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Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 30464748 PMCID: PMC6234835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of sugar addiction, discussed within the broader context of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Avena
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro Rada
- School of Medicine, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Sikora M, Nicolas C, Istin M, Jaafari N, Thiriet N, Solinas M. Generalization of effects of environmental enrichment on seeking for different classes of drugs of abuse. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:109-113. [PMID: 29288750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by persistent vulnerability to relapse during abstinence. In animal models of addiction, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) during periods of abstinence can have curative effects on addiction and reduce the risks of relapse. However, until present most studies have mainly focused on cocaine. In this study, we investigated whether EE could have beneficial effects on cue-induced seeking for several psychoactive drugs belonging to different pharmacological classes such as methamphetamine (METH), heroin (HER) and nicotine (NIC). METHODS After self-administration training of METH, HER and NIC, rats were housed in enriched (EE) or standard environments (SE) for 21-28 days of forced abstinence and then drug-seeking behavior was assessed in the absence of the drug. RESULTS We found that, compared to SE housing, exposure to EE reduced drug seeking behavior for all drugs tested. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the anti-craving effects of EE are general for a wide variety of drugs and support the hypothesis that environmental stimulation may be a general intervention for attenuating relapse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sikora
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France
| | - Céline Nicolas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France
| | - Marine Istin
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, France.
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Lynch WJ, Tan L, Narmeen S, Beiter R, Brunzell DH. Exercise or saccharin during abstinence block estrus-induced increases in nicotine-seeking. Physiol Behav 2017; 203:33-41. [PMID: 29080668 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that adolescent and young adult females may be particularly responsive to nicotine use interventions that include exercise or environmental enrichment. This possibility was addressed in the current study by comparing the efficacy of exercise versus non-exercise environmental enrichment (saccharin) during abstinence at reducing subsequent nicotine-seeking/relapse vulnerability in an adolescent-onset rat model. The efficacy of each intervention was examined as a function of estrous cycle phase given findings indicating that hormonal status influences relapse vulnerability and treatment outcome in females. Once adolescent female rats acquired nicotine self-administration, they were given 23-h/day access to nicotine (0.01mg/kg/infusion) for 10days. Following the last self-administration session, rats began a 10-day forced abstinence period with 2-h/day access to an unlocked wheel (exercise, n=15), a bottle containing a saccharin-sweetened solution (0.25%; saccharin, n=19), or without access to a wheel or saccharin (control, n=20). Nicotine-seeking, as assessed under an extinction/cued-induced reinstatement procedure, was examined on day 11 of abstinence. Levels of nicotine-seeking were highest in females tested during estrus as compared to females tested during non-estrus phases. Exercise or saccharin during abstinence reduced nicotine-seeking in females tested during estrus, but neither affected the low levels of nicotine-seeking observed in females tested during non-estrus phases, presumably due to a floor effect. These results demonstrate that exercise or saccharin during abstinence decrease nicotine-seeking, and suggest that either would be effective as an early intervention for nicotine use and addiction in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
| | - Lillian Tan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Syeda Narmeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Rebecca Beiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Darlene H Brunzell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Wiss DA, Criscitelli K, Gold M, Avena N. Preclinical evidence for the addiction potential of highly palatable foods: Current developments related to maternal influence. Appetite 2017; 115:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lampert C, Arcego DM, de Sá Couto-Pereira N, Dos Santos Vieira A, Toniazzo AP, Krolow R, Garcia E, Vendite DA, Calcagnotto ME, Dalmaz C. Short post-weaning social isolation induces long-term changes in the dopaminergic system and increases susceptibility to psychostimulants in female rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 61:21-30. [PMID: 28559209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence are sensitive periods of development, marked by high brain maturation and plasticity. Exposure to early life stress, such as social isolation, is able to prompt changes in sensitive brain circuitries, essentially in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and increase the risk for addictive behaviors later in life. Post-weaning social isolation can stimulate the consumption of rewarding substances, like drugs of abuse and palatable foods. However, most studies analyze long periods of social isolation and very little is known about the effects of a brief social isolation in a sensitive period of development and its association with palatable food on the reward system sensitization. Furthermore, females are more susceptible to the reinforcing effect of drugs than males. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a short post-weaning social isolation combined with a free access to a chronic high sugar diet (HSD) on the dopaminergic system, oxidative status and behavioral response to an amphetamine-like drug in adulthood. We used female Wistar rats that were socially isolated from post-natal days (PD) 21 to 35 and received free access to a HSD until PD 60. On PD 65, animals were submitted to a challenge with diethylpropion (DEP), an amphetamine-like drug and different responses were analyzed: locomotor activity, immmunocontent of dopamine related proteins, and the oxidative status in the striatum, before and after the DEP challenge. We showed that a short post-weaning social isolation (SI) increased the locomotor response to DEP, when compared with previous saline administration. Social isolation also increased dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and decreased dopamine D2 receptor immunocontent. Additionally, SI increased the overall oxidative status parameters after the challenge with DEP. Interestingly, the exposure to a HSD prevented the SI effects on locomotor response, but did not interfere in the dopaminergic parameters evaluated, despite having modified some oxidative parameters. This study showed for the first time that a short post-weaning social isolation was able to induce long-term changes in the striatal dopaminergic system and increased the response to psychostimulants. These results emphasize the importance of stressful experiences during a short period of development on programming susceptibility to psychostimulants later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Lampert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Danusa Mar Arcego
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Toniazzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emily Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Deusa Aparecida Vendite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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