1
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Mkhitaryan V, Weber AP, Abdullah S, Fernández L, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Piquero-Zulaica I, Agarwal H, García Díez K, Schiller F, Ortega JE, García de Abajo FJ. Ultraconfined Plasmons in Atomically Thin Crystalline Silver Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302520. [PMID: 37924223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to confine light down to atomic scales is critical for the development of applications in optoelectronics and optical sensing as well as for the exploration of nanoscale quantum phenomena. Plasmons in metallic nanostructures with just a few atomic layers in thickness can achieve this type of confinement, although fabrication imperfections down to the subnanometer scale hinder actual developments. Here, narrow plasmons are demonstrated in atomically thin crystalline silver nanostructures fabricated by prepatterning silicon substrates and epitaxially depositing silver films of just a few atomic layers in thickness. Specifically, a silicon wafer is lithographically patterned to introduce on-demand lateral shapes, chemically process the sample to obtain an atomically flat silicon surface, and epitaxially deposit silver to obtain ultrathin crystalline metal films with the designated morphologies. Structures fabricated by following this procedure allow for an unprecedented control over optical field confinement in the near-infrared spectral region, which is here illustrated by the observation of fundamental and higher-order plasmons featuring extreme spatial confinement and high-quality factors that reflect the crystallinity of the metal. The present study constitutes a substantial improvement in the degree of spatial confinement and quality factor that should facilitate the design and exploitation of atomic-scale nanoplasmonic devices for optoelectronics, sensing, and quantum-physics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Saad Abdullah
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hitesh Agarwal
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin García Díez
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Yakubovsky DI, Grudinin DV, Ermolaev GA, Voronin K, Svintsov DA, Vyshnevyy AA, Mironov MS, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS. Optical Nanoimaging of Surface Plasmon Polaritons Supported by Ultrathin Metal Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9461-9467. [PMID: 37811878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The physics of electrons, photons, and their plasmonic interactions change dramatically when one or more dimensions are reduced to atomic-level thicknesses. For example, graphene exhibits unique electrical, plasmonic, and optical properties. Likewise, atomic-thick metal films are expected to exhibit extraordinary quantum optical properties. Several methods of growing ultrathin metal films were demonstrated, but the quality of the obtained films was much worse compared to bulk films. In this work, we propose a new method of making ultrathin gold films that are close in their properties to bulk gold films. Excellent plasmonic properties are revealed by directly observing quasi-short- and quasi-long-range plasmons in such a film via scanning near-field optical microscopy. The results pave the way for the use of ultrathin gold films in flexible and transparent nanophotonics and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitriy V Grudinin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgy A Ermolaev
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirill Voronin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Dmitry A Svintsov
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 140829, Russia
| | - Andrey A Vyshnevyy
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mikhail S Mironov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aleksey V Arsenin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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3
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Indhu AR, Keerthana L, Dharmalingam G. Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications - an evaluation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:380-419. [PMID: 37025366 PMCID: PMC10071519 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The application of plasmonic nanoparticles is motivated by the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance. Owing to the tunability of optothermal properties and enhanced stability, these nanostructures show a wide range of applications in optical sensors, steam generation, water desalination, thermal energy storage, and biomedical applications such as photothermal (PT) therapy. The PT effect, that is, the conversion of absorbed light to heat by these particles, has led to thriving research regarding the utilization of plasmonic nanoparticles for a myriad of applications. The design of conventional nanomaterials for PT conversion has focussed predominantly on the manipulation of photon absorption through bandgap engineering, doping, incorporation, and modification of suitable matrix materials. Plasmonic nanomaterials offer an alternative and attractive approach in this regard, through the flexibility in the excitation of surface plasmons. Specific advantages are the considerable improved bandwidth of the absorption, a higher efficiency of photon absorption, facile tuning, as well as flexibility in the synthesis of plasmonic nanomaterials. This review of plasmonic PT (PPT) research begins with a theoretical discussion on the plasmonic properties of nanoparticles by means of the quasi-static approximation, Mie theory, Gans theory, generic simulations on common plasmonic material morphologies, and the evaluation processes of PT performance. Further, a variety of nanomaterials and material classes that have potential for PPT conversion are elucidated, such as plasmonic metals, bimetals, and metal-metal oxide nanocomposites. A detailed investigation of the essential, but often ignored, concept of thermal, chemical, and aggregation stability of nanoparticles is another part of this review. The challenges that remain, as well as prospective directions and chemistries, regarding nanomaterials for PT conversion are pondered on in the final section of the article, taking into account the specific requirements from different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Indhu
- Plasmonic Nanomaterials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore-641004, India
| | - L Keerthana
- Plasmonic Nanomaterials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore-641004, India
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4
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Rodríguez Echarri Á, Cox JD, Iyikanat F, García de Abajo FJ. Nonlinear plasmonic response in atomically thin metal films. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:4149-4159. [PMID: 36425323 PMCID: PMC9651024 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale nonlinear optics is limited by the inherently weak nonlinear response of conventional materials and the small light-matter interaction volumes available in nanostructures. Plasmonic excitations can alleviate these limitations through subwavelength light focusing, boosting optical near fields that drive the nonlinear response, but also suffering from large inelastic losses that are further aggravated by fabrication imperfections. Here, we theoretically explore the enhanced nonlinear response arising from extremely confined plasmon polaritons in few-atom-thick crystalline noble metal films. Our results are based on quantum-mechanical simulations of the nonlinear optical response in atomically thin metal films that incorporate crucial electronic band structure features associated with vertical quantum confinement, electron spill-out, and surface states. We predict an overall enhancement in plasmon-mediated nonlinear optical phenomena with decreasing film thickness, underscoring the importance of surface and electronic structure in the response of ultrathin metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel D. Cox
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Fadil Iyikanat
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Shi H, Zhu X, Zhang S, Wen G, Zheng M, Duan H. Plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features: new effects, fabrication and applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4349-4369. [PMID: 36133477 PMCID: PMC9417648 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons in metals promise many fascinating properties and applications in optics, sensing, photonics and nonlinear fields. Plasmonic nanostructures with extremely small features especially demonstrate amazing new effects as the feature sizes scale down to the sub-nanometer scale, such as quantum size effects, quantum tunneling, spill-out of electrons and nonlocal states etc. The unusual physical, optical and photo-electronic properties observed in metallic structures with extreme feature sizes enable their unique applications in electromagnetic field focusing, spectra enhancing, imaging, quantum photonics, etc. In this review, we focus on the new effects, fabrication and applications of plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features. For simplicity and consistency, we will focus our topic on the plasmonic metal nanostructures with feature sizes of sub-nanometers. Subsequently, we discussed four main and typical plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features, including: (1) ultra-sharp plasmonic metal nanotips; (2) ultra-thin plasmonic metal films; (3) ultra-small plasmonic metal particles and (4) ultra-small plasmonic metal nanogaps. Additionally, the corresponding fascinating new effects (quantum nonlinear, non-locality, quantum size effect and quantum tunneling), applications (spectral enhancement, high-order harmonic wave generation, sensing and terahertz wave detection) and reliable fabrication methods will also be discussed. We end the discussion with a brief summary and outlook of the main challenges and possible breakthroughs in the field. We hope our discussion can inspire the broader design, fabrication and application of plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small feature sizes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Shi
- Center for Research on Leading Technology of Special Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xupeng Zhu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Shi Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Guilin Wen
- Center for Research on Leading Technology of Special Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | | | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
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6
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Dias EJC, Yu R, García de Abajo FJ. Thermal manipulation of plasmons in atomically thin films. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:87. [PMID: 32435470 PMCID: PMC7235028 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale photothermal effects enable important applications in cancer therapy, imaging and catalysis. These effects also induce substantial changes in the optical response experienced by the probing light, thus suggesting their application in all-optical modulation. Here, we demonstrate the ability of graphene, thin metal films, and graphene/metal hybrid systems to undergo photothermal optical modulation with depths as large as >70% over a wide spectral range extending from the visible to the terahertz frequency domains. We envision the use of ultrafast pump laser pulses to raise the electron temperature of graphene during a picosecond timescale in which its mid-infrared plasmon resonances undergo dramatic shifts and broadenings, while visible and near-infrared plasmons in the neighboring metal films are severely attenuated by the presence of hot graphene electrons. Our study opens a promising avenue toward the active photothermal manipulation of the optical response in atomically thin materials with potential applications in ultrafast light modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. C. Dias
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Ullah Z, Witjaksono G, Nawi I, Tansu N, Irfan Khattak M, Junaid M. A Review on the Development of Tunable Graphene Nanoantennas for Terahertz Optoelectronic and Plasmonic Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1401. [PMID: 32143388 PMCID: PMC7085581 DOI: 10.3390/s20051401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional advancement has been made in the development of graphene optical nanoantennas. They are incorporated with optoelectronic devices for plasmonics application and have been an active research area across the globe. The interest in graphene plasmonic devices is driven by the different applications they have empowered, such as ultrafast nanodevices, photodetection, energy harvesting, biosensing, biomedical imaging and high-speed terahertz communications. In this article, the aim is to provide a detailed review of the essential explanation behind graphene nanoantennas experimental proofs for the developments of graphene-based plasmonics antennas, achieving enhanced light-matter interaction by exploiting graphene material conductivity and optical properties. First, the fundamental graphene nanoantennas and their tunable resonant behavior over THz frequencies are summarized. Furthermore, incorporating graphene-metal hybrid antennas with optoelectronic devices can prompt the acknowledgment of multi-platforms for photonics. More interestingly, various technical methods are critically studied for frequency tuning and active modulation of optical characteristics, through in situ modulations by applying an external electric field. Second, the various methods for radiation beam scanning and beam reconfigurability are discussed through reflectarray and leaky-wave graphene antennas. In particular, numerous graphene antenna photodetectors and graphene rectennas for energy harvesting are studied by giving a critical evaluation of antenna performances, enhanced photodetection, energy conversion efficiency and the significant problems that remain to be addressed. Finally, the potential developments in the synthesis of graphene material and technological methods involved in the fabrication of graphene-metal nanoantennas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaka Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Gunawan Witjaksono
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Illani Nawi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Nelson Tansu
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Muhammad Irfan Khattak
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Kohat campus, Kohat 26030, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
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8
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Ji Y, Yan Z, Tang C, Chen J, Gu P, Liu B, Liu Z. Efficient Optical Reflection Modulation by Coupling Interband Transition of Graphene to Magnetic Resonance in Metamaterials. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:391. [PMID: 31873823 PMCID: PMC6928171 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing powerful electromagnetic wave modulators is required for the advancement of optical communication technology. In this work, we study how to efficiently modulate the amplitude of electromagnetic waves in near-infrared region, by the interactions between the interband transition of graphene and the magnetic dipole resonance in metamaterials. The reflection spectra of metamaterials could be significantly reduced in the wavelength range below the interband transition, because the enhanced electromagnetic fields from the magnetic dipole resonance greatly increase the light absorption in graphene. The maximum modulation depth of reflection spectra can reach to about 40% near the resonance wavelength of magnetic dipole, for the interband transition to approach the magnetic dipole resonance, when an external voltage is applied to change the Fermi energy of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhendong Yan
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Center for Optics and Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Ping Gu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Zhengqi Liu
- College of Physics Communication and Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
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9
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Luo X, Cheng ZQ, Zhai X, Liu ZM, Li SQ, Liu JP, Wang LL, Lin Q, Zhou YH. A Tunable Dual-Band and Polarization-Insensitive Coherent Perfect Absorber Based on Double-Layers Graphene Hybrid Waveguide. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:337. [PMID: 31686268 PMCID: PMC6828872 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A suspended monolayer graphene has only about 2.3% absorption rate in visible and infrared band, which limits its optoelectronic applications. To significantly increase graphene's absorption efficiency, a tunable dual-band and polarization-insensitive coherent perfect absorber (CPA) is proposed in the mid-infrared regime, which contains the silicon array coupled in double-layers graphene waveguide. Based on the FDTD methods, dual-band perfect absorption peaks are achieved in 9611 nm and 9924 nm, respectively. Moreover, due to its center symmetric feature, the proposed absorber also demonstrates polarization-insensitive. Meanwhile, the coherent absorption peaks can be all-optically modulated by altering the relative phase between two reverse incident lights. Furthermore, by manipulating the Fermi energies of two graphene layers, two coherent absorption peaks can move over a wide spectrum range, and our designed CPA can also be changed from dual-band CPA to narrowband CPA. Thus, our results can find some potential applications in the field of developing nanophotonic devices with excellent performance working at the mid-infrared regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qiang Cheng
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Zhi-Min Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Liu
- College of Physics Science and Engineering Technology, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Abd El-Fattah ZM, Mkhitaryan V, Brede J, Fernández L, Li C, Guo Q, Ghosh A, Echarri AR, Naveh D, Xia F, Ortega JE, García de Abajo FJ. Plasmonics in Atomically Thin Crystalline Silver Films. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7771-7779. [PMID: 31188552 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction at the atomic scale rules fundamental phenomena such as photoemission and lasing while enabling basic everyday technologies, including photovoltaics and optical communications. In this context, plasmons, the collective electron oscillations in conducting materials, are important because they allow the manipulation of optical fields at the nanoscale. The advent of graphene and other two-dimensional crystals has pushed plasmons down to genuinely atomic dimensions, displaying appealing properties such as a large electrical tunability. However, plasmons in these materials are either too broad or lying at low frequencies, well below the technologically relevant near-infrared regime. Here, we demonstrate sharp near-infrared plasmons in lithographically patterned wafer-scale atomically thin silver crystalline films. Our measured optical spectra reveal narrow plasmons (quality factor of ∼4), further supported by a low sheet resistance comparable to bulk metal in few-atomic-layer silver films down to seven Ag(111) monolayers. Good crystal quality and plasmon narrowness are obtained despite the addition of a thin passivating dielectric, which renders our samples resilient to ambient conditions. The observation of spectrally sharp and strongly confined plasmons in atomically thin silver holds great potential for electro-optical modulation and optical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City, E-11884 Cairo , Egypt
| | - Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jens Brede
- Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4 , 20018 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Faculty of Engineering , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Alvaro Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4 , 20018 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I , Universidad del País Vasco , E-20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona , Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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11
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Song C, Wang J, Liu D, Hu ZD, Zhang F. Wavelength-sensitive PIT-like double-layer graphene-based metal-dielectric-metal waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:9770-9776. [PMID: 30462009 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.009770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wavelength-sensitive plasmonically induced transparency-like (PIT-like) device consisting of a double-layer graphene-based metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) waveguide is proposed. We initially investigate monolayer graphene sandwiched in the MDM waveguide and utilize the phase-matching equation to explain the reflected resonant wavelength of the transmission spectra. The PIT-like windows in the transmission spectra of double-layer graphene can be achieved by tuning the applied bias voltage on the graphene layer and the distance between the graphene layer and metal substrate. We can obtain the high-performance PIT-like devices with a flexible on-off-on effect. We use a finite element method to do all related simulations.
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Luo X, Zhai X, Wang L, Lin Q. Enhanced dual-band absorption of molybdenum disulfide using a plasmonic perfect absorber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11658-11666. [PMID: 29716084 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to remarkably enhance its absorption capability, a tunable dual-band MoS2-based perfect absorber inspired by metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metamaterial is proposed. By using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, dual-band perfect absorption peaks are realized in the visible light regime, and the absorptions of monolayer MoS2 are enhanced up to 57% and 80.5% at the peak wavelengths. By manipulating related structural parameters, the peak wavelengths of MoS2 absorption can be separately tuned in a wide wavelength range. Furthermore, the proposed absorber can tolerate a relatively wide range of incident angles and demonstrate polarization-dependence.
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13
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Flexibly tunable high-quality-factor induced transparency in plasmonic systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1558. [PMID: 29367609 PMCID: PMC5784153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality (Q) factor and tunability of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect in plasmonic systems are restrained by the intrinsic loss and weak adjustability of metals, limiting the performance of the devices including optical sensor and storage. Exploring new schemes to realize the high Q-factor and tunable EIT-like effect is particularly significant in plasmonic systems. Here, we present an ultrahigh Q-factor and flexibly tunable EIT-like response in a novel plasmonic system. The results illustrate that the induced transparency distinctly appears when surface plasmon polaritons excited on the metal satisfy the wavevector matching condition with the guided mode in the high-refractive index (HRI) layer. The Q factor of the EIT-like spectrum can exceed 2000, which is remarkable compared to that of other plasmonic systems such as plasmonic metamaterials and waveguides. The position and lineshape of EIT-like spectrum are strongly dependent on the geometrical parameters. An EIT pair is generated in the splitting absorption spectra, which can be easily controlled by adjusting the incident angle of light. Especially, we achieve the dynamical tunability of EIT-like spectrum by changing the Fermi level of graphene inserted in the system. Our results will open a new avenue toward the plasmonic sensing, spectral shaping and switching.
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Deng L, Wu Y, Zhang C, Hong W, Peng B, Zhu J, Li S. Manipulating of Different-Polarized Reflected Waves with Graphene-based Plasmonic Metasurfaces in Terahertz Regime. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10558. [PMID: 28874725 PMCID: PMC5585413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A graphene-based plasmonic metasurface which can independently control different polarized electromagnetic waves with reasonably small losses in terahertz regime is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. This metasurface is composed of graphene based elements. Owing to anisotropic plasmonic resonance of the graphene-based elements, the reflected phases and magnitudes of orthogonally polarized waves can be independently controlled by varying dimensions of the element. Four types of graphene-based plasmonic metasurfaces with different reflected phases distributions are synthesized and simulated, exhibiting diverse functions such as polarized beam splitting, beam deflection, and linear-to-circular polarization conversion. The simulation results demonstrate excellent performances as theoretical expectation. The proposed graphene-based plasmonic metasurface can be applied to realize extremely light-weight, ultra-compact, and high-performances electromagnetic structures for diverse terahertz applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongle Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box. 282, 100876, Beijing, China
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15
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Meng L, Yu R, Qiu M, García de Abajo FJ. Plasmonic Nano-Oven by Concatenation of Multishell Photothermal Enhancement. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7915-7924. [PMID: 28727409 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallodielectric multishell nanoparticles are capable of hosting collective plasmon oscillations distributed among different metallic layers, which result in large near-field enhancement at specific regions of the structure, where light absorption is maximized. We exploit this capability of multishell nanoparticles, combined with thermal boundary resistances and spatial tailoring of the optical near fields, to design plasmonic nano-ovens capable of achieving high temperatures at the core region using moderate illumination intensities. We find a large optical intensity enhancement of ∼104 over a relatively broad core region with a simple design consisting of three metal layers. This provides an unusual thermal environment, which together with the high pressures of ∼105 atm produced by concatenated curved layers holds great potential for exploring physical and chemical processes under extreme optical/thermal/pressure conditions in confined nanoscale spaces, while the outer surface of the nano-oven is close to ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Meng
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Legrand D, Le Cunff LO, Bruyant A, Salas-Montiel R, Liu Z, Tay BK, Maurer T, Bachelot R. Surface plasmons in suspended graphene: launching with in-plane gold nanoantenna and propagation properties. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17306-17321. [PMID: 28789223 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene physics and plasmonics are two fields which, once combined, promise a variety of exciting applications. One of those applications is the integration of active nano-optoelectronic devices in electronic systems, using the fact that plasmons in graphene are tunable, highly confined and weakly damped. A crucial challenge remains before achieving these active devices: finding a platform enabling a high propagation of Graphene Plasmons Polaritons (GPPs). Suspended graphene presenting ultrahigh electron mobility has given rise to increasing interest. We numerically studied the plasmonic properties of suspended graphene. We propose a hybrid configuration and a set of conditions to launch graphene plasmons via an in-plane gold nanoantenna, for micrometric propagation of surface plasmons in suspended graphene. Finally, we propose a realistic optoelectronic device based on the use of suspended graphene.
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17
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Yu S, Wu X, Wang Y, Guo X, Tong L. 2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28220971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their atomic layer thickness, strong light-material interaction, high nonlinearity, broadband optical response, fast relaxation, controllable optoelectronic properties, and high compatibility with other photonic structures, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus, have been attracting increasing attention for photonic applications. By tuning the carrier density via electrical or optical means that modifies their physical properties (e.g., Fermi level or nonlinear absorption), optical response of the 2D materials can be instantly changed, making them versatile nanostructures for optical modulation. Here, up-to-date 2D material-based optical modulation in three categories is reviewed: free-space, fiber-based, and on-chip configurations. By analysing cons and pros of different modulation approaches from material and mechanism aspects, the challenges faced by using these materials for device applications are presented. In addition, thermal effects (e.g., laser induced damage) in 2D materials, which are critical to practical applications, are also discussed. Finally, the outlook for future opportunities of these 2D materials for optical modulation is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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