality. Comprehensive care systems, which have been a cornerstone of therapy for the past few decades, are now revolutionized by CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR) modulators. The effects of these small-molecule agents cannot be overstated and can be seen as early as in utero. For an understanding of the future, this review looks into CF studies spanning the historical and present period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9076-20000
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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5
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Lau YS, Poon HY, Organ B, Chuang HC, Chan MN, Guo H, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of fresh and aged gasoline exhaust particles in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129846. [PMID: 36063712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles are one of the major contributors to aerosol particles observed in urban areas. It is well-known that these tiny particles are associated with air pollution, climate forcing, and adverse health effects. However, their toxicity and bioreactivity after atmospheric ageing are less constrained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and toxicological properties of fresh and aged particulate matter samples derived from gasoline exhaust emissions. Chemical analyses showed that both fresh and aged PM samples were rich in organic carbon, and the dominating chemical species were n-alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparisons between fresh and aged samples revealed that the latter contained larger amounts of oxygenated compounds. In most cases, the bioreactivity induced by the aged PM samples was significantly higher than that induced by the fresh samples. Moderate to weak correlations were identified between chemical species and the levels of biomarkers in the fresh and aged PM samples. The results of the stepwise regression analysis suggested that n-alkane and alkenoic acid were major contributors to the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the fresh samples, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocarboxylic acid were the main factors responsible for such increase in the aged samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik-Sze Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Now at: International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQR), Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Hon-Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bruce Organ
- Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Man-Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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6
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Chen TL, Hsiao TC, Chuang HC, Ting YC, Wang CH. A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles under real driving Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114523. [PMID: 36270534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 106-107 # cm-3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Lun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hua Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Leni Z, Ess MN, Keller A, Allan JD, Hellén H, Saarnio K, Williams KR, Brown AS, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Vasilatou K, Geiser M. Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17007-17017. [PMID: 36416368 PMCID: PMC9730840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic matter (SOM) formed from gaseous precursors constitutes a major mass fraction of fine particulate matter. However, there is only limited evidence on its toxicological impact. In this study, air-liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelia were exposed to different series of fresh and aged soot particles generated by a miniCAST burner combined with a micro smog chamber (MSC). Soot cores with geometric mean mobility diameters of 30 and 90 nm were coated with increasing amounts of SOM, generated from the photo-oxidation of mesitylene and ozonolysis of α-pinene. At 24 h after exposure, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating cell membrane damage, was measured and proteome analysis, i.e. the release of 102 cytokines and chemokines to assess the inflammatory response, was performed. The data indicate that the presence of the SOM coating and its bioavailability play an important role in cytotoxicity. In particular, LDH release increased with increasing SOM mass/total particle mass ratio, but only when SOM had condensed on the outer surface of the soot cores. Proteome analysis provided further evidence for substantial interference of coated particles with essential properties of the respiratory epithelium as a barrier as well as affecting cell remodeling and inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Leni
- University
of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Michaela N. Ess
- Federal
Institute of Metrology METAS, Bern-Wabern 3003, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- University
of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch 5210, Switzerland
| | - James D. Allan
- University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | - Andrew S. Brown
- National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas
Medical Center, Kansas
City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas
Medical Center, Kansas
City, Kansas 66160, United States
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8
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Delaval MN, Jonsdottir HR, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, Schönenberger D, Durdina L, Elser M, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Lobo P, Burtscher H, Liati A, Geiser M. Responses of reconstituted human bronchial epithelia from normal and health-compromised donors to non-volatile particulate matter emissions from an aircraft turbofan engine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119521. [PMID: 35623573 PMCID: PMC10024864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Health effects of particulate matter (PM) from aircraft engines have not been adequately studied since controlled laboratory studies reflecting realistic conditions regarding aerosols, target tissue, particle exposure and deposited particle dose are logistically challenging. Due to the important contributions of aircraft engine emissions to air pollution, we employed a unique experimental setup to deposit exhaust particles directly from an aircraft engine onto reconstituted human bronchial epithelia (HBE) at air-liquid interface under conditions similar to in vivo airways to mimic realistic human exposure. The toxicity of non-volatile PM (nvPM) from a CFM56-7B26 aircraft engine was evaluated under realistic engine conditions by sampling and exposing HBE derived from donors of normal and compromised health status to exhaust for 1 h followed by biomarker analysis 24 h post exposure. Particle deposition varied depending on the engine thrust levels with 85% thrust producing the highest nvPM mass and number emissions with estimated surface deposition of 3.17 × 109 particles cm-2 or 337.1 ng cm-2. Transient increase in cytotoxicity was observed after exposure to nvPM in epithelia derived from a normal donor as well as a decrease in the secretion of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. Non-replicated multiple exposures of epithelia derived from a normal donor to nvPM primarily led to a pro-inflammatory response, while both cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction remained unaffected. This raises concerns for the long-term implications of aircraft nvPM for human pulmonary health, especially in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - David Schönenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Prem Lobo
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Shaikh N, Andriolo JM, Skinner JL, Walker RA. Carbon Nanoparticle-Induced Changes to Lipid Monolayer Structure at Water-Air Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5667-5677. [PMID: 35877465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface specific vibrational spectroscopy experiments together with surface tension measurements and spectroscopic ellipsometry data were used to characterize the effects of soluble carbon particulates on compressed and partially compressed lipid monolayers adsorbed to the water-air interface. The lipid monolayers consisted of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and measurements were made for both tightly packed monolayers (40 Å2/molecule) and monolayers in their liquid condensed state (55 Å2/molecule). Langmuir trough data show that very small amounts of PHF (0.0075 mg/mL or 6.4 × 10-6 M) decrease lipid film compressibility. This finding supports a cooperative adsorption mechanism whereby the soluble PHFs are drawn to the surface and associate with the insoluble DPPC monolayer. Excess free energies (ΔGmixE) were positive, consistent with the cooperative adsorption mechanism, and although the excess free energies are small (≤1 kJ/mol), adsorbed PHF has measurable effects on monolayer structure. Further support for the cooperative adsorption mechanism at the water-air interface comes from vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) experiments. Low PHF concentrations (≤0.06 mg/mL) increase DPPC acyl chain ordering in liquid condensed lipid films and decrease DPPC acyl chain ordering and film thickness in tightly packed lipid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Shaikh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jessica M Andriolo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana U.S. 59701, United States.,Montana Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Jack L Skinner
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana U.S. 59701, United States.,Montana Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States.,Materials Science Ph.D. Program, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Robert A Walker
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States.,Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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10
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Blayac M, Coll P, Urbach V, Fanen P, Epaud R, Lanone S. The Impact of Air Pollution on the Course of Cystic Fibrosis: A Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:908230. [PMID: 35721541 PMCID: PMC9202997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal and widespread autosomal recessive disorder affecting over 80,000 people worldwide. It is caused by mutations of the CFTR gene, which encodes an epithelial anion channel. CF is characterized by a great phenotypic variability which is currently not fully understood. Although CF is genetically determined, the course of the disease might also depend on multiple other factors. Air pollution, whose effects on health and contribution to respiratory diseases are well established, is one environmental factor suspected to modulate the disease severity and influence the lung phenotype of CF patients. This is of particular interest as pulmonary failure is the primary cause of death in CF. The present review discusses current knowledge on the impact of air pollution on CF pathogenesis and aims to explore the underlying cellular and biological mechanisms involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Blayac
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Patrice Coll
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascale Fanen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri-Mondor, Service Génétique, Creteil, France
| | - Ralph Epaud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Centre des Maladies Respiratoires Rares (RespiRare®)-CRCM, Creteil, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
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11
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On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The RHAPS (Redox-Activity And Health-Effects Of Atmospheric Primary And Secondary Aerosol) project was launched in 2019 with the major objective of identifying specific properties of the fine atmospheric aerosol from combustion sources that are responsible for toxicological effects and can be used as new metrics for health-related outdoor pollution studies. In this paper, we present the overall methodology of RHAPS and introduce the phenomenology and the first data observed. A comprehensive physico-chemical aerosol characterization has been achieved by means of high-time resolution measurements (e.g., number size distributions, refractory chemical components, elemental composition) and low-time resolution analyses (e.g., oxidative potential, toxicological assays, chemical composition). Preliminary results indicate that, at the real atmospheric conditions observed (i.e., daily PM1 from less than 4 to more than 50 μg m−3), high/low mass concentrations of PM1, as well as black carbon (BC) and water soluble Oxidative Potential (WSOP,) do not necessarily translate into high/low toxicity. Notably, these findings were observed during a variety of atmospheric conditions and aerosol properties and with different toxicological assessments. Findings suggest a higher complexity in the relations observed between atmospheric aerosol and toxicological endpoints that go beyond the currently used PM1 metrics. Finally, we provide an outlook to companion papers where data will be analyzed in more detail, with the focus on source apportionment of PM1 and the role of source emissions on aerosol toxicity, the OP as a predictive variable for PM1 toxicity, and the related role of SOA possessing redox-active capacity, exposure-response relationships for PM1, and air quality models to forecast PM1 toxicity.
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12
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Offer S, Hartner E, Di Bucchianico S, Bisig C, Bauer S, Pantzke J, Zimmermann EJ, Cao X, Binder S, Kuhn E, Huber A, Jeong S, Käfer U, Martens P, Mesceriakovas A, Bendl J, Brejcha R, Buchholz A, Gat D, Hohaus T, Rastak N, Jakobi G, Kalberer M, Kanashova T, Hu Y, Ogris C, Marsico A, Theis F, Pardo M, Gröger T, Oeder S, Orasche J, Paul A, Ziehm T, Zhang ZH, Adam T, Sippula O, Sklorz M, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Kiendler-Scharr A, Rudich Y, Zimmermann R. Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Lung Cell Models at the Air–Liquid Interface: Differential Toxicological Impacts of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27003. [PMID: 35112925 PMCID: PMC8812555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact. Objectives: We aimed to discriminate toxicological effects of aerosols generated by atmospheric aging on combustion soot particles (SPs) of gaseous biogenic (β-pinene) or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors in two different lung cell models exposed at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Mono- or cocultures of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed at the ALI for 4 h to different aerosol concentrations of a photochemically aged mixture of primary combustion SP and β-pinene (SOAβPIN-SP) or naphthalene (SOANAP-SP). The internally mixed soot/SOA particles were comprehensively characterized in terms of their physical and chemical properties. We conducted toxicity tests to determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary and secondary genotoxicity, as well as inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Results: We observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes in cells treated with either SOA type. Greater adverse effects were measured for SOANAP-SP compared with SOAβPIN-SP in both cell models, whereas the nano-sized soot cores alone showed only minor effects. At the functional level, we found that SOANAP-SP augmented the secretion of malondialdehyde and interleukin-8 and may have induced the activation of endothelial cells in the coculture system. This activation was confirmed by comet assay, suggesting secondary genotoxicity and greater angiogenic potential. Chemical characterization of PM revealed distinct qualitative differences in the composition of the two secondary aerosol types. Discussion: In this study using A549 and EA.hy926 cells exposed at ALI, SOA compounds had greater toxicity than primary SPs. Photochemical aging of naphthalene was associated with the formation of more oxidized, more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential and toxicity compared with β-pinene. Thus, we conclude that the influence of atmospheric chemistry on the chemical PM composition plays a crucial role for the adverse health outcome of emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramona Brejcha
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniella Gat
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Till Ziehm
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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13
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Park J, Lee KH, Kim H, Woo J, Heo J, Lee CH, Yi SM, Yoo CG. The impact of organic extracts of seasonal PM 2.5 on primary human lung epithelial cells and their chemical characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59868-59880. [PMID: 34148195 PMCID: PMC8541986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells serve as the first line of defense against various inhaled pollutant particles. To investigate the adverse health effects of organic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in Seoul, South Korea, we selected 12 PM2.5 samples from May 2016 to January 2017 and evaluated the effects of organic compounds of PM2.5 on inflammation, cellular aging, and macroautophagy in human lung epithelial cells isolated directly from healthy donors. Organic extracts of PM2.5 specifically induced neutrophilic chemokine and interleukin-8 expression via extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Moreover, PM2.5 significantly increased the expression of aging markers (p16, p21, and p27) and activated macroautophagy. Average mass concentrations of organic and elemental carbon had no significant correlations with PM2.5 effects. However, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes were the most relevant components of PM2.5 that correlated with neutrophilic inflammation. Vegetative detritus and residential bituminous coal combustion sources strongly correlated with neutrophilic inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation. These data suggest that the chemical composition of PM2.5 is important for determining the adverse health effects of PM2.5. Our study provides encouraging evidence to regulate the harmful components of PM2.5 in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Woo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, 955 Jungangdae-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47210, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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Rossner P, Cervena T, Vojtisek-Lom M, Neca J, Ciganek M, Vrbova K, Ambroz A, Novakova Z, Elzeinova F, Sima M, Simova Z, Holan V, Beranek V, Pechout M, Macoun D, Rossnerova A, Topinka J. Markers of lipid oxidation and inflammation in bronchial cells exposed to complete gasoline emissions and their organic extracts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130833. [PMID: 34015653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic emissions consist of gaseous components, particles of various sizes, and chemical compounds that are bound to them. Exposure to vehicle emissions is implicated in the etiology of inflammatory respiratory disorders. We investigated the inflammation-related markers in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and a 3D model of the human airways (MucilAir™), after exposure to complete emissions and extractable organic matter (EOM) from particles generated by ordinary gasoline (E5), and a gasoline-ethanol blend (E20; ethanol content 20% v/v). The production of 22 lipid oxidation products (derivatives of linoleic and arachidonic acid, AA) and 45 inflammatory molecules (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) was assessed after days 1 and 5 of exposure, using LC-MS/MS and a multiplex immunoassay, respectively. The response observed in MucilAir™ exposed to E5 gasoline emissions, characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory AA metabolites (prostaglandins) and inflammatory markers, was the most pronounced. E20 EOM exposure was associated with increased levels of AA metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects in this cell model. The exposure of BEAS-2B cells to complete emissions reduced lipid oxidation, while E20 EOM tended to increase concentrations of AA metabolite and chemokine production; the impacts on other inflammatory markers were limited. In summary, complete E5 emission exposure of MucilAir™ induces the processes associated with the pro-inflammatory response. This observation highlights the potential negative health impacts of ordinary gasoline, while the effects of alternative fuel are relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Cervena
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Neca
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristyna Vrbova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Antonin Ambroz
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Novakova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Fatima Elzeinova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Simova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Holan
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vit Beranek
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pechout
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - David Macoun
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Nanoparticles of two ZnO Precursors as an Encapsulating Matrix of Mangiferin: Associated Studies to Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells Hep-G2 and Healthy Lung Cell Beas-2B. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Méausoone C, Landkocz Y, Cazier F, Seigneur M, Courcot D, Billet S. Toxicological responses of BEAS-2B cells to repeated exposures to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene using air-liquid interface method. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1262-1274. [PMID: 33269480 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, the European REACH regulation (1907/2006) recommends substituting toxic molecules with compounds that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Toluene is one of the most frequently used solvents in industries despite its toxicity. The objective of this study is to better understand and compare the toxicity of toluene and its homologues in a bronchial cell model. Thus, human bronchial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to steams of toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and benzene (20 and 100 ppm). Exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface (ALI) system (Vitrocell) during 1 h/day for 1, 3, or 5 days. Cytotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression, and inflammatory response were evaluated following cell exposures. BEAS-2B cell exposure to toluene and its homologues revealed the involvement of major (CYP2E1) and minor metabolic pathways (CYP1A1). A late induction of genes (EPHX1, DHDH, ALDH2, and ALDH3B1) was measured from Day 3 and can be linked to the formation of metabolites. An increase in the secretion level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF) was also observed. In parallel, regulation between inflammatory mediators and the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin MUC1 was also studied. This in vitro approach with ALI system points out the relevance of conducting repeated exposures to detect potential late effects. The difference recorded after cell exposure to toluene and its homologues highlights the importance of substitution principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Méausoone
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Marianne Seigneur
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
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17
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Daellenbach KR, Uzu G, Jiang J, Cassagnes LE, Leni Z, Vlachou A, Stefenelli G, Canonaco F, Weber S, Segers A, Kuenen JJP, Schaap M, Favez O, Albinet A, Aksoyoglu S, Dommen J, Baltensperger U, Geiser M, El Haddad I, Jaffrezo JL, Prévôt ASH. Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe. Nature 2020; 587:414-419. [PMID: 33208962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter is a component of ambient air pollution that has been linked to millions of annual premature deaths globally1-3. Assessments of the chronic and acute effects of particulate matter on human health tend to be based on mass concentration, with particle size and composition also thought to play a part4. Oxidative potential has been suggested to be one of the many possible drivers of the acute health effects of particulate matter, but the link remains uncertain5-8. Studies investigating the particulate-matter components that manifest an oxidative activity have yielded conflicting results7. In consequence, there is still much to be learned about the sources of particulate matter that may control the oxidative potential concentration7. Here we use field observations and air-quality modelling to quantify the major primary and secondary sources of particulate matter and of oxidative potential in Europe. We find that secondary inorganic components, crustal material and secondary biogenic organic aerosols control the mass concentration of particulate matter. By contrast, oxidative potential concentration is associated mostly with anthropogenic sources, in particular with fine-mode secondary organic aerosols largely from residential biomass burning and coarse-mode metals from vehicular non-exhaust emissions. Our results suggest that mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the mass concentrations of particulate matter alone may not reduce the oxidative potential concentration. If the oxidative potential can be linked to major health impacts, it may be more effective to control specific sources of particulate matter rather than overall particulate mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Marseille, France.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Vlachou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Datalystica, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Samuël Weber
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Arjo Segers
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J P Kuenen
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Schaap
- Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institut für Meteorologie, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (Ineris), Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (Ineris), Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Sebnem Aksoyoglu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble INP), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
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18
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Leni Z, Cassagnes LE, Daellenbach KR, El Haddad I, Vlachou A, Uzu G, Prévôt ASH, Jaffrezo JL, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Baltensperger U, Dommen J, Geiser M. Oxidative stress-induced inflammation in susceptible airways by anthropogenic aerosol. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233425. [PMID: 33206642 PMCID: PMC7673561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is one of the leading five health risks worldwide. One of the most harmful air pollutants is particulate matter (PM), which has different physical characteristics (particle size and number, surface area and morphology) and a highly complex and variable chemical composition. Our goal was first to comparatively assess the effects of exposure to PM regarding cytotoxicity, release of pro-inflammatory mediators and gene expression in human bronchial epithelia (HBE) reflecting normal and compromised health status. Second, we aimed at evaluating the impact of various PM components from anthropogenic and biogenic sources on the cellular responses. Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of fully differentiated HBE derived from normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) donor lungs were exposed at the apical cell surface to water-soluble PM filter extracts for 4 h. The particle dose deposited on cells was 0.9-2.5 and 8.8-25.4 μg per cm2 of cell culture area for low and high PM doses, respectively. Both normal and CF HBE show a clear dose-response relationship with increasing cytotoxicity at higher PM concentrations. The concurrently enhanced release of pro-inflammatory mediators at higher PM exposure levels links cytotoxicity to inflammatory processes. Further, the PM exposure deregulates genes involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways leading to an imbalance of the antioxidant system. Moreover, we identify compromised defense against PM in CF epithelia promoting exacerbation and aggravation of disease. We also demonstrate that the adverse health outcome induced by PM exposure in normal and particularly in susceptible bronchial epithelia is magnified by anthropogenic PM components. Thus, including health-relevant PM components in regulatory guidelines will result in substantial human health benefits and improve protection of the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Vlachou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gaelle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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19
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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20
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Cassagnes LE, Zaira L, Håland A, Bell D, Zhu L, Bertrand A, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I, Wisthaler A, Geiser M, Dommen J. Online monitoring of volatile organic compounds emitted from human bronchial epithelial cells as markers for oxidative stress. J Breath Res 2020; 15. [PMID: 33045691 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abc055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is associated with adverse respiratory effects and is a major factor for premature deaths. In-vitro assays are commonly used for investigating the direct cytotoxicity and inflammatory impacts due to particulate matter (PM) exposure. However, biological tests are often labor-intensive, destructive and limited to endpoints measured offline at single time points, making it impossible to observe the progression of cell response upon exposure. Here we explored the potential of a high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) upon exposure to PM. Cells were exposed to single components (1,4-naphthoquinone and Cu(II)) known to induce oxidative stress. We also tested filter extracts of aerosols generated in a smog chamber, including fresh and aged wood burning emissions, as well as α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We found that 1,4-naphthoquinone was rapidly internalized by the cells. Exposing cells to each of these samples induced the emission of VOCs, which we tentatively assigned to acetonitrile, benzaldehyde and dimethylbenzaldehyde, respectively. Emission rates upon exposure to fresh and aged organic aerosol from α-pinene oxidation and from biomass burning significantly exceeded those observed after exposure to similar doses of Cu(II), a proxy for transition metals with high oxidative potential. Emission rates of biomarkers from cell exposure to α-pinene SOA exhibited a statistically significant, but weak dose dependence. The emission rates of benzaldehyde scaled with cell death, estimated by measuring the apical release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase. Particle mass doses delivered to the BEAS-2B cells match those deposited in the human tracheobronchial tract after several hours of inhalation at elevated ambient air pollution. The results presented here show that our method has the potential to determine biomarkers of PM induced pulmonary damage in toxicological and epidemiological research on air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leni Zaira
- University of Bern, Bern, BE, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - David Bell
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, SWITZERLAND
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Dommen
- Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, 5232, SWITZERLAND
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21
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Hakkarainen H, Aakko-Saksa P, Sainio M, Ihantola T, Rönkkö TJ, Koponen P, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32460782 PMCID: PMC7251820 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of bio-based fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce. METHODS In the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations. RESULTS In cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija Sainio
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Koponen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Szczesniak R, Rice JL, Brokamp C, Ryan P, Pestian T, Ni Y, Andrinopoulou ER, Keogh RH, Gecili E, Huang R, Clancy JP, Collaco JM. Influences of environmental exposures on individuals living with cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:737-748. [PMID: 32264725 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1753507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural, social, and constructed environments play a critical role in the development and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. However, less is known regarding the influence of these environmental/community risk factors on the health of individuals living with cystic fibrosis (CF), compared to other pulmonary disorders. AREAS COVERED Here, we review current knowledge of environmental exposures related to CF, which suggests that environmental/community risk factors do interact with the respiratory tract to affect outcomes. Studies discussed in this review were identified in PubMed between March 2019 and March 2020. Although the limited data available do not suggest that avoiding potentially detrimental exposures other than secondhand smoke could improve outcomes, additional research incorporating novel markers of environmental exposures and community characteristics obtained at localized levels is needed. EXPERT OPINION As we outline, some environmental exposures and community characteristics are modifiable; if not by the individual, then by policy. We recommend a variety of strategies to advance understanding of environmental influences on CF disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Szczesniak
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Rice
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cole Brokamp
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Teresa Pestian
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yizhao Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ruth H Keogh
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK
| | - Emrah Gecili
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Clinical Research, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Collaco
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Friebel F, Mensah AA. Ozone Concentration versus Temperature: Atmospheric Aging of Soot Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14437-14450. [PMID: 31545616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of soot particles with ozone (O3) increases the particles' ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess if this process is a relevant source for CCN in the atmosphere, the reaction rate at atmospheric conditions must be known. Here we investigate the increase in CCN activity of soot particles rich in organic carbon at O3 concentrations ranging from 0-200 ppb and between 5 and 35 °C. We operated an ∼3 m3 aerosol chamber as a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor which allows for aging times of up to 12 h and beyond and of particle size selection prior to the aging step. We applied the activation time (tact) concept to retrieve kinetic data. It was found that 100 nm soot particles can be CCN-active down to supersaturations of 0.3% after 12 h of exposure to 200 ppb O3 at 35 °C. The reaction rate was found to be not directly proportional to the O3 concentration. Instead, a Langmuir-type reaction kinetic was found to be the best fit to parametrize the reaction rates. The initial reaction step is therefore the adsorption of O3 molecules, which could be detected by an increase in the particle diameter of up to 3.7 nm within several minutes after exposure. The increase in particle diameter agrees well with the calculated change in the O3 surface coverage, which was obtained from CCN activation data under the assumption of a Langmuir-sorption isotherm. Further, we found that a temperature increase from 5 to 35 °C increases the reaction rate by a factor of 5 which corresponds to an activation energy of 38.5 kJ·mol-1. Extrapolation to atmospheric conditions allows for the conclusion that the temperature is as important as the O3 concentration for the CCN activation of soot particles within the atmospheric range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Friebel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092 , Switzerland
| | - Amewu A Mensah
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092 , Switzerland
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24
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da Silva TD, Barnabé V, Ricci-Vitor AL, Papapostolou V, Tagle M, Henriquez A, Lawrence J, Ferguson S, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Oyola P, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, Monteiro CBDM, Godleski JJ. Secondary particles formed from the exhaust of vehicles using ethanol-gasoline blends increase the production of pulmonary and cardiac reactive oxygen species and induce pulmonary inflammation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108661. [PMID: 31442789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol vehicles release exhaust gases that contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). OBJECTIVE To determine in vivo toxicity resulting from exposure to SOA derived from vehicles using different ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E10, E22, E85W, E85S, E100). METHODS Exhaust emissions from vehicles using ethanol blends were delivered to a photochemical chamber and reacted to produce SOA. The aerosol samples were collected on filters, extracted, and dispersed in an aqueous solutions and intratracheally instilled into Sprague Dawley rats in doses of 700 μg/0.2 ml. After 45 min and 4 h pulmonary and cardiac chemiluminescence (CL) was measured to estimate the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the lungs and heart. Inflammation was measured by differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL). RESULTS Statistically and biologically significant differences in response to secondary particles from the different fuel formulations were detected. Compared to the control group, animals exposed to SOA from gasoline (E0) showed a significantly higher average CL in the lungs at 45 min. The highest CL averages in the heart were observed in the groups exposed to SOA from E10 and pure ethanol (E100) at 45 min. BAL of animals exposed to SOA from E0 and E85S had a significant increased number of macrophages at 45 min. BAL neutrophil count was increased in the groups exposed to E85S (45 min) and E0 (4 h). Animals exposed to E0 and E85W had increased BAL lymphocyte count compared to the control and the other exposed groups. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that SOA generated by gasoline (E0), followed by ethanol blends E85S and E85W, substantially induce oxidative stress measured by ROS generation and pulmonary inflammation measured by the recruitment of white blood cells in BAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Dias da Silva
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Viviani Barnabé
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Medical School, University City of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Ricci-Vitor
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Matias Tagle
- Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Joy Lawrence
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Ferguson
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Mikhail Wolfson
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Oyola
- Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment, Santiago, Chile
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - John J Godleski
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Gonet T, Maher BA. Airborne, Vehicle-Derived Fe-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Urban Environment: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9970-9991. [PMID: 31381310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter poses a serious threat to human health. Exposure to nanosized (<0.1 μm), vehicle-derived particulates may be hazardous due to their bioreactivity, their ability to penetrate every organ, including the brain, and their abundance in the urban atmosphere. Fe-bearing nanoparticles (<0.1 μm) in urban environments may be especially important because of their pathogenicity and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review examines current knowledge regarding the sources of vehicle-derived Fe-bearing nanoparticles, their chemical and mineralogical compositions, grain size distribution and potential hazard to human health. We focus on data reported for the following sources of Fe-bearing nanoparticles: exhaust emissions (both diesel and gasoline), brake wear, tire and road surface wear, resuspension of roadside dust, underground, train and tram emissions, and aircraft and shipping emissions. We identify limitations and gaps in existing knowledge as well as future challenges and perspectives for studies of airborne Fe-bearing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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26
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Zotter P, Richard S, Egli M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Nussbaumer T. A Simple Method to Determine Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds and Solid Particles from Biomass Combustion in Lung Cells in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3959-3968. [PMID: 30821962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adverse health effects of condensable organic compounds (COC) and potential secondary organic aerosols from wood combustion emissions are difficult to determine. Hence, available information is usually limited to a small number of specific applications. Therefore, we introduced a simple, fast, and economic method where water-soluble COC (WSCOC) and WSCOC together with water-soluble primary solid particles (WSpSP) from wood combustion were sampled and subsequently exposed to cultured human lung cells. Comparing the cell viability of H187 human epithelial lung cells from five combustion devices, operated at different combustion conditions, no, or only a minor, cytotoxicity of WSCOC is found for stationary conditions in a grate boiler, a log wood boiler, and a pellet boiler. All combustion conditions in a log wood stove and unfavorable conditions in the other devices induce, however, significant cytotoxicity (median lethal concentration LC50 5-17 mg/L). Furthermore, a significant correlation between CO and cytotoxicity was found ( R2 ∼ 0.8) suggesting that the simply measurable gas phase compound CO can be used as a first indicator for the potential harmfulness of wood combustion emissions. Samples containing WSCOC plus WSpSP show no additional cytotoxicity compared to samples with COC only, indicating that WSCOC exhibit much higher cytotoxicity than WSpSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zotter
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , School of Engineering and Architecture, Bioenergy Research Group , Technikumstrasse 21 , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering , Seestrasse 41 , 6052 Hergiswil , Switzerland
| | - Marcel Egli
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering , Seestrasse 41 , 6052 Hergiswil , Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , School of Engineering and Architecture, Bioenergy Research Group , Technikumstrasse 21 , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
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27
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Jonsdottir HR, Delaval M, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, Schönenberger D, Durdina L, Elser M, Burtscher H, Liati A, Geiser M. Non-volatile particle emissions from aircraft turbine engines at ground-idle induce oxidative stress in bronchial cells. Commun Biol 2019; 2:90. [PMID: 30854482 PMCID: PMC6401161 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aircraft emissions contribute to local and global air pollution. Health effects of particulate matter (PM) from aircraft engines are largely unknown, since controlled cell exposures at relevant conditions are challenging. We examined the toxicity of non-volatile PM (nvPM) emissions from a CFM56-7B26 turbofan, the world's most used aircraft turbine using an unprecedented exposure setup. We combined direct turbine-exhaust sampling under realistic engine operating conditions and the Nano-Aerosol Chamber for In vitro Toxicity to deposit particles onto air-liquid-interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) at physiological conditions. We evaluated acute cellular responses after 1-h exposures to diluted exhaust from conventional or alternative fuel combustion. We show that single, short-term exposures to nvPM impair bronchial epithelial cells, and PM from conventional fuel at ground-idle conditions is the most hazardous. Electron microscopy of soot reveals varying reactivity matching the observed cellular responses. Stronger responses at lower mass concentrations suggest that additional metrics are necessary to evaluate health risks of this increasingly important emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Delaval
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, Swiss University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - David Schönenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Centre for Aviation, School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, Swiss University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Velali E, Papachristou E, Pantazaki A, Besis A, Samara C, Labrianidis C, Lialiaris T. In vitro cellular toxicity induced by extractable organic fractions of particles exhausted from urban combustion sources - Role of PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1166-1176. [PMID: 30266006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of the extractable organic matter (EOM) of particulate matter (PM) exhausted from major urban combustion sources, including residential heating installations (wood-burning fireplace and oil-fired boiler) and vehicular exhaust from gasoline and diesel cars), was investigated in vitro by employing multiple complementary cellular and bacterial assays. Cytotoxic responses were investigated by applying the MTT ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) bioassay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release bioassay on human lung cells (MRC-5). Sister Chromatids Exchange (SCE) genotoxicity was measured on human peripheral lymphocytes. Lipid peroxidation potential via reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated on E. coli bacterial cells by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) end product. Furthermore, the DNA damage induced by the organic PM fractions was evaluated by the reporter (β-galactosidase) gene expression assay in the bacterial cells, and, by examining the fragmentation of chromosomal DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The correlations between the source PM-induced biological endpoints and the PM content in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as typical molecular markers of combustion, were investigated. Fireplace wood smoke particles exhibited by far the highest content in total and carcinogenic PAHs followed by oil boilers, diesel and gasoline emissions. However, in all bioassays, the total EOM-induced toxicity, normalized to PM mass, was highest for diesel cars equipped with Diesel Particle Filter (DPF). No correlation between the toxicological endpoints and the PAHs content was observed suggesting that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are probably driven by other extractable organic compounds than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs. Clearly, further research is needed to elucidate the role of PAHs in the biological effects induced by both, combustion emissions, and ambient air particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Velali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos Labrianidis
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Demokrition University of Thrace, GR-68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodore Lialiaris
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Demokrition University of Thrace, GR-68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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29
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Raudoniute J, Stasiulaitiene I, Kulvinskiene I, Bagdonas E, Garbaras A, Krugly E, Martuzevicius D, Bironaite D, Aldonyte R. Pro-inflammatory effects of extracted urban fine particulate matter on human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32277-32291. [PMID: 30225694 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constitutes the major part of urban air pollution and is a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid particles of different origin, size, and chemistry. Human exposure to PM in urban areas poses considerable and significant adverse effects on the respiratory system and human health in general. Major contributors to PM content are combustion-related sources such as diesel vehicles, household, and industrial heating. PM is composed of thousands of different high molecular weight organic compounds, including poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The aim of this study was to clarify the cytotoxic effects of the extract of actual urban PM1 with high benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content collected in Eastern European mid-sized city during winter heating season on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Decreased cell viability, alteration of cell layer integrity, increased apoptosis, and oxidative stress were observed during the 3-day exposure to the PM extract. In addition, following PM exposure pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was upregulated at gene and protein levels. Morphology and motility changes, i.e., decreased cells' ability to cover scratch area, were also documented. We report here that the extract of urban PM1 may induce bronchial epithelium changes and render it pro-inflammatory and compromised within 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovile Raudoniute
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Stasiulaitiene
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Kulvinskiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Bagdonas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Garbaras
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Krugly
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevicius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu 19, LT-50264, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Aldonyte
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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30
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Brugha R, Edmondson C, Davies JC. Outdoor air pollution and cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev 2018; 28:80-86. [PMID: 29793860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is increasingly identified as a contributor to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Pro-inflammatory particles and gases are inhaled deep into the lungs, and are associated with impaired lung growth and exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. The magnitude of these effects are of interest to patients and families, and have been assessed in studies specific to CF. Using systematic review methodology, we sought to collate these studies in order to summarise the known effects of air pollution in cystic fibrosis, and to present information on decreasing personal air pollution exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossa Brugha
- Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Edmondson
- Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane C Davies
- Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, United Kingdom.
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31
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Fizeșan I, Chary A, Cambier S, Moschini E, Serchi T, Nelissen I, Kiss B, Pop A, Loghin F, Gutleb AC. Responsiveness assessment of a 3D tetra-culture alveolar model exposed to diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:67-79. [PMID: 30081072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the responses of a 3D tetra-culture alveolar model cultivated at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) after apical exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) based on the three-tiered oxidative stress concept. The alveolar model exposed to increasing doses of DEPM (1.75-5 μg/cm2) responded with increasing activity of the anti-oxidant defense mechanisms (Nrf2 translocation, increased gene expression for anti-oxidant proteins and increased HMOX-1 synthesis) (tier 1). Higher exposure generated a proinflammatory response (NF-kB translocation, increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and increased IL-6 and IL-8 synthesis) (tier 2) and, finally, the highest doses applied resulted in a decrease of cell viability due to necrosis (extra-cellular release of LDH) or apoptosis (increased expression of the pro-apoptotic genes CASP7 and FAS) (tier 3). Overall, the results of our study demonstrate that the 3D tetra-culture model when directly exposed to DEPM potently generates a realistic response according to the three-tiered oxidative stress concept. Further evaluation and benchmarking against currently used in vivo rodent models is needed to show its suitability, and to serve in the future as an alternative for in vivo studies in the hazard evaluation of inhalable irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Fizeșan
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Béla Kiss
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Pop
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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32
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Agarwal AK, Ateeq B, Gupta T, Singh AP, Pandey SK, Sharma N, Agarwal RA, Gupta NK, Sharma H, Jain A, Shukla PC. Toxicity and mutagenicity of exhaust from compressed natural gas: Could this be a clean solution for megacities with mixed-traffic conditions? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:499-511. [PMID: 29684877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive research carried out on particulates, correlation between engine-out particulate emissions and adverse health effects is not well understood yet. Particulate emissions hold enormous significance for mega-cities like Delhi that have immense traffic diversity. Entire public transportation system involving taxis, three-wheelers, and buses has been switched from conventional liquid fuels to compressed natural gas (CNG) in the Mega-city of Delhi. In this study, the particulate characterization was carried out on variety of engines including three diesel engines complying with Euro-II, Euro-III and Euro-IV emission norms, one Euro-II gasoline engine and one Euro-IV CNG engine. Physical, chemical and biological characterizations of particulates were performed to assess the particulate toxicity. The mutagenic potential of particulate samples was investigated at different concentrations using two different Salmonella strains, TA98 and TA100 in presence and absence of liver S9 metabolic enzyme fraction. Particulates emitted from diesel and gasoline engines showed higher mutagenicity, while those from CNG engine showed negligible mutagenicity compared to other test fuels and engine configurations. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed onto CNG engine particulates were also relatively fewer compared to those from equivalent diesel and gasoline engines. Taken together, our findings indicate that CNG is comparatively safer fuel compared to diesel and gasoline and can offer a cleaner transport energy solution for mega-cities with mixed-traffic conditions, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K Agarwal
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Akhilendra P Singh
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Swaroop K Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Rashmi A Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Neeraj K Gupta
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Hemant Sharma
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Ayush Jain
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Pravesh C Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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33
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Liati A, Schreiber D, Arroyo Rojas Dasilva Y, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P. Ultrafine particle emissions from modern Gasoline and Diesel vehicles: An electron microscopic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:661-669. [PMID: 29709837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine (<100 nm) particles related to traffic are of high environmental and human health concern, as they are supposed to be more toxic than larger particles. In the present study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is applied to obtain a concrete picture on the nature, morphology and chemical composition of non-volatile ultrafine particles in the exhaust of state-of-the-art, Euro 6b, Gasoline and Diesel vehicles. The particles were collected directly on TEM grids, at the tailpipe, downstream of the after-treatment system, during the entire duration of typical driving cycles on the chassis dynamometer. Based on TEM imaging coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, numerous ultrafine particles could be identified, imaged and analyzed chemically. Particles <10 nm were rarely detected. The ultrafine particles can be distinguished into the following types: soot, ash-bearing soot and ash. Ash consists of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, S, and minor Sn compounds. Most elements originate from lubricating oil additives; Sn and at least part of Fe are products of engine wear; minor W ± Si-bearing nearly spherical particles in Diesel exhaust derive from catalytic coating material. Ultrafine ash particles predominate over ultrafine soot or are nearly equal in amount, in contrast to emissions of larger sizes where soot is by far the prevalent particle type. This is probably due to the low ash amount per volume fraction in the total emissions, which does not favor formation of large ash agglomerates, opposite to soot, which is abundant and thus easily forms agglomerates of sizes larger than those of the ultrafine range. No significant differences of ultrafine particle characteristics were identified among the tested Gasoline and Diesel vehicles and driving cycles. The present TEM study gives information also on the imaging and chemical composition of the solid fraction of the unregulated sub-23 nm size category particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Schreiber
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yadira Arroyo Rojas Dasilva
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Electron Microscopy Center, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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34
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Gasoline particle filter reduces oxidative DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells after whole gasoline exhaust exposure in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2297. [PMID: 29396482 PMCID: PMC5797118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of traffic-related particle emissions is released by gasoline cars, since most diesel cars are now equipped with particle filters that reduce particle emissions. Little is known about adverse health effects of gasoline particles, and particularly, whether a gasoline particle filter (GPF) influences the toxicity of gasoline exhaust emissions. We drove a dynamic test cycle with a gasoline car and studied the effect of a GPF on exhaust composition and airway toxicity. We exposed human bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) for 6 hours, and compared results with and without GPF. Two hours later, primary human natural killer cells (NKs) were added to ECs to form cocultures, while some ECs were grown as monocultures. The following day, cells were analyzed for cytotoxicity, cell surface receptor expression, intracellular markers, oxidative DNA damage, gene expression, and oxidative stress. The particle amount was significantly reduced due to GPF application. While most biological endpoints did not differ, oxidative DNA damage was significantly reduced in EC monocultures exposed to GPF compared to reference exhaust. Our findings indicate that a GPF has beneficial effects on exhaust composition and airway toxicity. Further studies are needed to assess long-term effects, also in other cell types of the lung.
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35
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Baltensperger U. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Introductory lecture: chemistry in the urban atmosphere. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:9-29. [PMID: 27247983 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The urban atmosphere is characterised by a multitude of complex processes. Gaseous and particulate components are continuously emitted into the atmosphere from many different sources. These components are then dispersed in the urban atmosphere via turbulent mixing. Numerous chemical reactions modify the gas phase chemistry on multiple time scales, producing secondary pollutants. Through partitioning, the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol particles are also constantly changing as a consequence of dispersion and gas phase chemistry. This review presents an overview of the involved processes, focusing on the contributions presented at this conference and putting them into a broader context. Advanced methods for aerosol source apportionment are presented as well, followed by some aspects of health effects related to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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36
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Schögler A, Blank F, Brügger M, Beyeler S, Tschanz SA, Regamey N, Casaulta C, Geiser T, Alves MP. Characterization of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell cultures at the air-liquid interface obtained by non-invasive nasal cytology brush sampling. Respir Res 2017; 18:215. [PMID: 29282053 PMCID: PMC5745630 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro systems of primary cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cells are an important tool to study molecular and functional features of the native respiratory epithelium. However, undifferentiated CF airway cell cultures grown under submerged conditions do not appropriately represent the physiological situation. A more advanced CF cell culture system based on airway epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface (ALI) recapitulates most of the in vivo-like properties but requires the use of invasive sampling methods. In this study, we describe a detailed characterization of fully differentiated primary CF airway epithelial cells obtained by non-invasive nasal brushing of pediatric patients. Methods Differentiated cell cultures were evaluated with immunolabelling of markers for ciliated, mucus-secreting and basal cells, and tight junction and CFTR proteins. Epithelial morphology and ultrastructure was examined by histology and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliary beat frequency was investigated by a video-microscopy approach and trans-epithelial electrical resistance was assessed with an epithelial Volt-Ohm meter system. Finally, epithelial permeability was analysed by using a cell layer integrity test and baseline cytokine levels where measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Pediatric CF nasal cultures grown at the ALI showed a differentiation into a pseudostratified epithelium with a mucociliary phenotype. Also, immunofluorescence analysis revealed the presence of ciliated, mucus-secreting and basal cells and tight junctions. CFTR protein expression was observed in CF (F508del/F508del) and healthy cultures and baseline interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 release were similar in control and CF ALI cultures. The ciliary beat frequency was 9.67 Hz and the differentiated pediatric CF epithelium was found to be functionally tight. Conclusion In summary, primary pediatric CF nasal epithelial cell cultures grown at the ALI showed full differentiation into ciliated, mucus-producing and basal cells, which adequately reflect the in vivo properties of the human respiratory epithelium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0706-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schögler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Department of Home Affairs, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Seraina Beyeler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carmen Casaulta
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Department of Home Affairs, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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37
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Roth M, Usemann J, Bisig C, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Mayer AC, Beier K, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Latzin P, Müller L. Effects of gasoline and ethanol-gasoline exhaust exposure on human bronchial epithelial and natural killer cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Müller M, Eichler P, D'Anna B, Tan W, Wisthaler A. Direct Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particulate Organic Matter by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10889-10897. [PMID: 28911223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a new method for analyzing atmospheric submicrometer particulate organic matter which combines direct particle sampling and volatilization with online chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis. Technically, the method relies on the combined use of a CHARON ("Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Online") particle inlet and a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Laboratory studies on target analytes showed that the ionization conditions in the PTR-ToF-MS lead to extensive fragmentation of levoglucosan and cis-pinonic acid, while protonated oleic acid and 5α-cholestane molecules remain intact. Potential problems and biases in quantitative and qualitative analyses are discussed. Side-by-side atmospheric comparison measurements of total particulate organic mass and levoglucosan with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were in good agreement. Complex and clearly distinct organic mass spectra were obtained from atmospheric measurements in three European cities (Lyon, Valencia, Innsbruck). Data visualization in reduced-parameter frameworks (e.g., oxidation state of carbon vs carbon number) revealed that the CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS technique adds significant analytical capabilities for characterizing particulate organic carbon in the Earth's atmosphere. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for apportioning sources of atmospheric particles in late fall in Innsbruck. The m/z signatures of known source marker compounds (levoglucosan and resin acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nicotine) in the mass spectra were used to assign PMF factors to biomass burning, traffic, and smoking emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, Université de Lyon , 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, Lyon, 69626, France
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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39
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Characterizing particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10058. [PMID: 28855647 PMCID: PMC5577249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) emitted from diesel vehicles are of concern because of their significant health impacts. Laboratory tests, road tunnel and roadside experiments have been conducted to measure p-PAH emissions. While providing valuable information, these methods have limited capabilities of characterizing p-PAH emissions either from individual vehicles or under real-world conditions. We employed a portable emissions measurement (PEMS) to measure real-world emission factors of priority p-PAHs for diesel vehicles representative of an array of emission control technologies. The results indicated over 80% reduction in p-PAH emission factors comparing the China V and China II emission standard groups (113 μg kg−1 vs. 733 μg kg−1). The toxicity abatement in terms of Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent emissions was substantial because of the large reductions in highly toxic components. By assessing real traffic conditions, the p-PAH emission factors on freeways were lower than on local roads by 52% ± 24%. A significant correlation (R2~0.85) between the p-PAH and black carbon emissions was identified with a mass ratio of approximately 1/2000. A literature review indicated that diesel p-PAH emission factors varied widely by engine technology, measurement methods and conditions, and the molecular diagnostic ratio method for source apportionment should be used with great caution.
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40
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Zhong F, Xu M, Schelli K, Rutowski J, Holmén BA, Zhu J. Comparing the impact of ultrafine particles from petrodiesel and biodiesel combustion to bacterial metabolism by targeted HPLC-MS/MS metabolic profiling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:164-170. [PMID: 28410499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of gut bacterial metabolism play an important role in their host metabolism, and can result in diseases such as obesity and diabetes. While many factors were discovered influencing the gut bacterial metabolism, exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) from engine combustions were recently proposed to be a potential risk factor for the perturbation of gut bacterial metabolism, and consequentially to obesity and diabetes development. This study focused on evaluation of how UFPs from diesel engine combustions impact gut bacterial metabolism. We hypothesize that UFPs from different type of diesel (petrodiesel vs. biodiesel) will both impact bacterial metabolism, and the degree of impact is also diesel type-dependent. Targeted metabolic profiling of 221 metabolites were applied to three model gut bacteria in vitro, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus fermentum. UFPs from two types of fuels, petrodiesel (B0) and a biodiesel blend (B20: 20% soy biodiesel/80% B0 by volume), were exposed to the bacteria and their metabolic changes were compared. For each bacterial strain, metabolites with significantly changed abundance were observed in both perturbations, and all three strains have increased number of altered metabolites detected from B20 UFPs perturbation in comparison to B0 UFPs. Multivariate statistical analysis further confirmed that the metabolic profiles were clearly different between testing groups. Metabolic pathway analyses also demonstrated several important metabolic pathways, including pathways involves amino acids biosynthesis and sugar metabolism, were significantly impacted by UFPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Katie Schelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Joshua Rutowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Britt A Holmén
- School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
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Yu T, Zhang X, Zhong L, Cui Q, Hu X, Li B, Wang Z, Dai Y, Zheng Y, Bin P. The use of a 0.20 μm particulate matter filter decreases cytotoxicity in lung epithelial cells following air-liquid interface exposure to motorcycle exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:287-295. [PMID: 28477553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether the use of a 0.20 μm particulate matter (PM) filter reduced the cytotoxicity induced by motorcycle exhaust (ME), a mixture of gases and particles, in lung epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface (ALI) inserts. The concentrations of PM, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbons (THC), total volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides in both filtered ME (fME) by a 0.20 μm filter and non-filtered ME (non-fME) were measured. Lung epithelial cells were exposed to clean air, fME, or non-fME in the ALI chamber. Cell relative viabilities (CRV) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined. Our results revealed that PM2.5 was the main compound of PM in ME. After filtration, PM and THC levels were significantly reduced, as compared with non-fME. When compared with the clean air exposed group, the CRV in both fME and non-fME-exposed group was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), while their ROS generation were markedly increased (p < 0.001). When compared with non-fME-exposed group, the CRV and ROS generation were significantly improved following fME exposure (p < 0.05). As a result, of PM and THC concentrations were decreased approximately 90% and 22.71%, respectively, the CRV was improved from 40.4% (non-fME) to 55.7% (fME), and the increased ROS generation by non-fME was decreased about 51.6%. When BEAS-2B cells were exposed to fME, a time-dependent reduction in CRV was observed. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ME-exposure in the ALI system induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses. The addition of a 0.20 μm PM filter significantly modifies the particulate composition in PM and the concentration of THC, and shows protective effects by improving the survival of exposed lung epithelial cells and reducing the ROS generation. Therefore, emission factors such as different size of PM and THC from motorcycles may play a role in ME-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Dongcheng District, Hepingli Street, No. 16, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Qiang Cui
- Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Dongcheng District, Hepingli Street, No. 16, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Dongcheng District, Hepingli Street, No. 16, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhongxu Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Bin
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
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42
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Platt SM, El Haddad I, Pieber SM, Zardini AA, Suarez-Bertoa R, Clairotte M, Daellenbach KR, Huang RJ, Slowik JG, Hellebust S, Temime-Roussel B, Marchand N, de Gouw J, Jimenez JL, Hayes PL, Robinson AL, Baltensperger U, Astorga C, Prévôt ASH. Gasoline cars produce more carbonaceous particulate matter than modern filter-equipped diesel cars. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4926. [PMID: 28706240 PMCID: PMC5509693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonaceous particulate matter (PM), comprising black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA, from atmospheric aging of precursors), is a highly toxic vehicle exhaust component. Therefore, understanding vehicle pollution requires knowledge of both primary emissions, and how these emissions age in the atmosphere. We provide a systematic examination of carbonaceous PM emissions and parameterisation of SOA formation from modern diesel and gasoline cars at different temperatures (22, -7 °C) during controlled laboratory experiments. Carbonaceous PM emission and SOA formation is markedly higher from gasoline than diesel particle filter (DPF) and catalyst-equipped diesel cars, more so at -7 °C, contrasting with nitrogen oxides (NOX). Higher SOA formation from gasoline cars and primary emission reductions for diesels implies gasoline cars will increasingly dominate vehicular total carbonaceous PM, though older non-DPF-equipped diesels will continue to dominate the primary fraction for some time. Supported by state-of-the-art source apportionment of ambient fossil fuel derived PM, our results show that whether gasoline or diesel cars are more polluting depends on the pollutant in question, i.e. that diesel cars are not necessarily worse polluters than gasoline cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Platt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - I El Haddad
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - S M Pieber
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A A Zardini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - R Suarez-Bertoa
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - M Clairotte
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - K R Daellenbach
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R-J Huang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - J G Slowik
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Hellebust
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
- Central Statistics Office, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - N Marchand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - J de Gouw
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P L Hayes
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - A L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - U Baltensperger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Astorga
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - A S H Prévôt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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43
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Zhao Y, Saleh R, Saliba G, Presto AA, Gordon TD, Drozd GT, Goldstein AH, Donahue NM, Robinson AL. Reducing secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline vehicle exhaust. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6984-6989. [PMID: 28630318 PMCID: PMC5502599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620911114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On-road gasoline vehicles are a major source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban areas. We investigated SOA formation by oxidizing dilute, ambient-level exhaust concentrations from a fleet of on-road gasoline vehicles in a smog chamber. We measured less SOA formation from newer vehicles meeting more stringent emissions standards. This suggests that the natural replacement of older vehicles with newer ones that meet more stringent emissions standards should reduce SOA levels in urban environments. However, SOA production depends on both precursor concentrations (emissions) and atmospheric chemistry (SOA yields). We found a strongly nonlinear relationship between SOA formation and the ratio of nonmethane organic gas to oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (NMOG:NOx), which affects the fate of peroxy radicals. For example, changing the NMOG:NOx from 4 to 10 ppbC/ppbNOx increased the SOA yield from dilute gasoline vehicle exhaust by a factor of 8. We investigated the implications of this relationship for the Los Angeles area. Although organic gas emissions from gasoline vehicles in Los Angeles are expected to fall by almost 80% over the next two decades, we predict no reduction in SOA production from these emissions due to the effects of rising NMOG:NOx on SOA yields. This highlights the importance of integrated emission control policies for NOx and organic gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zhao
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rawad Saleh
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Georges Saliba
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Timothy D Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Greg T Drozd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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44
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Krapf M, Künzi L, Allenbach S, Bruns EA, Gavarini I, El-Haddad I, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Drinovec L, Močnik G, Dümbgen L, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Sioutas C, Baltensperger U, Dommen J, Geiser M. Wood combustion particles induce adverse effects to normal and diseased airway epithelia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:538-548. [PMID: 28239691 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residential wood burning is a major source of poorly characterized, deleterious particulate matter, whose composition and toxicity may vary with wood type, burning condition and photochemical age. The causative link between ambient wood particle constituents and observed adverse health effects is currently lacking. Here we investigate the relationship between chemical properties of primary and atmospherically aged wood combustion particles and acute toxicity in human airway epithelial cells. Emissions from a log wood burner were diluted and injected into a smog chamber for photochemical aging. After concentration-enrichment and removal of oxidizing gases, directly emitted and atmospherically aged particles were deposited on cell cultures at the air-liquid interface for 2 hours in an aerosol deposition chamber mimicking physiological conditions in lungs. Cell models were fully differentiated normal and diseased (cystic fibrosis and asthma) human bronchial epithelia (HBE) and the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Cell responses were assessed at 24 hours after aerosol exposure. Atmospherically relevant doses of wood combustion particles significantly increased cell death in all but the asthma cell model. Expression of oxidative stress markers increased in HBE from all donors. Increased cell death and inflammatory responses could not be assigned to a single chemical fraction of the particles. Exposure to primary and aged wood combustion particles caused adverse effects to airway epithelia, apparently induced by several interacting components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Krapf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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45
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Evaluating Adverse Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles by Realistic In Vitro Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7020049. [PMID: 28336883 PMCID: PMC5333034 DOI: 10.3390/nano7020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The number of daily products containing nanoparticles (NP) is rapidly increasing. NP in powders, dispersions, or sprays are a yet unknown risk for incidental exposure, especially at workplaces during NP production and processing, and for consumers of any health status and age using NP containing sprays. We developed the nano aerosol chamber for in vitro toxicity (NACIVT), a portable instrument for realistic safety testing of inhaled NP in vitro and evaluated effects of silver (Ag) and carbon (C) NP—which belong to the most widely used nanomaterials—on normal and compromised airway epithelia. We review the development, physical performance, and suitability of NACIVT for short and long-term exposures with air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures in regard to the prerequisites of a realistic in vitro test system for inhalation toxicology and in comparison to other commercially available, well characterized systems. We also review doses applied to cell cultures in vitro and acknowledge that a single exposure to realistic doses of spark generated 20-nm Ag- or CNP results in small, similar cellular responses to both NP types and that cytokine release generally increased with increasing NP dose.
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46
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Chu B, Liggio J, Liu Y, He H, Takekawa H, Li SM, Hao J. Influence of metal-mediated aerosol-phase oxidation on secondary organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis and OH-oxidation of α-pinene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40311. [PMID: 28059151 PMCID: PMC5216392 DOI: 10.1038/srep40311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic component is the most abundant fraction of atmospheric submicron particles, while the formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are not fully understood. The effects of sulfate seed aerosols on SOA formation were investigated with a series of experiments carried out using a 9 m3 smog chamber. The presence of FeSO4 or Fe2(SO4)3 seed aerosols decreased SOA yields and increased oxidation levels in both ozonolysis and OH-oxidation of α-pinene compared to that in the presence of ZnSO4 or (NH4)2SO4. These findings were explained by metal-mediated aerosol-phase oxidation of organics: reactive radicals were generated on FeSO4 or Fe2(SO4)3 seed aerosols and reacted further with the organic mass. This effect would help to explain the high O/C ratios of organics in ambient particles that thus far cannot be reproduced in laboratory and model studies. In addition, the gap in the SOA yields between experiments with different seed aerosols was more significant in OH-oxidation experiments compared to ozonolysis experiments, while the gap in estimated O/C ratios was less obvious. This may have resulted from the different chemical compositions and oxidation levels of the SOA generated in the two systems, which affect the branching ratio of functionalization and fragmentation during aerosol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hideto Takekawa
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratory, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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47
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48
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Lee L, Wilson K. The Reactive–Diffusive Length of OH and Ozone in Model Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6800-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Short-term associations between particle oxidative potential and daily mortality and hospital admissions in London. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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