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Sweat SC, Cheetham CEJ. Deficits in olfactory system neurogenesis in neurodevelopmental disorders. Genesis 2024; 62:e23590. [PMID: 38490949 PMCID: PMC10990073 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The role of neurogenesis in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) merits much attention. The complex process by which stem cells produce daughter cells that in turn differentiate into neurons, migrate various distances, and form synaptic connections that are then refined by neuronal activity or experience is integral to the development of the nervous system. Given the continued postnatal neurogenesis that occurs in the mammalian olfactory system, it provides an ideal model for understanding how disruptions in distinct stages of neurogenesis contribute to the pathophysiology of various NDDs. This review summarizes and discusses what is currently known about the disruption of neurogenesis within the olfactory system as it pertains to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Studies included in this review used either human subjects, mouse models, or Drosophila models, and lay a compelling foundation for continued investigation of NDDs by utilizing the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Sweat
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire E J Cheetham
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Sun N, Wang H, Wang XY, Yu Q, Han JY, Huang Y, Zhou WX. Deletion of AhR attenuates fear memory leaving other types of memory intact. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114505. [PMID: 37217138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a classic "environmental sensor", has been found to play an important role in cognitive and emotional function. Recent studies showed AhR deletion led to an attenuated fear memory, providing a potential target against fear memory, whether it is the consequence of attenuated sense of fear or memory ability deficit or both is unclear. Here this study aims to work this out. The freezing time in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) reduced significantly in AhR knockout mice, indicating an attenuated fear memory. Hot plate test and acoustic startle reflex showed that AhR knockout did not change the pain threshold and hearing, excluded the possibility of sensory impairments. Results from NORT, MWM and SBT showed that deletion of AhR had little effects on other types of memory. But the anxiety-like behaviors reduced both in naïve or suffered (tested after CFC) AhR knockout mice, showing that AhR-deficient mice have a reduced basal and stressful emotional response. The basal low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio of the AhR knockout mice was significantly lower than that of the control group, indicating lower sympathetic excitability in the basal state, suggesting a low level of basal stress in the knockout mice. Before and after CFC, the LF/HF ratio of AhR-KO mice tended to be significantly lower than that of WT mice, and their heart rate was significantly lower; and the AhR-KO mice also has a decreased serum corticosterone level after CFC, suggesting a reduced stress response in AhR knockout mice. Altogether, the basal stress level and stress response were significant reduced in AhR knockout mice, which might contribute to the attenuated fear memory with little impairment on other types of memory, suggesting AhR as a "psychologic sensor" additional to "environmental sensor".
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
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Silva-Parra J, Sandu C, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP, Hernández-Kelly LC, Ortega A. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Glia Cells: A Plausible Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Orchestrator. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:103-117. [PMID: 36607593 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid in the vertebrate brain. Glutamatergic signaling is involved in most of the central nervous system functions. Its main components, namely receptors, ion channels, and transporters, are tightly regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels through a diverse array of extracellular signals, such as food, light, and neuroactive molecules. An exquisite and well-coordinated glial/neuronal bidirectional communication is required for proper excitatory amino acid signal transactions. Biochemical shuttles such as the glutamate/glutamine and the astrocyte-neuronal lactate represent the fundamental involvement of glial cells in glutamatergic transmission. In fact, the disruption of any of these coordinated biochemical intercellular cascades leads to an excitotoxic insult that underlies some aspects of most of the neurodegenerative diseases characterized thus far. In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive summary of the involvement of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-dependent transcription factor in the gene expression regulation of glial glutamate transporters. These receptors might serve as potential targets for the development of novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janisse Silva-Parra
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Cristina Sandu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México.
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4
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Armstrong DW. Analysis of D-Amino Acids: Relevance in Human Disease. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.mg4374l5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Small metabolic molecules often are chiral and can play important roles in regulating a variety of biological functions, occasionally providing information about the presence and progression of disease. The most ubiquitous class of such small molecules are amino acids. Sensitive and accurate analysis of the less prevalent D-amino acids as free entities or as constituents of peptides can be challenging, particularly when complex physiological matrices are involved. The number of studies involving low-abundance D-amino acids in biological systems has increased significantly over the last decade. Studies involving their presence and importance have become increasingly difficult to ignore. Their relevance in neurological pathologies, cancer, kidney disorders, and more, has advanced. Chiral separations have played and continue to play a central role in these studies. Because enantiomers and epimers have the same exact mass, stereoselective separations are essential. However, sensitive detection is also necessary because trace levels of these analytes are involved. Multidimensional separations often provide the best avenue for accurate qualitative and quantitative results. Future developments will involve faster and highly specific routine testing, particularly if these analyses are to enter the clinical realm.
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Buck JM, Yu L, Knopik VS, Stitzel JA. DNA methylome perturbations: an epigenetic basis for the emergingly heritable neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal smoking and maternal nicotine exposure†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:644-666. [PMID: 34270696 PMCID: PMC8444709 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an ensemble of neurodevelopmental consequences in children and therefore constitutes a pressing public health concern. Adding to this burden, contemporary epidemiological and especially animal model research suggests that grandmaternal smoking is similarly associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities in grandchildren, indicative of intergenerational transmission of the neurodevelopmental impacts of maternal smoking. Probing the mechanistic bases of neurodevelopmental anomalies in the children of maternal smokers and the intergenerational transmission thereof, emerging research intimates that epigenetic changes, namely DNA methylome perturbations, are key factors. Altogether, these findings warrant future research to fully elucidate the etiology of neurodevelopmental impairments in the children and grandchildren of maternal smokers and underscore the clear potential thereof to benefit public health by informing the development and implementation of preventative measures, prophylactics, and treatments. To this end, the present review aims to encapsulate the burgeoning evidence linking maternal smoking to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance of neurodevelopmental abnormalities, to identify the strengths and weaknesses thereof, and to highlight areas of emphasis for future human and animal model research therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Buck
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Kim SY, Kim KW, Lee SM, Park S, Kim BG, Choi EK, Son BS, Park MK. Effects of intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16997. [PMID: 34417533 PMCID: PMC8379193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate matter activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the respiratory system in a process involving the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and cytochrome P450 family 1, member A1 (CYP1A1). We examined changes in AhR-related pathways following intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex. Twice a day for 5 days per week for 1 week or 2 weeks, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were intranasally instilled with 10 µL nanoparticulate matter (nano group; n = 36). An equal volume of saline was intranasally instilled in control rats (n = 36). One week after intranasal instillation, olfactory function and Y-maze tests were performed. The expression levels of AhR in the olfactory bulb and temporal cortex were analyzed using western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The expression levels of AhR, CYP1A1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and five genes encoding cation transporters (ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, OCT1, and OCT2) in the olfactory bulb were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription. The olfactory discrimination capability was reduced in the nano group compared with the control group. Proportional changes in the Y-maze test were not significantly different between the nano and control groups. AhR mRNA and protein expression in the olfactory bulb increased 1.71-fold (P < 0.001) and 1.60-fold (P = 0.008), respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the temporal cortex. In the olfactory bulb, the expression of ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, and OCT2 was downregulated. CYP1A1 and iNOS expression in the olfactory bulb was upregulated compared with that in the temporal cortex. The intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter decreased the olfactory discrimination ability, which was accompanied by upregulation of AhR expression and downregulation of cation transporters in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyung Woon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - So Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Choi
- Electron Microscope Lab, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu Soon Son
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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7
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Wnuk A, Rzemieniec J, Przepiórska K, Wesołowska J, Wójtowicz AK, Kajta M. Autophagy-related neurotoxicity is mediated via AHR and CAR in mouse neurons exposed to DDE. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140599. [PMID: 32721735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) is an environmental metabolite of the pesticide DDT, which is still present in the environment, and its insecticidal properties are used to fight malaria and the Zika virus disease. We showed for the first time that the neurotoxic effects of DDE involve autophagy, as demonstrated by elevated levels of Becn1, Map1lc3a/MAP1LC3A, Map1lc3b, and Nup62/NUP62 and an increase in autophagosome formation. The suggestion that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are involved in the neurotoxic effect of DDE was supported by increases in the mRNA and protein expression of these receptors, as detected by qPCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy. Selective antagonists of the receptors, including alpha-naphthoflavone, CH223191, and CINPA 1, inhibited p,p'-DDE- and o,p'-DDE-induced LDH release and caspase-3 activity, while specific siRNAs (Ahr and Car siRNA) reduced the levels of p,p'-DDE- and o,p'-DDE-induced autophagosome formation. Although the neurotoxic effects of DDE were isomer independent, the mechanisms of p,p'- and o,p'-DDE were isomer specific. Therefore, we identified previously unknown mechanisms of the neurotoxic actions of DDE that, in addition to inducing apoptosis, stimulate autophagy in mouse neocortical cultures and induce AHR and CAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Rzemieniec
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Przepiórska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Julita Wesołowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory for In vivo and In Vitro Imaging, Smetna street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wójtowicz
- University of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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8
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Ligands as Selective AHR Modulators (SAhRMs). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186654. [PMID: 32932962 PMCID: PMC7555580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Subsequent studies show that the AhR plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology, and there is increasing evidence that the AhR is an important drug target. The AhR binds structurally diverse compounds, including pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals and endogenous biochemicals, some of which may serve as endogenous ligands. Classification of DLCs and non-DLCs based on their persistence (metabolism), toxicities, binding to wild-type/mutant AhR and structural similarities have been reported. This review provides data suggesting that ligands for the AhR are selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) that exhibit tissue/cell-specific AhR agonist and antagonist activities, and that their functional diversity is similar to selective receptor modulators that target steroid hormone and other nuclear receptors.
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9
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Barón-Mendoza I, Del Moral-Sánchez I, Martínez-Marcial M, García O, Garzón-Cortés D, González-Arenas A. Dendritic complexity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the autistic-like mice C58/J. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:149-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Sarma SN, Nagano R, Ohsako S. Tyroxine Hydroxylase-Positive Neuronal Cell Population is Increased by Temporal Dioxin Exposure at Early Stage of Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112687. [PMID: 31159217 PMCID: PMC6600215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neurological effects of short-term dioxin exposure during the fetal period is an important health risk in humans. Here, we investigated the effects of dioxin on neural differentiation using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to evaluate human susceptibility to dioxin. Methods: Using an enzymatic bulk passage, neural differentiation from human ESCs was carried out. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was added to various stages of culture. The expression levels of the neuronal markers microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and thyroxine hydroxylase (TH) were measured by RT-qPCR and image analysis of immunostaining. Results: Although early-stage neuronal cells are quite resistant to TCDD, the numbers of neural rosettes and increases in mRNA expression levels and the number of cells positive for MAP2 and TH were significant by temporal exposure at embryoid body stage (Day9-exposure group). In contrast, the TCDD exposures against ESCs (Day0-exposure group) and differentiated neural cells (Day35-exposure group) were not affected at all. The increment was similarly observed by continuous exposure of TCDD from Day9 through Day60. Conclusions: These results indicated that dioxin exposure during the early stage of differentiation from hESCs increases the contents of neuronal cells, especially TH-positive neuronal cells. Regulations of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in an early stage of embryogenesis should be investigated extensively to understand the mechanism underlying the increase in neuronal cell populations and to apply the knowledge to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra Nath Sarma
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Reiko Nagano
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Seiichiroh Ohsako
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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11
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Pronovost GN, Hsiao EY. Perinatal Interactions between the Microbiome, Immunity, and Neurodevelopment. Immunity 2019; 50:18-36. [PMID: 30650376 PMCID: PMC6447295 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome modulates host immune function across the gastrointestinal tract, peripheral lymphoid organs, and central nervous system. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that microbial effects on select immune phenotypes arise developmentally, where the maternal and neonatal microbiome influence immune cell ontogeny in the offspring during gestation and early postnatal life. We further discuss roles for the perinatal microbiome and early-life immunity in regulating normal neurodevelopmental processes. In addition, we examine evidence that abnormalities in microbiota-neuroimmune interactions during early life are associated with altered risk of neurological disorders in humans. Finally, we conclude by evaluating the potential implications of microbiota-immune interventions for neurological conditions. Continued progress toward dissecting mechanistic interactions between the perinatal microbiota, immune system, and nervous system might uncover fundamental insights into how developmental interactions across physiological systems inform later-life health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Pronovost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Guerrina N, Traboulsi H, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and the Maintenance of Lung Health. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3882. [PMID: 30563036 PMCID: PMC6320801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of what is known about the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) centers on its ability to mediate the deleterious effects of the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin). However, the AhR is both ubiquitously-expressed and evolutionarily-conserved, suggesting that it evolved for purposes beyond strictly mediating responses to man-made environmental toxicants. There is growing evidence that the AhR is required for the maintenance of health, as it is implicated in physiological processes such as xenobiotic metabolism, organ development and immunity. Dysregulation of AhR expression and activity is also associated with a variety of disease states, particularly those at barrier organs such as the skin, gut and lungs. The lungs are particularly vulnerable to inhaled toxicants such as cigarette smoke. However, the role of the AhR in diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-a respiratory illness caused predominately by cigarette smoking-and lung cancer remains largely unexplored. This review will discuss the growing body of literature that provides evidence that the AhR protects the lungs against the damaging effects of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necola Guerrina
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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13
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AhR Deletion Promotes Aberrant Morphogenesis and Synaptic Activity of Adult-Generated Granule Neurons and Impairs Hippocampus-Dependent Memory. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0370-17. [PMID: 30225360 PMCID: PMC6140122 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0370-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn granule cells are continuously produced in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus throughout life. Once these cells mature, they integrate into pre-existing circuits modulating hippocampus-dependent memory. Subsequently, mechanisms controlling generation and maturation of newborn cells are essential for proper hippocampal function. Therefore, we have studied the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated bHLH-PAS transcription factor, in hippocampus-dependent memory and granule neuronal morphology and function using genetic loss-of-function approaches based on constitutive and inducible-nestin AhR–/– mice. The results presented here show that the impaired hippocampus-dependent memory in AhR absence is not due to its effects on neurogenesis but to aberrant dendritic arborization and an increased spine density, albeit with a lower number of mature mushrooms spines in newborn granule cells, a finding that is associated with an immature electrophysiological phenotype. Together, our data strongly suggest that AhR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of hippocampal function, by controlling hippocampal granule neuron morphology and synaptic maturation.
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14
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Duszka K, Wahli W. Enteric Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082210. [PMID: 30060580 PMCID: PMC6121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in regulating virtually all body functions, thus maintaining a healthy operating body with all its complex systems. Recently, gut microbiota emerged as major factor contributing to the health of the whole organism. Enteric bacteria have multiple ways to influence their host and several of them involve communication with the brain. Mounting evidence of cooperation between gut flora and NRs is already available. However, the full potential of the microbiota interconnection with NRs remains to be uncovered. Herewith, we present the current state of knowledge on the multifaceted roles of NRs in the enteric microbiota–gut–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Xu M, Huang Y, Li K, Cheng X, Li G, Liu M, Nie Y, Geng S, Zhao S. Developmental exposure of decabromodiphenyl ether impairs subventricular zone neurogenesis and morphology of granule cells in mouse olfactory bulb. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:529-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Kimura E, Kubo KI, Endo T, Ling W, Nakajima K, Kakeyama M, Tohyama C. Impaired dendritic growth and positioning of cortical pyramidal neurons by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in the developing mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183497. [PMID: 28820910 PMCID: PMC5562321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors exert multiple functions in mammalian cerebral cortex development. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the bHLH-Per-Arnt-Sim subfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor reported to regulate nervous system development in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but the functions that AhR signaling pathway may have for mammalian cerebral cortex development remains elusive. Although the endogenous ligand involved in brain developmental process has not been identified, the environmental pollutant dioxin potently binds AhR and induces abnormalities in higher brain function of laboratory animals. Thus, we studied how activation of AhR signaling influences cortical development in mice. To this end, we produced mice expressing either constitutively active-AhR (CA-AhR), which has the capacity for ligand-independent activation of downstream genes, or AhR, which requires its ligands for activation. In brief, CA-AhR-expressing plasmid and AhR-expressing plasmid were each transfected into neural stems cells in the developing cerebrum by in utero electroporation on embryonic day 14.5. On postnatal day 14, mice transfected in utero with CA-AhR, but not those transfected with AhR, exhibited drastically reduced dendritic arborization of layer II/III pyramidal neurons and impaired neuronal positioning in the developing somatosensory cortex. The effects of CA-AhR were observed for dendrite development but not for the commissural fiber projection, suggesting a preferential influence on dendrites. The present results indicate that over-activation of AhR perturbs neuronal migration and morphological development in mammalian cortex, supporting previous observations of impaired dendritic structure, cortical dysgenesis, and behavioral abnormalities following perinatal dioxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Kimura
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Endo
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenting Ling
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kakeyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Whitehead A, Clark BW, Reid NM, Hahn ME, Nacci D. When evolution is the solution to pollution: Key principles, and lessons from rapid repeated adaptation of killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus) populations. Evol Appl 2017; 10:762-783. [PMID: 29151869 PMCID: PMC5680427 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For most species, evolutionary adaptation is not expected to be sufficiently rapid to buffer the effects of human‐mediated environmental changes, including environmental pollution. Here we review how key features of populations, the characteristics of environmental pollution, and the genetic architecture underlying adaptive traits, may interact to shape the likelihood of evolutionary rescue from pollution. Large populations of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) persist in some of the most contaminated estuaries of the United States, and killifish studies have provided some of the first insights into the types of genomic changes that enable rapid evolutionary rescue from complexly degraded environments. We describe how selection by industrial pollutants and other stressors has acted on multiple populations of killifish and posit that extreme nucleotide diversity uniquely positions this species for successful evolutionary adaptation. Mechanistic studies have identified some of the genetic underpinnings of adaptation to a well‐studied class of toxic pollutants; however, multiple genetic regions under selection in wild populations seem to reflect more complex responses to diverse native stressors and/or compensatory responses to primary adaptation. The discovery of these pollution‐adapted killifish populations suggests that the evolutionary influence of anthropogenic stressors as selective agents occurs widely. Yet adaptation to chemical pollution in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate wildlife may rarely be a successful “solution to pollution” because potentially adaptive phenotypes may be complex and incur fitness costs, and therefore be unlikely to evolve quickly enough, especially in species with small population sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Bryan W Clark
- Atlantic Ecology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education US Environmental Protection Agency Narragansett RI USA
| | - Noah M Reid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Department of Biology Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA USA.,Superfund Research Program Boston University Boston MA USA
| | - Diane Nacci
- Atlantic Ecology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency Narragansett RI USA
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18
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Hahn ME, Karchner SI, Merson RR. Diversity as Opportunity: Insights from 600 Million Years of AHR Evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 2:58-71. [PMID: 28286876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was for many years of interest only to pharmacologists and toxicologists. However, this protein has fundamental roles in biology that are being revealed through studies in diverse animal species. The AHR is an ancient protein. AHR homologs exist in most major groups of modern bilaterian animals, including deuterostomes (chordates, hemichordates, echinoderms) and the two major clades of protostome invertebrates [ecdysozoans (e.g. arthropods and nematodes) and lophotrochozoans (e.g. molluscs and annelids)]. AHR homologs also have been identified in cnidarians such as the sea anemone Nematostella and in the genome of Trichoplax, a placozoan. Bilaterians, cnidarians, and placozoans form the clade Eumetazoa, whose last common ancestor lived approximately 600 million years ago (MYA). The presence of AHR homologs in modern representatives of all these groups indicates that the original eumetazoan animal possessed an AHR homolog. Studies in invertebrates and vertebrates reveal parallel functions of AHR in the development and function of sensory neural systems, suggesting that these may be ancestral roles. Vertebrate animals are characterized by the expansion and diversification of AHRs, via gene and genome duplications, from the ancestral protoAHR into at least five classes of AHR-like proteins: AHR, AHR1, AHR2, AHR3, and AHRR. The evolution of multiple AHRs in vertebrates coincided with the acquisition of high-affinity binding of halogenated and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and the emergence of adaptive functions involving regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and roles in adaptive immunity. The existence of multiple AHRs may have facilitated subfunction partitioning and specialization of specific AHR types in some taxa. Additional research in diverse model and non-model species will continue to enrich our understanding of AHR and its pleiotropic roles in biology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Rebeka R Merson
- Biology Department, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, 251 Fogarty Life Sciences, Providence, RI 02908
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19
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Lee HU, McPherson ZE, Tan B, Korecka A, Pettersson S. Host-microbiome interactions: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the central nervous system. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:29-39. [PMID: 27858116 PMCID: PMC5225196 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome located within a given host and its organs forms a holobiont, an intimate functional entity with evolutionarily designed interactions to support nutritional intake and reproduction. Thus, all organs in a holobiont respond to changes within the microbiome. The development and function of the central nervous system and its homeostatic mechanisms are no exception and are also subject to regulation by the gut microbiome. In order for the holobiont to function effectively, the microbiome and host must communicate. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is an evolutionarily conserved receptor recognizing environmental compounds, including a number of ligands produced directly and indirectly by the microbiome. This review focuses on the microbiome-gut-brain axis in regard to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway and its impact on underlying mechanisms in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ung Lee
- The LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary E McPherson
- The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Bryan Tan
- The School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Agata Korecka
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sven Pettersson
- The LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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