1
|
Zhou J, Ma X, Liu X, Liu Y, Fu J, Qi Y, Liu H. The impact of histone lactylation on the tumor microenvironment and metabolic pathways and its potential in cancer therapy. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:991-1011. [PMID: 39127851 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of cancer is intricately linked to its multifaceted biological processes, including the roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as genetic and metabolic regulation. Histone lactylation has recently emerged as a novel epigenetic modification mechanism that plays a pivotal role in regulating cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. OBJECTIVE This review aims to elucidate the role of histone lactylation in modulating various aspects of tumor biology, including DNA repair mechanisms, glycolytic metabolic abnormalities, functions of non-tumor cells in the TME, and the promotion of tumor inflammatory responses and immune escape. Additionally, the review explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting histone lactylation. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was performed, analyzing recent findings on histone lactylation and its impact on cancer biology. This involved a systematic examination of studies focusing on biochemical pathways, cellular interactions, and clinical implications related to histone lactylation. RESULTS Histone lactylation was identified as a critical regulator of tumor cell DNA repair mechanisms and glycolytic metabolic abnormalities. It also significantly influences the functions of non-tumor cells within the TME, promoting tumor inflammatory responses and immune escape. Moreover, histone lactylation acts as a multifunctional biological signaling molecule impacting immune responses within the TME. Various cell types within the TME, including T cells and macrophages, were found to regulate tumor growth and immune escape mechanisms through lactylation. CONCLUSION Histone lactylation offers a novel perspective on tumor metabolism and its role in cancer development. It presents promising opportunities for the development of innovative cancer therapies. This review underscores the potential of histone lactylation as a therapeutic target, paving the way for new strategies in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanhong Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyun Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Fu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaling Qi
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Lin D, Hu H, Xu H. PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score and NKT-like cell infiltration predict immunotherapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00801-6. [PMID: 39127923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The currently available biomarkers are insufficient to accurately predict the immunotherapy response in patients. This work attempted to investigate effects of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score combined with NKT-like cell infiltration level in tumor microenvironment on predicting immunotherapy efficacy. METHODS 24 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent immunotherapy were analyzed using multiplex immunofluorescence to quantitatively assess positive cells of target biomarkers and their spatial localization. Correlation between PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score in combination with NKT-like cell infiltration level and immunotherapy response was analyzed. The predictive performance of two individual biomarkers and combined novel biomarkers in immunotherapy efficacy was assessed through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Relationships between these factors and patient survival prognosis were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS Among responders, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score and NKT-like cell infiltration level were significantly higher than nonresponders (P < 0.05), and PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score and NKT-like cell infiltration level could effectively identify the population with immunotherapy response, with area under the curves (AUCs) of 0.7571 and 0.8643, respectively. Combination of the two had the best performance in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy (AUC = 0.9070). High PD-1/PD-L1 interaction scores and high levels of NKT-like cell infiltration significantly improved progression-free survival (HR = 0.2544, P = 0.0053) and overall survival (HR = 0.2820, P = 0.0053) in patients. CONCLUSIONS Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score and NKT-like cell infiltration level had favorable performance in predicting immunotherapy response in NSCLC patients, contributing to accurately identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital& Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital& Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huihua Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital& Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Haipeng Xu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital& Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen F, Zhang K, Wang M, He Z, Yu B, Wang X, Pan X, Luo Y, Xu S, Lau JTY, Han C, Shi Y, Sun YE, Li S, Hu YP. VEGF-FGF Signaling Activates Quiescent CD63 + Liver Stem Cells to Proliferate and Differentiate. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308711. [PMID: 38881531 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the liver stem cells (LSCs) holds great promise for new insights into liver diseases and liver regeneration. However, the heterogenicity and plasticity of liver cells have made it controversial. Here, by employing single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, transcriptome features of Krt19+ bile duct lineage cells isolated from Krt19CreERT; Rosa26R-GFP reporter mouse livers are examined. Distinct biliary epithelial cells which include adult LSCs, as well as their downstream hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are identified. Importantly, a novel cell surface LSCs marker, CD63, as well as CD56, which distinguished active and quiescent LSCs are discovered. Cell expansion and bi-potential differentiation in culture demonstrate the stemness ability of CD63+ cells in vitro. Transplantation and lineage tracing of CD63+ cells confirm their contribution to liver cell mass in vivo upon injury. Moreover, CD63+CD56+ cells are proved to be activated LSCs with vigorous proliferation ability. Further studies confirm that CD63+CD56- quiescent LSCs express VEGFR2 and FGFR1, and they can be activated to proliferation and differentiation through combination of growth factors: VEGF-A and bFGF. These findings define an authentic adult liver stem cells compartment, make a further understanding of fate regulation on LSCs, and highlight its contribution to liver during pathophysiologic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, School of Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Minjun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuping Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, School of Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shoujia Xu
- Shanghai Baixian Biotechnology co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yi E Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, School of Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, School of Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao K, Wang X, Wang H, Xu C, Ma A, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Xu Y, Tang L. Phenotypic and functional exhaustion of circulating CD3 + CD56 + NKT-like cells in colorectal cancer patients. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23525. [PMID: 38430373 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301743r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
CD3+ CD56+ NKT-like cells are crucial to antitumor immune surveillance and defense. However, research on circulating NKT-like cells in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is limited. This investigation selected 113 patients diagnosed with primary CRC for preoperative peripheral blood collection. The blood from 106 healthy donors at the physical examination center was acquired as a healthy control (HC). The distribution of lymphocyte subsets, immunophenotype, and functional characteristics of NKT-like cells was comprehensively evaluated. Compared to HC, primary CRC patients had considerably fewer peripheral NKT-like cells in frequency and absolute quantity, and the fraction of NKT-like cells was further reduced in patients with vascular invasion compared to those without. The NKT-like cells in CRC patients had a reduced fraction of the activating receptor CD16, up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors LAG-3 and NKG2A, impaired production of TNF-α and IFN-γ, as well as degranulation capacity. Moreover, the increased frequency of NKG2A+ NKT-like cells and the decreased expression of activation-related molecules were significantly correlated with tumor progression. In detail, NKG2A+ NKT-like cells indicated increased PD-1 and Tim-3 and reduced TNF-α than NKG2A- subgroup. Blocking NKG2A in vitro restored cytokine secretion capacity in NKT-like cells from CRC patients. Altogether, this research revealed that circulating NKT-like cells in CRC patients exhibited suppressive phenotype and functional impairment, which was more pronounced in NKG2A+ NKT-like cells. These findings suggest that NKG2A blockade may restore anti-tumor effector function in NKT-like cells, which provides a potential target for immunotherapy in CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Centre of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cairui Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Along Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stepanenko AA, Sosnovtseva AO, Valikhov MP, Chernysheva AA, Abramova OV, Pavlov KA, Chekhonin VP. Systemic and local immunosuppression in glioblastoma and its prognostic significance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1326753. [PMID: 38481999 PMCID: PMC10932993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1326753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of tumor therapy, especially immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy, critically depends on the activity of the host immune cells. However, various local and systemic mechanisms of immunosuppression operate in cancer patients. Tumor-associated immunosuppression involves deregulation of many components of immunity, including a decrease in the number of T lymphocytes (lymphopenia), an increase in the levels or ratios of circulating and tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive subsets [e.g., macrophages, microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs)], as well as defective functions of subsets of antigen-presenting, helper and effector immune cell due to altered expression of various soluble and membrane proteins (receptors, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines). In this review, we specifically focus on data from patients with glioblastoma/glioma before standard chemoradiotherapy. We discuss glioblastoma-related immunosuppression at baseline and the prognostic significance of different subsets of circulating and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Tregs, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, macrophages, MDSCs, and dendritic cells), including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), focus on the immune landscape and prognostic significance of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant gliomas, proneural, classical and mesenchymal molecular subtypes, and highlight the features of immune surveillance in the brain. All attempts to identify a reliable prognostic immune marker in glioblastoma tissue have led to contradictory results, which can be explained, among other things, by the unprecedented level of spatial heterogeneity of the immune infiltrate and the significant phenotypic diversity and (dys)functional states of immune subpopulations. High NLR is one of the most repeatedly confirmed independent prognostic factors for shorter overall survival in patients with glioblastoma and carcinoma, and its combination with other markers of the immune response or systemic inflammation significantly improves the accuracy of prediction; however, more prospective studies are needed to confirm the prognostic/predictive power of NLR. We call for the inclusion of dynamic assessment of NLR and other blood inflammatory markers (e.g., absolute/total lymphocyte count, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, and systemic immune response index) in all neuro-oncology studies for rigorous evaluation and comparison of their individual and combinatorial prognostic/predictive significance and relative superiority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A. Stepanenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia O. Sosnovtseva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P. Valikhov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Chernysheva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Abramova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Pavlov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tibbs E, Kandy RRK, Jiao D, Wu L, Cao X. Murine regulatory T cells utilize granzyme B to promote tumor metastasis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2927-2937. [PMID: 36826509 PMCID: PMC10690887 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess a wide range of mechanisms for immune suppression. Among them, Granzyme B (GzmB) and perforin expressed by Tregs were shown to inhibit tumor clearance in previous reports, which contradicted the canonical roles of these cytotoxic molecules expressed by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in antitumor immune responses. Given the ability of the tumor to manipulate the microenvironment, Treg-derived GzmB function may represent an important approach to aid in tumor growth as well as facilitating tumor metastasis. In this study, we utilized Treg-specific GzmB knockout (Foxp3creGzmBfl/fl) mice to test whether Treg-derived GzmB can aid in tumor progression and metastasis. Using an IL-2 complex to activate GzmB expression in the non-immunogenic B16-F10 tumor model, we provide evidence to show that GzmB produced by Tregs is important for spontaneous metastasis to the lungs. In addition, we depleted CD8 + T cells to selectively measure the impact of Treg-derived GzmB in an experimental lung metastasis model by intravenous injection of B16-F10 tumor cells; our results demonstrate that Treg-derived GzmB plays an important role in increasing the metastatic burden to the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rakhee Rathnam Kalari Kandy
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Delong Jiao
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zheng K, Zou J, Gui L, Zou X, Chen L, Hao J, Zhang Y. A chemotherapy response prediction model derived from tumor-promoting B and Tregs and proinflammatory macrophages in HGSOC. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1171582. [PMID: 37519793 PMCID: PMC10382026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1171582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) experienced disease recurrence with cumulative chemoresistance, leading to treatment failure. However, few biomarkers are currently available in clinical practice that can accurately predict chemotherapy response. The tumor immune microenvironment is critical for cancer development, and its transcriptomic profile may be associated with treatment response and differential outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop a new predictive signature for chemotherapy in patients with HGSOC. Methods Two HGSOC single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from patients receiving chemotherapy were reinvestigated. The subtypes of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related XBP1+ B cells, invasive metastasis-related ACTB+ Tregs, and proinflammatory-related macrophage subtypes with good predictive power and associated with chemotherapy response were identified. These results were verified in an independent HGSOC bulk RNA-seq dataset for chemotherapy. Further validation in clinical cohorts used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results By combining cluster-specific genes for the aforementioned cell subtypes, we constructed a chemotherapy response prediction model containing 43 signature genes that achieved an area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.97 (p = 2.1e-07) for the GSE156699 cohort (88 samples). A huge improvement was achieved compared to existing prediction models with a maximum AUC of 0.74. In addition, its predictive capability was validated in multiple independent bulk RNA-seq datasets. The qRT-PCR results demonstrate that the expression of the six genes has the highest diagnostic value, consistent with the trend observed in the analysis of public data. Conclusions The developed chemotherapy response prediction model can be used as a valuable clinical decision tool to guide chemotherapy in HGSOC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Zou
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Gui
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Papanastasatou M, Verykokakis M. Innate-like T lymphocytes in chronic liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114605. [PMID: 37006304 PMCID: PMC10050337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its metabolic activities, it is now clear that the liver hosts a number of diverse immune cell types that control tissue homeostasis. Foremost among these are innate-like T lymphocytes, including natural killer T (NKT) and mucosal-associated innate T (MAIT) cells, which are a population of specialized T cells with innate characteristics that express semi-invariant T cell receptors with non-peptide antigen specificity. As primary liver residents, innate-like T cells have been associated with immune tolerance in the liver, but also with a number of hepatic diseases. Here, we focus on the biology of NKT and MAIT cells and how they operate during the course of chronic inflammatory diseases that eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang ZH, Zhang P, Peng WB, Ye LL, Xiang X, Wei XS, Niu YR, Zhang SY, Xue QQ, Wang HL, Zhou Q. Altered phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of FOXP3 +CD3 +CD56 + natural killer T (NKT)-like cells in human malignant pleural effusion. Oncoimmunology 2022; 12:2160558. [PMID: 36567801 PMCID: PMC9788685 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2160558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a functional 'cold' tumor microenvironment in which the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells and natural killer T (NKT)-like cells is suppressed and the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is enhanced. Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining, we detected a distinct subset of NKT-like cells expressing FOXP3 in MPE. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, we found that the glycolysis pathway and pyruvate metabolism were highly activated in FOXP3+ NKT-like cells. Similar to Treg cells, FOXP3+ NKT-like cells highly expressed monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and lactate dehydrogenase B to uptake and utilize lactate, thereby maintaining their immunosuppressive function and hyperlactylation in MPE. Furthermore, we found that MCT1 small molecule inhibitor 7ACC2 significantly reduced FOXP3 expression and histone lactylation levels in NKT-like cells in vitro. In conclusion, we reveal for the first time the altered phenotypic and metabolic features of FOXP3+ NKT-like cells in human MPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Bei Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Ran Niu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si-Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian-Qian Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao-Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,CONTACT Qiong Zhou M.D. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park HJ, Lee SW, Park YH, Kim TC, Van Kaer L, Hong S. CD1d-independent NK1.1+ Treg cells are IL2-inducible Foxp3+ T cells co-expressing immunosuppressive and cytotoxic molecules. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951592. [PMID: 36177042 PMCID: PMC9513232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play pivotal roles in maintaining self-tolerance and preventing immunological diseases such as allergy and autoimmunity through their immunosuppressive properties. Although Treg cells are heterogeneous populations with distinct suppressive functions, expression of natural killer (NK) cell receptors (NKR) by these cells remains incompletely explored. Here we identified that a small population of Foxp3+CD4+ Treg cells in mice expresses the NK1.1 NKR. Furthermore, we found that rare NK1.1+ subpopulations among CD4+ Treg cells develop normally in the spleen but not the thymus through CD1d-independent pathways. Compared with NK1.1- conventional Treg cells, these NK1.1+ Treg cells express elevated Treg cell phenotypic hallmarks, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NK cell-related cytolytic mediators. Our results suggest that NK1.1+ Treg cells are phenotypically hybrid cells sharing functional properties of both NK and Treg cells. Interestingly, NK1.1+ Treg cells preferentially expanded in response to recombinant IL2 stimulation in vitro, consistent with their increased IL2Rαβ expression. Moreover, DO11.10 T cell receptor transgenic NK1.1+ Treg cells were expanded in an ovalbumin antigen-specific manner. In the context of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation, NK1.1+ Treg cells downregulated immunosuppressive molecules but upregulated TNFα production, indicating their plastic adaptation towards a more pro-inflammatory rather than regulatory phenotype. Collectively, we propose that NK1.1+ Treg cells might play a unique role in controlling inflammatory immune responses such as infection and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Hoo Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheol Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seokmann Hong,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Wei Y, Wang D, Du J, Wang X, Li B, Jiang M, Zhang M, Chen N, Deng M, Song C, Chen D, Wu L, Xiao J, Liang H, Zhao H, Kong Y. Elevated Foxp3+ double-negative T cells are associated with disease progression during HIV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947647. [PMID: 35967422 PMCID: PMC9365964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent immune activation, which occurs during the whole course of HIV infection, plays a pivotal role in CD4+ T cells depletion and AIDS progression. Furthermore, immune activation is a key factor that leads to impaired immune reconstitution after long-term effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), and is even responsible for the increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities. Therefore, it’s imperative to identify an effective intervention targeting HIV-associated immune activation to improve disease management. Double negative T cells (DNT) were reported to provide immunosuppression during HIV infection, but the related mechanisms remained puzzled. Foxp3 endows Tregs with potent suppressive function to maintain immune homeostasis. However, whether DNT cells expressed Foxp3 and the accurate function of these cells urgently needed to be investigated. Here, we found that Foxp3+ DNT cells accumulated in untreated people living with HIV (PLWH) with CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells/µl. Moreover, the frequency of Foxp3+ DNT cells was negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio, and positively correlated with immune activation and systemic inflammation in PLWH. Of note, Foxp3+ DNT cells might exert suppressive regulation by increased expression of CD39, CD25, or vigorous proliferation (high levels of GITR and ki67) in ART-naive PLWH. Our study underlined the importance of Foxp3+ DNT cells in the HIV disease progression, and suggest that Foxp3+ DNT may be a potential target for clinical intervention for the control of immune activation during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leidan Zhang
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqing Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Chen
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiju Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wu
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xiao
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Liang
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaxian Kong, ; Hongxin Zhao,
| | - Yaxian Kong
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaxian Kong, ; Hongxin Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tao L, Wang S, Kang G, Jiang S, Yin W, Zong L, Li J, Wang X. PD-1 blockade improves the anti-tumor potency of exhausted CD3 +CD56 + NKT-like cells in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2002068. [PMID: 34777920 PMCID: PMC8583083 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3+CD56+ NKT-like cells play pivotal roles in the anti-tumor immune defense response. However, little is known regarding circulating NKT-like cells in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we demonstrate that circulating NKT-like cells in HCC patients are functionally impaired and anti-PD-1 blockade improves their anti-tumor potency. Circulating NKT cells were mainly comprised of CD8+ T cells. The frequencies and absolute counts of circulating NKT-like cells were comparable between HCC patents compared to healthy donors. NKT-like cells in HCC patients were impaired in their production of TNF-α and IFN-γ as well as cytotoxicity. The level of activating receptor NKG2D was significantly decreased on NKT-like cells in HCC patients. In contrast, the expression of inhibitory receptors PD-1, Tim-3, and CTLA-4 were markedly increased on NKT-like cells in HCC patients. Meanwhile, the expression of PD-L1 was also upregulated on NKT-like cells in HCC patients. In detail, PD-1+ NKT-like cells expressed lower levels of NKG2D, higher levels of Tim-3, and CTLA-4, and less IFN-γ when compared with PD-1− NKT-like cells. Importantly, PD-1 blocked with anti-PD-1 antibody effectively improved the effector function of NKT-like cells from HCC patients or healthy donors. Our findings unveil the functional characterization of NKT-like cells in HCC patients and provide the potential targets to improve their function, which might benefit the optimization of HCC immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Tao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guijie Kang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shanyue Jiang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenwei Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular Biology Networks and Key Gene Regulators for Inflammatory Biomarkers Shared by Breast Cancer Development: Multi-Omics Systems Analysis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091379. [PMID: 34572592 PMCID: PMC8469138 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As key inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL6) play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-inflammatory diseases, including specific cancers, such as breast cancer (BC). Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have neither explained the large proportion of genetic heritability nor provided comprehensive understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. We adopted an integrative genomic network approach by incorporating our previous GWAS data for CRP and IL6 with multi-omics datasets, such as whole-blood expression quantitative loci, molecular biologic pathways, and gene regulatory networks to capture the full range of genetic functionalities associated with CRP/IL6 and tissue-specific key drivers (KDs) in gene subnetworks. We applied another systematic genomics approach for BC development to detect shared gene sets in enriched subnetworks across BC and CRP/IL6. We detected the topmost significant common pathways across CRP/IL6 (e.g., immune regulatory; chemokines and their receptors; interferon γ, JAK-STAT, and ERBB4 signaling), several of which overlapped with BC pathways. Further, in gene–gene interaction networks enriched by those topmost pathways, we identified KDs—both well-established (e.g., JAK1/2/3, STAT3) and novel (e.g., CXCR3, CD3D, CD3G, STAT6)—in a tissue-specific manner, for mechanisms shared in regulating CRP/IL6 and BC risk. Our study may provide robust, comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of CRP/IL6 regulation and highlight potential novel genetic targets as preventive and therapeutic strategies for associated disorders, such as BC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Szeponik L, Ahlmanner F, Sundström P, Rodin W, Gustavsson B, Bexe Lindskog E, Wettergren Y, Quiding-Järbrink M. Intratumoral regulatory T cells from colon cancer patients comprise several activated effector populations. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:58. [PMID: 34407765 PMCID: PMC8375143 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intratumoral regulatory T cells (Treg) in colon cancer are a heterogeneous cell population, with potential impact on patient outcome. Generally, a high Treg infiltration has been correlated to a worse patient outcome, but it is still unclear how the composition of different Treg subsets affects patient relapse and survival. In this study, we used mass and flow cytometry to characterize Treg in colon tumors and corresponding unaffected tissue, followed by a correlation to clinical parameters and patient outcome. Results Using mass cytometry, we defined 13 clusters of intestinal Treg, three of which were enriched in the tumors. The two most enriched clusters were defined by their expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 and CD56, respectively. The Treg accumulating in the tumors expressed inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), OX-40, and CD39, indicating that they were effector Treg (eTreg). Intratumoral CD39+ Treg also had a higher expression of Foxp3, suggesting a higher suppressive activity, and we subsequently used CD39 as a marker for eTreg. Our further studies showed that colon tumors can be divided into two tumor groups, based on the proportion of CD39+ putative eTreg in the tumors. This property was independent of both tumor microsatellite status and tumor stage, which are important factors in predicting cancer disease progression. In a prospective study of forty-four colon cancer patients, we also showed that patients with a high CD39 expression on tumor-infiltrating Treg have a tendency towards a less favorable patient outcome in terms of cumulative cancer-specific survival. Conclusions This study uncovers novel subsets of tumor-infiltrating Treg in colon cancer, and suggests that CD39 may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with microsatellite stable colon tumors, which are usually refractory to checkpoint blockade therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00449-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Szeponik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Filip Ahlmanner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Sundström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - William Rodin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Gustavsson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elinor Bexe Lindskog
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Wettergren
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heterogeneity of Response and Immune System Activity during Treatment with Nivolumab in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results from a Single-Institution Retrospective Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020213. [PMID: 33430142 PMCID: PMC7827490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma, both alone and in combination. The advent of this new approach raises challenges for the interpretation of response assessment due to the peculiar patterns of mixed responses, pseudoprogression and hyperprogression. Furthermore, there are no criteria to drive selection of treatment strategy. We analyzed data from the first 10 patients treated with nivolumab in our institution and we identified different patterns of response according to the lesion’s site. Furthermore, we analyzed blood samples from the first four patients, and found differences, between a patient with shorter survival and the other three, that may provide insight into mechanisms underlying the different activities of nivolumab. Although we analyzed data from a small number of patients, our results can help to understand mechanisms of immunotherapy activity in order to define the most appropriate treatment strategy for each patient. Abstract Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rapidly evolving, with many new therapeutic options; in particular, immunotherapy (IT) is acquiring a major role, even in combination regimens. Despite these promising results, an important limitation is the lack of prognostic and predictive factors that prevent provision of a tool for patient stratification in order to select the most appropriate strategy. Furthermore, response assessment can be challenging with IT due to peculiar patterns such as mixed responses or pseudoprogression. We analyzed biological and clinical features from the first 10 HCC patients treated with nivolumab in our institution. Analysis of patterns of response in CT assessment revealed complete response in pulmonary lesions, along with heterogeneous behavior in the liver and other organ lesions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) analysis in the first four patients showed unique alterations in a patient with poor prognosis, both at baseline (lower percentage of effector T cells, higher percentage of natural killer T [NK/T] cells) and during treatment with nivolumab (decrease in nonclassical monocytes, increase in monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MO-MDSC]), suggesting a possible prognostic role for these features. Although obtained in a small cohort of patients, our results open a new perspective for understanding mechanisms underlying IT outcomes in HCC patients.
Collapse
|
16
|
Atypical immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer: Deciphering the role of gut microbiome. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:171-255. [PMID: 33579424 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Much recent research has delved into understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC pathogenesis, which has revealed to be heterogenous and complex. Two major hallmarks of HCC include: (i) a hijacked immunometabolism and (ii) a reprogramming in metabolic processes. We posit that the gut microbiota is a third component in an entanglement triangle contributing to HCC progression. Besides metagenomic studies highlighting the diagnostic potential in the gut microbiota profile, recent research is pinpointing the gut microbiota as an instigator, not just a mere bystander, in HCC. In this chapter, we discuss mechanistic insights on atypical immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming in HCC, including the examination of tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (e.g., T-cell exhaustion, regulatory T-cells, natural killer T-cells), the Warburg effect, rewiring of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glutamine addiction. We further discuss the potential involvement of the gut microbiota in these characteristics of hepatocarcinogenesis. An immediate highlight is that microbiota metabolites (e.g., short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids) can impair anti-tumor responses, which aggravates HCC. Lastly, we describe the rising 'new era' of immunotherapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer) and discuss for the potential incorporation of gut microbiota targeted therapeutics (e.g., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) to alleviate HCC. Altogether, this chapter invigorates for continuous research to decipher the role of gut microbiome in HCC from its influence on immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitchell J, Kelly J, Kvedaraite E, von Bahr Greenwood T, Henter JI, Pellicci DG, Berzins SP, Kannourakis G. Foxp3+ Tregs from Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesions co-express CD56 and have a definitively regulatory capacity. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Enhanced glucose metabolism mediated by CD147 contributes to immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:535-548. [PMID: 31965268 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From a metabolic perspective, cancer may be considered as a metabolic disease characterized by reprogrammed glycolytic metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate CD147-mediated glucose metabolic regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its contribution to altered immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Several HCC cell lines and corresponding nude mice xenografts models differing in CD147 expressions were established to directly investigate the role of CD147 in the reprogramming of glucose metabolism, and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses and flow cytometry were used to identify the relationship between reprogrammed glycolysis and immunosuppression in HCC. Upregulated CD147 expressions were found to be associated with enhanced expressions of GLUT1, MCT1 in HCC tumorous tissues. CD147 promoted the glycolytic metabolism in HCC cell lines in vitro via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. A positive correlation existed between a profile of immunosuppressive lymphocytes infiltration and CD147 expression in HCC tissues. Accumulation of FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells was induced under a stimulation with lactate in vitro. In conclusion, CD147 promoted glycolytic metabolism in HCC via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and was related to immunosuppression in HCC.
Collapse
|
19
|
Peripheral PD-1+CD56+ T-cell frequencies correlate with outcome in stage IV melanoma under PD-1 blockade. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221301. [PMID: 31419253 PMCID: PMC6697319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade with anti-PD-1 antibodies is showing great promise for patients with metastatic melanoma and other malignancies, but despite good responses by some patients who achieve partial or complete regression, many others still do not respond. Here, we sought peripheral blood T-cell biomarker candidates predicting treatment outcome in 75 stage IV melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies. We investigated associations with clinical response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis of potential biological confounders and known biomarkers, and a multivariate model, was used to determine statistical independence of associations between candidate biomarkers and clinical outcomes. We found that a lower than median frequency of peripheral PD-1+CD56+ T-cells was associated with longer OS (p = 0.004), PFS (p = 0.041) and superior clinical benefit (p = 0.009). However, neither frequencies of CD56-CD4+ nor CD56-CD8+ T-cells, nor of the PD-1+ fraction within the CD4 or CD8 subsets was associated with clinical outcome. In a multivariate model with known confounders and biomarkers only the M-category (HR, 3.11; p = 0.007) and the frequency of PD-1+CD56+ T-cells (HR, 2.39; p = 0.028) were identified as independent predictive factors for clinical outcome under PD-1 blockade. Thus, a lower than median frequency of peripheral blood PD-1+CD56+ T-cells prior to starting anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade is associated with superior clinical response, longer PFS and OS of stage IV melanoma patients.
Collapse
|
20
|
Li F, Zhao Y, Wei L, Li S, Liu J. Tumor-infiltrating Treg, MDSC, and IDO expression associated with outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:695-705. [PMID: 29621426 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1450116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells(Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) represent two immunosuppressive cell populations that are important in the establishment and maintenance of cancer immune tolerance. MDSCs can express IDO and promote immune tolerance via expansion of Treg cell. METHOD We use needle biopsy breast cancer tissues prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NCT) staining for CD33, Foxp3 and IDO by immunohistochemistry to evaluate whether they were correlated with subsequent treatment responses in breast cancer. RESULTS Expressions of IDO, CD33+MDSCs and Foxp3+Tregs were correlated with each other. Immunohistochemical double staining revealed that IDO expression in CD33+MDSCs was positively correlated with Foxp3+Tregs (P < 0.05). CD33+MDSCs, Foxp3+Tregs, and IDO expression in tumor tissues were associated with advanced clinical stage prior to NCT (P < 0.05). CD33+MDSCs, Foxp3+Tregs, IDO expression, IDO expression in CD33+MDSCs and clinical T3-T4 stage prior to NCT, pathological T3-T4 stage, ER(+), luminal type were correlated with clinical responses of PD+SD (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that CD33+MDSCs, IDO expression, IDO expression in CD33+MDSCs, and advanced pathological T stage were risk factors for PD+SD. Focusing on the pCR of NCT, only CD33+MDSCs, clinical T3-T4, and N1-N3 stage prior to NCT were associated with no-pCR (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that advanced clinical T stage and N stage were risk factors for no-pCR. Clinical stage prior to NCT were significantly correlated with progression free survival (P = 0.021), while Foxp3+Tregs and clinical T stage were significantly correlated with overall survival (P = 0.022 and P = 0.001, respectively). Foxp3+Treg was significant risk factor for overall survival after adjusting covariates by COX regression. CONCLUSION Tumor-infiltrating MDSCs, Tregs, IDO expression and IDO expression in MDSCs were correlated with clinicopathological features, NCT response, and prognosis of breast cancer patients, suggesting that they might be potential markers for clinical outcomes of NCT and help clinical decision-making for improved therapies for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxuan Li
- a Department of Cancer Prevention Center , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China.,b National Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China
| | - Yang Zhao
- b National Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,e Department of Breast Cancer , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- a Department of Cancer Prevention Center , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China.,b National Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China
| | - Shixia Li
- a Department of Cancer Prevention Center , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China.,b National Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China
| | - Juntian Liu
- a Department of Cancer Prevention Center , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin , China.,b National Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China.,c Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , China.,d Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer , China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sho T, Hachisuga T, Koi C, Kurita T, Kagami S, Kawagoe T, Matsuura Y, Yoshimura K, Hisaoka M. 17β-Estradiol induces proliferation of endometrial NK cells (CD56+) in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2017; 20:571-576. [PMID: 28933961 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1377173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this report was to evaluate the impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lymphocytic infiltration of the endometrium in postmenopausal women. METHOD This study included 58 Japanese patients who had undergone hysterectomy at the University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan. Before surgery, nine patients had received 17β-estradiol (E2), 0.72 mg transdermally for 2-8 weeks (E2 group); 16 patients had received an Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α, 17β-triol (E3) vaginal tablet 0.5 mg per month five times (E3 group); and 19 patients had received 17β-estradiol, 0.62 mg, and norethindrone acetate (P), 2.70 mg for 3-16 weeks (E2 + P group). Fourteen patients received no HRT (control group). We examined uterine tissue specimens immunohistochemically for CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD56+, and Ki67 antigen-positive cells. RESULTS The numbers of CD56 + cells were significantly increased in the E2 group compared with all other groups (E2 vs. E3: 7.0 vs. 0.75, p = 0.017; E2 vs. E2 + P: 7.0 vs. 0.58, p = 0.009; E2 vs. CONTROL 7.0 vs. 0.43, p = 0.010). The numbers of CD3+ cells were significantly increased in the E2 group compared with the control group (149.3 vs. 42.6, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION 17β-Estradiol induced the proliferation of endometrial uterine natural killer cells (CD56+) in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sho
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - T Hachisuga
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - C Koi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - T Kurita
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - S Kagami
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - T Kawagoe
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - Y Matsuura
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - K Yoshimura
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wakamatsu Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Japan
| | - M Hisaoka
- c Department of Pathology and Oncology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine , Kitakyushu , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Van Acker HH, Capsomidis A, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF. CD56 in the Immune System: More Than a Marker for Cytotoxicity? Front Immunol 2017; 8:892. [PMID: 28791027 PMCID: PMC5522883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, the phenotypic and functional boundaries distinguishing the main cell subsets of the immune system have become increasingly blurred. In this respect, CD56 (also known as neural cell adhesion molecule) is a very good example. CD56 is the archetypal phenotypic marker of natural killer cells but can actually be expressed by many more immune cells, including alpha beta T cells, gamma delta T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Common to all these CD56-expressing cell types are strong immunostimulatory effector functions, including T helper 1 cytokine production and an efficient cytotoxic capacity. Interestingly, both numerical and functional deficiencies and phenotypic alterations of the CD56+ immune cell fraction have been reported in patients with various infectious, autoimmune, or malignant diseases. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge on the expression and function of CD56 in the hematopoietic system, both in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Capsomidis
- Cancer Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou J, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Tang X, Zhao X. CD3 +CD56 + natural killer T cell activity in children with different forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and the influence of etanercept treatment on polyarticular subgroup. Clin Immunol 2016; 176:1-11. [PMID: 28025136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has three major onset types with widely varying clinical features. We assessed the natural killer T (NKT) cell function in patients with different JIA subtypes, and found systemic patients exhibited lower NKT cell counts, perforin and granzyme B expression, while the pauciarticular and polyarticular patients displayed higher perforin and granzyme B expression as compared with the controls. The synovial fluid had more NKT cells with higher levels of perforin, granzyme B, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α than peripheral cells. The polyarticular patients that responded to etanercept had lower NKT cell counts, intracellular perforin, granzyme B and the mean fluorescence intensity of TNF-α than the patients that did not respond. Treatment with etanercept reduced the granzyme B and perforin, interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF-α expression in NKT cells in the responsive group. Therefore, a higher NKT cell function may indicate a decreased response to etanercept in polyarticular patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China.
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China
| |
Collapse
|