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Switala J, Donald L, Ivancich A. A remarkable peroxidase-like behavior of the catalase KatA from the pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori: The oxidation reaction with formate as substrate and the stabilization of an [Fe(IV) = O Trp •] intermediate assessed by multifrequency EPR spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112594. [PMID: 38749080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
We have characterized the catalytic cycle of the Helicobacter pylori KatA catalase (HPC). H. pylori is a human and animal pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infections. Multifrequency (9-285 GHz) EPR spectroscopy was applied to identify the high-valent intermediates (5 ≤ pH ≤ 8.5). The broad (2000 G) 9-GHz EPR spectrum consistent with the [Fe(IV) = O Por•+] intermediate was detected, and showed a clear pH dependence on the exchange-coupling of the radical (delocalized over the porphyrin moiety) due to the magnetic interaction with the ferryl iron. In addition, Trp• (for pH ≤ 6) and Tyr• (for 5 ≤ pH ≤ 8.5) species were distinguished by the advantageous resolution of their g-values in the 285-GHz EPR spectrum. The unequivocal identification of the high-valent intermediates in HPC by their distinct EPR spectra allowed us to address their reactivity towards substrates. The stabilization of an [Fe(IV) = O Trp•] species in HPC, unprecedented in monofunctional catalases and possibly involved in the oxidation of formate to the formyloxyl radical at pH ≤ 6, is reminiscent of intermediates previously identified in the catalytic cycle of bifunctional catalase-peroxidases. The 2e- oxidation of formate by the [Fe(IV) = O Por•+] species, both at basic and acidic pH conditions, involving a 1H+/2e- oxidation in a cytochrome P450 peroxygenase-like reaction is proposed. Our findings demonstrate that moonlighting by the H. pylori catalase includes formate oxidation, an enzymatic reaction possibly related to the unique strategy of the neutrophile bacterium for gastric colonization, that is the release of CO2 to regulate the pH in the acidic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Switala
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Lynda Donald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anabella Ivancich
- Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281 and IMM FR3479, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ., 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Pellegrini A, Pietrocola G. Recruitment of Vitronectin by Bacterial Pathogens: A Comprehensive Overview. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1385. [PMID: 39065153 PMCID: PMC11278874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The key factor that enables pathogenic bacteria to establish successful infections lies largely in their ability to escape the host's immune response and adhere to host surfaces. Vitronectin (Vn) is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously present in blood and the extracellular matrix of several tissues, where it plays important roles as a regulator of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and as a mediator of cell adhesion. Vn has emerged as an intriguing target for several microorganisms. Vn binding by bacterial receptors confers protection from lysis resulting from MAC deposition. Furthermore, through its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, Vn can bind several host cell integrins. Therefore, Vn recruited to the bacterial cell functions as a molecular bridge between bacteria and host surfaces, where it triggers several host signaling events that could promote bacterial internalization. Each bacterium uses different receptors that recognize specific Vn domains. In this review, we update the current knowledge of Vn receptors of major bacterial pathogens, emphasizing the role they may play in the host upon Vn binding. Focusing on the structural properties of bacterial proteins, we provide details on the residues involved in their interaction with Vn. Furthermore, we discuss the possible involvement of Vn adsorption on biomaterials in promoting bacterial adhesion on abiotic surfaces and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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3
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Shirani M, Shariati S, Bazdar M, Sojoudi Ghamnak F, Moradi M, Shams Khozani R, Taki E, Arabsorkhi Z, Heidary M, Eskandari DB. The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395403. [PMID: 39035439 PMCID: PMC11258019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the immunopathogenesis underlying this association is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review comprehensively explores the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC by delving into several key aspects, emphasizing the pivotal roles played by H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), blood group antigen-binding adhesin (babA), and sialic acid binding adhesin (sabA). Moreover, the review focuses on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in the complex interplay between chronic infection and gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, the study examines the association between H. pylori evasion of the innate and adaptive immune response and development of GC. A comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC is essential for designing targeted interventions to prevent and manage this disease. Further research is warranted to elucidate the intricate immune responses involved and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Monireh Bazdar
- School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Arabsorkhi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Meri S, Magrini E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. The Yin Yang of Complement and Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1578-1588. [PMID: 37902610 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related inflammation is a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Complement activation occurs in cancer and supports the development of an inflammatory microenvironment. Complement has traditionally been considered a mechanism of immune resistance against cancer, and its activation is known to contribute to the cytolytic effects of antibody-based immunotherapeutic treatments. However, several studies have recently revealed that complement activation may exert protumoral functions by sustaining cancer-related inflammation and immunosuppression through different molecular mechanisms, targeting both the TME and cancer cells. These new discoveries have revealed that complement manipulation can be considered a new strategy for cancer therapies. Here we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the different elements of the complement system exert antitumor or protumor functions, both in preclinical studies and in human tumorigenesis. Complement components can serve as disease biomarkers for cancer stratification and prognosis and be exploited for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Mi C, Deng X, Wang X, Hu D, Yin K, Yin C, Zhao L, Shan B. Identification of the immunogenic membrane proteins, catalase, PgbA, and PgbB, as potential antigens against Helicobacter pylori. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad218. [PMID: 37777837 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to investigate the specific membrane antigens that are targeted by antibodies raised against Helicobacter pylori. METHODS AND RESULTS Bovine milk antibodies were prepared using whole H. pylori, purified membrane proteins, or both. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments revealed that these immunogens triggered anti-H. pylori antibody production in milk. The highest antibody titer was induced by the mixture of whole bacteria and purified membrane proteins. The antibodies induced by mixed immunogens significantly inhibited H. pylori growth in vitro and were used to identify catalase, plasminogen-binding protein A (PgbA), and PgbB via western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and two-dimensional western blotting followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrophotometry. The immunogenicity of PgbA and PgbB was verified in mice vaccinated with their B-cell epitope vaccines. Following prophylactic vaccination of C57BL/6 mice, each of the three antigens alone and their combination reduced the weight loss in mice, increased antibody titers, and relieved the inflammatory status of the gastric mucosa following H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS Catalase, PgbA, and PgbB could serve as valuable membrane antigens for the development of anti-H. pylori immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Li
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
- Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Chaoyi Mi
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Xiaoqing Deng
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Dailun Hu
- Clinical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050020, China
| | - Kaige Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Changfu Yin
- Clinical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050020, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
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8
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Al-Fakhrany OM, Elekhnawy E. Helicobacter pylori in the post-antibiotics era: from virulence factors to new drug targets and therapeutic agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:301. [PMID: 37550555 PMCID: PMC10406680 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is considered one of the most prevalent human pathogenic microbes globally. It is the main cause of a number of gastrointestinal ailments, including peptic and duodenal ulcers, and gastric tumors with high mortality rates. Thus, eradication of H. pylori is necessary to prevent gastric cancer. Still, the rise in antibiotic resistance is the most important challenge for eradication strategies. Better consideration of H. pylori virulence factors, pathogenesis, and resistance is required for better eradication rates and, thus, prevention of gastrointestinal malignancy. This article is aimed to show the role of virulence factors of H. pylori. Some are involved in its survival in the harsh environment of the human gastric lumen, and others are related to pathogenesis and the infection process. Furthermore, this work has highlighted the recent advancement in H. pylori treatment, as well as antibiotic resistance as a main challenge in H. pylori eradication. Also, we tried to provide an updated summary of the evolving H. pylori control strategies and the potential alternative drugs to fight this lethal resistant pathogen. Recent studies have focused on evaluating the efficacy of alternative regimens (such as sequential, hybrid, concomitant treatment, vonoprazan (VPZ)-based triple therapy, high-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy, probiotics augmented triple therapy, or in combination with BQT) in the effective eradication of H. pylori. Thus, innovating new anti-H. pylori drugs and establishing H. pylori databanks are upcoming necessities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Momtaz Al-Fakhrany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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9
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Gupta N, Kumar A, Verma VK. Strategies adopted by gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori for a mature biofilm formation: Antimicrobial peptides as a visionary treatment. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127417. [PMID: 37267815 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enormous efforts in recent past two decades to eradicate the pathogen that has been prevalent in half of the world's population have been problematic. The biofilm formed by Helicobacter pylori provides resistance towards innate immune cells, various combinatorial antibiotics, and human antimicrobial peptides, despite the fact that these all are potent enough to eradicate it in vitro. Biofilm provides the opportunity to secrete various virulence factors that strengthen the interaction between host and pathogen helping in evading the innate immune system and ultimately leading to persistence. To our knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to explain briefly the journey of H. pylori starting with the chemotaxis, the mechanism for selecting the site for colonization, the stress faced by the pathogen, and various adaptations to evade these stress conditions by forming biofilm and the morphological changes acquired by the pathogen in mature biofilm. Furthermore, we have explained the human GI tract antimicrobial peptides and the reason behind the failure of these AMPs, and how encapsulation of Pexiganan-A(MSI-78A) in a chitosan microsphere increases the efficiency of eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Hu S, Ottemann KM. Helicobacter pylori initiates successful gastric colonization by utilizing L-lactate to promote complement resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1695. [PMID: 36973281 PMCID: PMC10042806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system has long been appreciated for its role in bloodborne infections, but its activities in other places, including the gastrointestinal tract, remain elusive. Here, we report that complement restricts gastric infection by the pathogen Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium colonized complement-deficient mice to higher levels than wild-type counterparts, particularly in the gastric corpus region. H. pylori uses uptake of the host molecule L-lactate to create a complement-resistant state that relies on blocking the deposition of the active complement C4b component on H. pylori's surface. H. pylori mutants unable to achieve this complement-resistant state have a significant mouse colonization defect that is largely corrected by mutational removal of complement. This work highlights a previously unknown role for complement in the stomach, and has revealed an unrecognized mechanism for microbial-derived complement resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Karen M Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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Wu X, Jian A, Tang H, Liu W, Liu F, Liu S, Wu H. A Multi-Omics Study on the Effect of Helicobacter Pylori-Related Genes in the Tumor Immunity on Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880636. [PMID: 35619651 PMCID: PMC9127319 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP), a gram-negative spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacterium, colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the world’s population, which is considered a risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and other malignancies. HP is also considered carcinogenic since it involves the mutation and damage of multiple HP-related genes. Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is a common stom5ach cancer with a poor prognosis and high risk of metastasis in the advanced stage. Therefore, an early diagnosis and targeted therapies are needed to ensure a better prognosis. In this study, a scoring system was constructed based on three HP infection–related candidate genes to enable a more accurate prediction of tumor progression and metastasis and response to immunotherapies. Methods HP infection–induced mutation patterns of STAD samples from six cohorts were comprehensively assessed based on 73 HP-related genes, which were then correlated with the immune cell–infiltrating characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The risk signature was constructed to quantify the influence of HP infection on individual tumors. Subsequently, an accurate nomogram was generated to improve the clinical applicability of the risk signature. We conducted immunohistochemical experiments and used the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities (AHYMUN) cohort data set with survival information to further verify the clinical value of this risk signature. Results Two distinct HP-related mutation patterns with different immune cell–infiltrating characteristics (ICIC) and survival possibility were identified. We demonstrated that the evaluation of HP infection–induced mutation patterns of tumor could assist the prediction of stages, phenotypes, stromal activity, genetic diversity, and patient prognosis. A low risk score involved an increased mutation burden and activation of immune responses, with a higher 5-year survival rate and enhanced response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy, while a high risk score involved stromal activation and poorer survival. The efficiency of the risk signature was further evidenced by the nomogram. Conclusions STAD patients with a low risk score demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. HP infection–induced mutations play a nonnegligible role in STAD development. Quantifying the HP-related mutation patterns of individual tumors will contribute to phenotype classification, guide more effective targeted and personalized therapies, and enable more accurate predictions of metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Aiwen Jian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haidan Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shifan Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqun Wu,
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Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Santos Marques H, de Brito BB, França da Silva FA, Souza CL, Oliveira MV, de Melo FF. From Helicobacter pylori infection to gastric cancer: Current evidence on the immune response. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:186-199. [PMID: 35433296 PMCID: PMC8966509 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the result of a multifactorial process whose main components are infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), bacterial virulence factors, host immune response and environmental factors. The development of the neoplastic microenvironment also depends on genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which results in deregulation of cell signaling pathways and apoptosis process. This review summarizes the main aspects of the pathogenesis of GC and the immune response involved in chronic inflammation generated by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Lima Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vasconcelos Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Sharndama HC, Mba IE. Helicobacter pylori: an up-to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:33-50. [PMID: 34988937 PMCID: PMC8731681 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an organism associated with ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The latter is one of the most prevalent malignancies and currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The pathogen infects about 50% of the world population, and currently, no treatment ensures its total elimination. There has been an increase in our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori over the years. H. pylori can induce several genetic alterations, express numerous virulence factors, and trigger diverse adaptive mechanisms during its adherence and colonization. For successful colonization and infection establishment, several effector proteins/toxins are released by the organism. Evidence is also available reporting spiral to coccoid transition as a unique tactic H. pylori uses to survive in the host's gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Thus, the virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori are under the control of complex interplay between the virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. Expounding the role of the various virulence factors in H. pylori pathogenesis and clinical outcomes is crucial for vaccine development and in providing and developing a more effective therapeutic intervention. Here we critically reflect on H. pylori infection and delineate what is currently known about the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifeanyi Elibe Mba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
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14
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You Y, Thorell K, He L, Yahara K, Yamaoka Y, Cha JH, Murakami K, Katsura Y, Kobayashi I, Falush D, Zhang J. Genomic differentiation within East Asian Helicobacter pylori. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35188454 PMCID: PMC8942036 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The East Asian region, including China, Japan and Korea, accounts for half of gastric cancer deaths. However, different areas have contrasting gastric cancer incidences and the population structure of Helicobacter pylori in this ethnically diverse region is yet unknown. We aimed to investigate genomic differences in H. pylori between these areas to identify sequence polymorphisms associated with increased cancer risk. We analysed 381 H. pylori genomes collected from different areas of the three countries using phylogenetic and population genetic tools to characterize population differentiation. The functional consequences of SNPs with a highest fixation index (Fst) between subpopulations were examined by mapping amino acid changes on 3D protein structure, solved or modelled. Overall, 329/381 genomes belonged to the previously identified hspEAsia population indicating that import of bacteria from other regions of the world has been uncommon. Seven subregional clusters were found within hspEAsia, related to subpopulations with various ethnicities, geographies and gastric cancer risks. Subpopulation-specific amino acid changes were found in multidrug exporters (hefC), transporters (frpB-4), outer membrane proteins (hopI) and several genes involved in host interaction, such as a catalase site, involved in H2O2 entrance, and a flagellin site mimicking host glycosylation. Several of the top hits, including frpB-4, hefC, alpB/hopB and hofC, have been found to be differentiated within the Americas in previous studies, indicating that a handful of genes may be key to local geographic adaptation. H. pylori within East Asia are not homogeneous but have become differentiated geographically at multiple loci that might have facilitated adaptation to local conditions and hosts. This has important implications for further evaluation of these changes in relation to the varying gastric cancer incidence between geographical areas in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai You
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kaisa Thorell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götaland 12 Region, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Koji Yahara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yukako Katsura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (formerly Department of Medical Genome Sciences), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- I2BC, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Falush
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
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15
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Zai W, Kang L, Dong T, Wang H, Yin L, Gan S, Lai W, Ding Y, Hu Y, Wu J. E. coli Membrane Vesicles as a Catalase Carrier for Long-Term Tumor Hypoxia Relief to Enhance Radiotherapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15381-15394. [PMID: 34520168 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most important factors that limit the effect of radiotherapy, and the abundant H2O2 in tumor tissues will also aggravate hypoxia-induced radiotherapy resistance. Delivering catalase to decompose H2O2 into oxygen is an effective strategy to relieve tumor hypoxia and radiotherapy resistance. However, low stability limits catalase's in vivo application, which is one of the most common limitations for almost all proteins' internal utilization. Here, we develop catalase containing E. coli membrane vesicles (EMs) with excellent protease resistance to relieve tumor hypoxia for a long time. Even treated with 100-fold of protease, EMs showed higher catalase activity than free catalase. After being injected into tumors post 12 h, EMs maintained their hypoxia relief ability while free catalase lost its activity. Our results indicate that EMs might be an excellent catalase delivery for tumor hypoxia relief. Combined with their immune stimulation features, EMs could enhance radiotherapy and induce antitumor immune memory effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tiejun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lining Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shaoju Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenjia Lai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yibing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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16
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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17
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Multitalented actors inside and outside the cell: recent discoveries add to the number of moonlighting proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1941-1948. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, it's become clear that many enzymes evolved not only to act as specific, finely tuned and carefully regulated catalysts, but also to perform a second, completely different function in the cell. In general, these moonlighting proteins have a single polypeptide chain that performs two or more distinct and physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical functions. This mini-review describes examples of moonlighting proteins that have been found within the past few years, including some that play key roles in human and animal diseases and in the regulation of biochemical pathways in food crops. Several belong to two of the most common subclasses of moonlighting proteins: trigger enzymes and intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins, but a few represent less often observed combinations of functions. These examples also help illustrate some of the current methods used for identifying proteins with multiple functions. In general, a greater understanding about the functions and molecular mechanisms of moonlighting proteins, their roles in the regulation of cellular processes, and their involvement in health and disease could aid in many areas including developing new antibiotics, predicting the functions of the millions of proteins being identified through genome sequencing projects, designing novel proteins, using biological circuitry analysis to construct bacterial strains that are better producers of materials for industrial use, and developing methods to tweak biochemical pathways for increasing yields of food crops.
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18
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Adaptations and evolution of a heritable leaf nodule symbiosis between Dioscorea sansibarensis and Orrella dioscoreae. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1831-1844. [PMID: 30877285 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various plant species establish intimate symbioses with bacteria within their aerial organs. The bacteria are contained within nodules or glands often present in distinctive patterns on the leaves in what is commonly referred to as leaf nodule symbiosis. We describe here a highly specific symbiosis between a wild yam species from Madagascar, Dioscorea sansibarensis and bacteria of the species Orrella dioscoreae. Using whole-genome sequencing of plastids and bacteria from wild-collected samples, we show phylogenetic patterns consistent with a dominant vertical mode of transmission of the symbionts. Unique so far among leaf nodule symbioses, the bacteria can be cultured and are amenable to comparative transcriptomics, revealing a potential role in complementing the host's arsenal of secondary metabolites. We propose a recent establishment of a vertical mode of transmission in this symbiosis which, together with a large effective population size explains the cultivability and apparent lack of genome reductive evolution in O. dioscoreae. We leverage these unique features to reveal pathways and functions under positive selection in these specialized endophytes, highlighting the candidate mechanisms enabling a permanent association in the phyllosphere.
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19
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Ebner P, Götz F. Bacterial Excretion of Cytoplasmic Proteins (ECP): Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Lekmeechai S, Su YC, Brant M, Alvarado-Kristensson M, Vallström A, Obi I, Arnqvist A, Riesbeck K. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles Protect the Pathogen From Reactive Oxygen Species of the Respiratory Burst. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1837. [PMID: 30245670 PMCID: PMC6137165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play an important role in the persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter OMVs carry a plethora of virulence factors, including catalase (KatA), an antioxidant enzyme that counteracts the host respiratory burst. We found KatA to be enriched and surface-associated in OMVs compared to bacterial cells. This conferred OMV-dependent KatA activity resulting in neutralization of H2O2 and NaClO, and rescue of surrounding bacteria from oxidative damage. The antioxidant activity of OMVs was abolished by deletion of KatA. In conclusion, enrichment of antioxidative KatA in OMVs is highly important for efficient immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujinna Lekmeechai
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marta Brant
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Vallström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ikenna Obi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Arnqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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21
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Li S, Hao G, Peng W, Geng X, Sun J. Expression and functional characterization of vitronectin gene from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:9-16. [PMID: 28377270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vtn) is a multifunctional protein that plays significant roles in cell adhesion, migration, spreading and survival, and in the regulation of membrane attack complex formation and the terminal pathway of complement activation in innate immune response. However, the expression and immune significance of Vtn in fish remains largely unknown. In order to understand the involvement of Vtn in fish innate immune response, here we cloned and characterized a full-length Vtn ortholog cDNA, termed PoVtn, from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The deduced PoVtn protein is comprised of 438 amino acids with a 19-amino-acid signal peptide sequence (1Met-19Ala) at the N-terminus. Protein domain analysis revealed that PoVtn possesses a conserved N-terminal somatomedin B domain followed by a conserved RGD motif and four haemopexin-like domains. Sequence analysis revealed that PoVtn has two potential glycosylation sites and shares 44-74% sequence identity with other teleost Vtn proteins. PoVtn mRNA was ubiquitously distributed in all examined normal tissues and showed the highest expression in Japanese flounder hepatopancreas tissue. PoVtn expression was induced by LPS and poly(I:C) challenges in the Japanese flounder head kidney macrophages (HKMs) and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and shows a pathogen-associated molecular pattern- and cell type-dependent manner. The expression of PoVtn was also modulated by bacterial challenge with Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese flounder immune-related tissues including head kidney, gill and spleen. Furthermore, overexpression of PoVtn in Japanese flounder FG-9307 cells significantly attenuated the LPS- and poly(I:C)-induced proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha gene expression. Taken our findings together, we for the first time characterized Vtn gene expression in response to inflammatory stimuli in fish. Our results suggested a potential role of PoVtn in regulating fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Gaixiang Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Weijiao Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, 442 South Jiefang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300221, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
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22
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Bernardini G, Figura N, Ponzetto A, Marzocchi B, Santucci A. Application of proteomics to the study of Helicobacter pylori and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:477-490. [PMID: 28513226 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and mucous layer of more than half the world's population. H. pylori is a primary human pathogen, responsible for the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. Proteomics is impacting several aspects of medical research: understanding the molecular basis of infection and disease manifestation, identification of therapeutic targets and discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers. Areas covered: The main aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of proteomics to the study of H. pylori infection pathophysiology. In particular, we focused on the role of the bacterium and its most important virulence factor, CagA, in the progression of gastric cells transformation and cancer progression. We also discussed the proteomic approaches aimed at the investigation of the host response to bacterial infection. Expert commentary: In the field of proteomics of H. pylori, comprehensive analysis of clinically relevant proteins (functional proteomics) rather than entire proteomes will result in important medical outcomes. Finally, we provided an outlook on the potential development of proteomics in H. pylori research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Natale Figura
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Antonio Ponzetto
- b Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Siena , Italy
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Chmiela M, Karwowska Z, Gonciarz W, Allushi B, Stączek P. Host pathogen interactions in Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1521-1540. [PMID: 28321154 PMCID: PMC5340805 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i9.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), discovered in 1982, is a microaerophilic, spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that is able to colonize the human stomach. Nearly half of the world's population is infected by this pathogen. Its ability to induce gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma has been confirmed. The susceptibility of an individual to these clinical outcomes is multifactorial and depends on H. pylori virulence, environmental factors, the genetic susceptibility of the host and the reactivity of the host immune system. Despite the host immune response, H. pylori infection can be difficult to eradicate. H. pylori is categorized as a group I carcinogen since this bacterium is responsible for the highest rate of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection of cancer can be lifesaving. The 5-year survival rate for gastric cancer patients diagnosed in the early stages is nearly 90%. Gastric cancer is asymptomatic in the early stages but always progresses over time and begins to cause symptoms when untreated. In 97% of stomach cancer cases, cancer cells metastasize to other organs. H. pylori infection is responsible for nearly 60% of the intestinal-type gastric cancer cases but also influences the development of diffuse gastric cancer. The host genetic susceptibility depends on polymorphisms of genes involved in H. pylori-related inflammation and the cytokine response of gastric epithelial and immune cells. H. pylori strains differ in their ability to induce a deleterious inflammatory response. H. pylori-driven cytokines accelerate the inflammatory response and promote malignancy. Chronic H. pylori infection induces genetic instability in gastric epithelial cells and affects the DNA damage repair systems. Therefore, H. pylori infection should always be considered a pro-cancerous factor.
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