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Sengottaiyan C, Hara M, Nagata H, Mitsuboshi H, Jeganathan C, Yoshimura M. Large-Area Synthesis and Fabrication of Few-Layer hBN/Monolayer RGO Heterostructures for Enhanced Contact Surface Potential. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26307-26315. [PMID: 38911715 PMCID: PMC11190914 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has a property similar to that of graphene, and it has become one of the most popular materials due to its flexible physical and chemical properties for a variety of applications, especially in nanoelectronics. Enhanced properties of hBN-based heterostructures are crucial for future electronic devices. In this work, a sheet-like hBN crystal was synthesized and transferred onto SiO2/Si substrate and reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/SiO2/Si substrate. Accordingly, the hBN and hBN/RGO films are investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The thickness of a single hBN layer is approximately 0.4 nm. A few layers of hBN stacked in large areas are mostly observed in both hBN and the hBN/RGO films. By using Kelvin probe force microscopy, it was found that the hBN/RGO heterostructure has a contact surface potential higher than that of the hBN layer. The large-scale synthesis and fabrication of hBN/RGO films could be extended to fabricate other van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanori Hara
- Toyota Technological Institute,
Tempaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagata
- Toyota Technological Institute,
Tempaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8511, Japan
| | - Hibiki Mitsuboshi
- Toyota Technological Institute,
Tempaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8511, Japan
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2
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Li Y, Zhang B. Moiré-of-Moiré phases formed in twisted graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures under high pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3548-3559. [PMID: 38214090 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The atomistic behavior and mechanical properties of twisted graphene/h-BN (T-GBN) heterostructures under hydrostatic high-pressure is investigated using density functional theory with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional. Systematic explorations of T-GBN heterostructures with different twist angles (9.43°, 13.17°, and 21.78° characterized by moiré patterns) reveal that stable phases, denoted as Moiré-BC2N (m-BC2N), are formed. Notably, the m-BC2N (21.78°) phase maintains perfect sp3 hybridization, even upon complete relaxation to zero pressure, and its mechanical stability is confirmed; comprehensive mechanical evaluations unveil the crystal anisotropic attributes, further highlighting its exceptionally high hardness. Specifically, m-BC2N (21.78°) demonstrates an impressive hardness of 74.7 GPa. Furthermore, electronic structure analysis of m-BC2N exhibits wide bandgaps (Eg), , comparable to diamond, while m-BC2N (9.43°) exhibits a lower bandgap, . This study sheds light on designing novel BCN ternary structures with outstanding mechanical properties under high pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, and College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, and College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China.
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3
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Shima K, Cheng TS, Mellor CJ, Beton PH, Elias C, Valvin P, Gil B, Cassabois G, Novikov SV, Chichibu SF. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride. Sci Rep 2024; 14:169. [PMID: 38167439 PMCID: PMC10762211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy is a suitable technique for studying the luminescent properties of optoelectronic materials because CL has no limitation on the excitable bandgap energy and eliminates ambiguous signals due to simple light scattering and resonant Raman scattering potentially involved in the photoluminescence spectra. However, direct CL measurements of atomically thin two-dimensional materials have been difficult due to the small excitation volume that interacts with high-energy electron beams. Herein, distinct CL signals from a monolayer hexagonal BN (hBN), namely mBN, epitaxial film grown on a graphite substrate are shown by using a CL system capable of large-area and surface-sensitive excitation. Spatially resolved CL spectra at 13 K exhibited a predominant 5.5-eV emission band, which has been ascribed to originate from multilayered aggregates of hBN, markedly at thicker areas formed on the step edges of the substrate. Conversely, a faint peak at 6.04 ± 0.01 eV was routinely observed from atomically flat areas, which is assigned as being due to the recombination of phonon-assisted direct excitons of mBN. The CL results support the transition from indirect bandgap in bulk hBN to direct bandgap in mBN. The results also encourage one to elucidate emission properties of other low-dimensional materials by using the present CL configuration.
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Grants
- Crossover Alliance to Create the Future with People, Intelligence, and Materials Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- Crossover Alliance to Create the Future with People, Intelligence, and Materials Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- EP/K040243/1 The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK
- EP/P019080/1 The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK
- EP/V05323X/1 The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shima
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Tin S Cheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher J Mellor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christine Elias
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Valvin
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Gil
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cassabois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Sergei V Novikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Shigefusa F Chichibu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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4
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Hadid J, Colambo I, Avila J, Plaud A, Boyaval C, Deresmes D, Nuns N, Dudin P, Loiseau A, Barjon J, Wallart X, Vignaud D. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of multilayer 2D-boron nitride on Ni substrates from borazine and plasma-activated nitrogen. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:035601. [PMID: 36228546 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac99e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
2D boron nitride (2D-BN) was synthesized by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy on polycrystalline and monocrystalline Ni substrates using gaseous borazine and active nitrogen generated by a remote plasma source. The excess of nitrogen atoms allows to overcome the thickness self-limitation active on Ni when using borazine alone. The nucleation density and the shape of the 2D-BN domains are clearly related to the Ni substrate preparation and to the growth parameters. Based on spatially-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and on the detection of the π plasmon peak, we discuss the origin of the N1s and B1s components and their relationship with an electronic coupling at the interface. After optimization of the growth parameters, a full 2D-BN coverage is obtained, although the material thickness is not evenly distributed. The 2D-BN presents a granular structure on (111) oriented Ni grains, showing a rather poor cristallographic quality. On the contrary, high quality 2D-BN is found on (101) and (001) Ni grains, where triangular islands are observed whose lateral size is limited to ∼20μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Hadid
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, JUNIA ISEN, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520-IEMN F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ivy Colambo
- Inst. Math. Sci. Phys., Univ. of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Jose Avila
- Synchrotron SOLEIL & Université Paris-Saclay, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Plaud
- Université Paris-Saclay,UVSQ, CNRS, Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis,F-78035 Versailles Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Microstructures (LEM), CNRS-ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, 29 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, F-92320 Chatillon, France
| | - Christophe Boyaval
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, JUNIA ISEN, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520-IEMN F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Deresmes
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, JUNIA ISEN, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520-IEMN F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. d'Artois, IMEC-Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pavel Dudin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL & Université Paris-Saclay, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Annick Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Microstructures (LEM), CNRS-ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, 29 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, F-92320 Chatillon, France
| | - Julien Barjon
- Université Paris-Saclay,UVSQ, CNRS, Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis,F-78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Wallart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, JUNIA ISEN, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520-IEMN F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Vignaud
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, JUNIA ISEN, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520-IEMN F-59000 Lille, France
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5
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Wang P, Lee W, Corbett JP, Koll WH, Vu NM, Laleyan DA, Wen Q, Wu Y, Pandey A, Gim J, Wang D, Qiu DY, Hovden R, Kira M, Heron JT, Gupta JA, Kioupakis E, Mi Z. Scalable Synthesis of Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Graphene with Giant Bandgap Renormalization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201387. [PMID: 35355349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been widely considered a fundamental building block for 2D heterostructures and devices. However, the controlled and scalable synthesis of hBN and its 2D heterostructures has remained a daunting challenge. Here, an hBN/graphene (hBN/G) interface-mediated growth process for the controlled synthesis of high-quality monolayer hBN is proposed and further demonstrated. It is discovered that the in-plane hBN/G interface can be precisely controlled, enabling the scalable epitaxy of unidirectional monolayer hBN on graphene, which exhibits a uniform moiré superlattice consistent with single-domain hBN, aligned to the underlying graphene lattice. Furthermore, it is identified that the deep-ultraviolet emission at 6.12 eV stems from the 1s-exciton state of monolayer hBN with a giant renormalized direct bandgap on graphene. This work provides a viable path for the controlled synthesis of ultraclean, wafer-scale, atomically ordered 2D quantum materials, as well as the fabrication of 2D quantum electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Woncheol Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joseph P Corbett
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- UES Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd, Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - William H Koll
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nguyen M Vu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David Arto Laleyan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Qiannan Wen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ayush Pandey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jiseok Gim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mackillo Kira
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John T Heron
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jay A Gupta
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emmanouil Kioupakis
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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6
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Bansal A, Hilse M, Huet B, Wang K, Kozhakhmetov A, Kim JH, Bachu S, Alem N, Collazo R, Robinson JA, Engel-Herbert R, Redwing JM. Substrate Modification during Chemical Vapor Deposition of hBN on Sapphire. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54516-54526. [PMID: 34748305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers grown by chemical vapor deposition on C-plane (0001) versus A-plane (112̅0) sapphire (α-Al2O3) substrate is reported. The high deposition temperature (>1200 °C) and hydrogen ambient used for hBN deposition on sapphire substantially alters the C-plane sapphire surface chemistry and leaves the top layer(s) oxygen deficient. The resulting surface morphology due to H2 etching of C-plane sapphire is inhomogeneous with increased surface roughness which causes non-uniform residual stress in the deposited hBN film. In contrast to C-plane, the A-plane of sapphire does not alter substantially under a similar high temperature H2 environment, thus providing a more stable alternative substrate for high quality hBN growth. The E2g Raman mode full width at half-maximum (FWHM) for hBN deposited on C-plane sapphire is 24.5 ± 2.1 cm-1 while for hBN on A-plane sapphire is 24.5 ± 0.7 cm-1. The lesser FWHM standard deviation on A-plane sapphire indicates uniform stress distribution across the film due to reduced undulations on the surface. The photoluminescence spectra of the hBN films at 300 and 3 K, obtained on C-plane and A-plane sapphire exhibit similar characteristics with peaks at 4.1 and 5.3 eV reported to be signature peaks associated with defects for hBN films deposited under lower V/III ratios. The dielectric breakdown field of hBN deposited on A-plane sapphire was measured to be 5 MV cm-1, agreeing well with reports on mechanically exfoliated hBN flakes. Thus, under the typical growth conditions required for high crystalline quality hBN growth, A-plane sapphire provides a more chemically stable substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Bansal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Maria Hilse
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Benjamin Huet
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Azimkhan Kozhakhmetov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saiphaneendra Bachu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nasim Alem
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ramon Collazo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Roman Engel-Herbert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium─Materials Innovation Platform, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Roy S, Zhang X, Puthirath AB, Meiyazhagan A, Bhattacharyya S, Rahman MM, Babu G, Susarla S, Saju SK, Tran MK, Sassi LM, Saadi MASR, Lai J, Sahin O, Sajadi SM, Dharmarajan B, Salpekar D, Chakingal N, Baburaj A, Shuai X, Adumbumkulath A, Miller KA, Gayle JM, Ajnsztajn A, Prasankumar T, Harikrishnan VVJ, Ojha V, Kannan H, Khater AZ, Zhu Z, Iyengar SA, Autreto PADS, Oliveira EF, Gao G, Birdwell AG, Neupane MR, Ivanov TG, Taha-Tijerina J, Yadav RM, Arepalli S, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM. Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101589. [PMID: 34561916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has emerged as a strong candidate for two-dimensional (2D) material owing to its exciting optoelectrical properties combined with mechanical robustness, thermal stability, and chemical inertness. Super-thin h-BN layers have gained significant attention from the scientific community for many applications, including nanoelectronics, photonics, biomedical, anti-corrosion, and catalysis, among others. This review provides a systematic elaboration of the structural, electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of h-BN followed by a comprehensive account of state-of-the-art synthesis strategies for 2D h-BN, including chemical exfoliation, chemical, and physical vapor deposition, and other methods that have been successfully developed in recent years. It further elaborates a wide variety of processing routes developed for doping, substitution, functionalization, and combination with other materials to form heterostructures. Based on the extraordinary properties and thermal-mechanical-chemical stability of 2D h-BN, various potential applications of these structures are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ashokkumar Meiyazhagan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sohini Bhattacharyya
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ganguli Babu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sreehari K Saju
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mai Kim Tran
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lucas M Sassi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - M A S R Saadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jiawei Lai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Onur Sahin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Dharmarajan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Devashish Salpekar
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Nithya Chakingal
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Abhijit Baburaj
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xinting Shuai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Aparna Adumbumkulath
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kristen A Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jessica M Gayle
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alec Ajnsztajn
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Thibeorchews Prasankumar
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Ved Ojha
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Harikishan Kannan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ali Zein Khater
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhenwei Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sathvik Ajay Iyengar
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pedro Alves da Silva Autreto
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001-Bangú, Santo André - SP, Santo André, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Fernando Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences (CCES), State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - A Glen Birdwell
- Combat Capabilities Development Command, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Mahesh R Neupane
- Combat Capabilities Development Command, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Tony G Ivanov
- Combat Capabilities Development Command, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Jaime Taha-Tijerina
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Engineering Department, Universidad de Monterrey, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza Garcí, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 66238, Mexico
- Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Ram Manohar Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, VSSD College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208002, India
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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8
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Gao Q, Luo K, Ling F, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Han Q, Zhu L, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Xu B, He J, Yu D. Structural Determination of a Graphite/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Superlattice Observed in the Experiment. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2598-2603. [PMID: 33497224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A previous study reported an observed unidentified graphite/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) superlattice structure in special multilayer heterojunction devices via cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy [Haigh S. J. et al., Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 764-767]. In this letter, we designed and confirmed two possible graphite/hBN superlattice structures (AA and Ab), which were probably the structures observed by the aforementioned experiment. The formation enthalpies of both structures were negative, indicating that they could be successfully synthesized as the previous experiment reported. The results also showed that both structures possessed dynamic stability and elastic stability. Importantly, the theoretical interlayer distances of AA and Ab were 3.34 and 3.30 Å, respectively, which were consistent with the experimental value of 3.32 Å. The X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of both structures were simulated to aid in distinguishing them. This study on the atomic structure of the graphite/hBN superlattice lays a foundation for further research and application of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Ling
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Phase Change Thermal Management of Data Center, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Quan Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyi Han
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
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9
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He Y, Tian H, Das P, Cui Z, Pena P, Chiang I, Shi W, Xu L, Li Y, Yang T, Isarraraz M, Ozkan CS, Ozkan M, Lake RK, Liu J. Growth of High-Quality Hexagonal Boron Nitride Single-Layer Films on Carburized Ni Substrates for Metal-Insulator-Metal Tunneling Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35318-35327. [PMID: 32635717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) plays a significant role in nanoscale electrical and optical devices because of its superior properties. However, the difficulties in the controllable growth of high-quality films hinder its applications. One of the crucial factors that influence the quality of the films obtained via epitaxy is the substrate property. Here, we report a study of 2D h-BN growth on carburized Ni substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. It was found that the carburization of Ni substrates with different surface orientations leads to different kinetics of h-BN growth. While the carburization of Ni(100) enhances the h-BN growth, the speed of the h-BN growth on carburized Ni(111) reduces. As-grown continuous single-layer h-BN films are used to fabricate Ni/h-BN/Ni metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices, which demonstrate a high breakdown electric field of 12.9 MV/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Protik Das
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zhenjun Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pedro Pena
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ivan Chiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wenhao Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Long Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tianchen Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Miguel Isarraraz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Cengiz S Ozkan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mihrimah Ozkan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Roger K Lake
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jianlin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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10
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Illarionov YY, Knobloch T, Jech M, Lanza M, Akinwande D, Vexler MI, Mueller T, Lemme MC, Fiori G, Schwierz F, Grasser T. Insulators for 2D nanoelectronics: the gap to bridge. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3385. [PMID: 32636377 PMCID: PMC7341854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoelectronic devices based on 2D materials are far from delivering their full theoretical performance potential due to the lack of scalable insulators. Amorphous oxides that work well in silicon technology have ill-defined interfaces with 2D materials and numerous defects, while 2D hexagonal boron nitride does not meet required dielectric specifications. The list of suitable alternative insulators is currently very limited. Thus, a radically different mindset with respect to suitable insulators for 2D technologies may be required. We review possible solution scenarios like the creation of clean interfaces, production of native oxides from 2D semiconductors and more intensive studies on crystalline insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Yu Illarionov
- Institute for Microelectronics (TU Wien), Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Polytechnicheskaya 26, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021.
| | - Theresia Knobloch
- Institute for Microelectronics (TU Wien), Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jech
- Institute for Microelectronics (TU Wien), Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Lanza
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nanoscience and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Building 910, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Deji Akinwande
- The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Rd. 160, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Mikhail I Vexler
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Polytechnicheskaya 26, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute for Photonics (TU Wien), Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max C Lemme
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gianluca Fiori
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Frank Schwierz
- Institute for Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Technical University Ilmenau, PF 100565, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Tibor Grasser
- Institute for Microelectronics (TU Wien), Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Heilmann M, Prikhodko AS, Hanke M, Sabelfeld A, Borgardt NI, Lopes JMJ. Influence of Proximity to Supporting Substrate on van der Waals Epitaxy of Atomically Thin Graphene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8897-8907. [PMID: 31971775 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combining graphene and the insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) into two-dimensional heterostructures is promising for novel, atomically thin electronic nanodevices. A heteroepitaxial growth, in which these materials are grown on top of each other, will be crucial for their scalable device integration. However, during this so-called van der Waals epitaxy, not only the atomically thin substrate itself must be considered but also the influences from the supporting substrate below it. Here, we report not only a substantial difference between the formation of h-BN on single- (SLG) and on bi-layer epitaxial graphene (BLG) on SiC, but also vice versa, that the van der Waals epitaxy of h-BN at growth temperatures well below 1000 °C affects the varying number of graphene layers differently. Our results clearly demonstrate that the additional graphene layer in BLG enhances the distance to the corrugated, carbon-rich interface of the supporting SiC substrate and thereby diminishes its influence on the van der Waals epitaxy, leading to a homogeneous formation of a smooth, atomically thin heterostructure, which will be required for a scalable device integration of 2D heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heilmann
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander S Prikhodko
- National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET) , Zelenograd 124498 , Moscow , Russia
| | - Michael Hanke
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander Sabelfeld
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Nikolai I Borgardt
- National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET) , Zelenograd 124498 , Moscow , Russia
| | - J Marcelo J Lopes
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
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12
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Mandelli D, Ouyang W, Urbakh M, Hod O. The Princess and the Nanoscale Pea: Long-Range Penetration of Surface Distortions into Layered Materials Stacks. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7603-7609. [PMID: 31276373 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of moiré out-of-plane distortions, formed at the heterogeneous interface of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), into the layered h-BN stack is investigated. For aligned contacts, the estimated characteristic penetration length of ∼4.7 nm suggests that even at the far surface of a ∼25 h-BN layer thick slab stacked atop the contact, a corrugation of ∼0.1 Å, well within experimental resolution, should still be clearly evident. The penetration length is found to strongly reduce with increasing misalignment angle of the graphene/h-BN junction, where the effect of thermal fluctuations conceals the moiré-induced corrugation in the bulk. These results can be rationalized by continuum elastic theory arguments for anisotropic media. Our findings, which are expected to generally apply for layered heterojunctions, may serve as a route to control the surface corrugation, adhesive properties, and tribological characteristics of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mandelli
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel
| | - Wengen Ouyang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801 , Israel
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13
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Elias C, Valvin P, Pelini T, Summerfield A, Mellor CJ, Cheng TS, Eaves L, Foxon CT, Beton PH, Novikov SV, Gil B, Cassabois G. Direct band-gap crossover in epitaxial monolayer boron nitride. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2639. [PMID: 31201328 PMCID: PMC6572751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride is a large band-gap insulating material which complements the electronic and optical properties of graphene and the transition metal dichalcogenides. However, the intrinsic optical properties of monolayer boron nitride remain largely unexplored. In particular, the theoretically expected crossover to a direct-gap in the limit of the single monolayer is presently not confirmed experimentally. Here, in contrast to the technique of exfoliating few-layer 2D hexagonal boron nitride, we exploit the scalable approach of high-temperature molecular beam epitaxy to grow high-quality monolayer boron nitride on graphite substrates. We combine deep-ultraviolet photoluminescence and reflectance spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy to reveal the presence of a direct gap of energy 6.1 eV in the single atomic layers, thus confirming a crossover to direct gap in the monolayer limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elias
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - P Valvin
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - T Pelini
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - A Summerfield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C J Mellor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T S Cheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - L Eaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C T Foxon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - P H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - S V Novikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - B Gil
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Cassabois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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14
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Laleyan DA, Mengle K, Zhao S, Wang Y, Kioupakis E, Mi Z. Effect of growth temperature on the structural and optical properties of few-layer hexagonal boron nitride by molecular beam epitaxy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:23031-23039. [PMID: 30184959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.023031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the epitaxy of few-layer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using a low growth rate and nitrogen-rich condition. It has been determined that under such conditions, the growth temperature is the factor having the most significant impact on the structural and optical quality of the material. When grown at temperatures <1000 °C, the h-BN film is polycrystalline, and defect-related photoluminescence (PL) emission dominates. Epitaxial domains of exceptional crystalline quality are obtained at elevated substrate temperatures of ~1300 °C, which exhibit strong band-edge PL emission at ~220 nm and negligible defect-related emission at room temperature. Our atomistic calculations reveal that, even though the gap of h-BN is indirect, it luminesces as strongly as direct-gap materials. Experimentally, the luminescence intensity of such a few-layer h-BN sample is measured to be two orders of magnitude stronger than that of a 4-µm thick commercially grown AlN template on sapphire, demonstrating the extraordinary potential of epitaxial h-BN for deep ultraviolet (UV) optoelectronics and quantum photonics.
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15
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Kerfoot J, Korolkov VV, Nizovtsev AS, Jones R, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Lesanovsky I, Olmos B, Besley NA, Besley E, Beton PH. Substrate-induced shifts and screening in the fluorescence spectra of supramolecular adsorbed organic monolayers. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:054701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5041418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Kerfoot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir V. Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton S. Nizovtsev
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentiev Avenue 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ryan Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Olmos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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16
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Crovetto A, Whelan PR, Wang R, Galbiati M, Hofmann S, Camilli L. Nondestructive Thickness Mapping of Wafer-Scale Hexagonal Boron Nitride Down to a Monolayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25804-25810. [PMID: 29979573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The availability of an accurate, nondestructive method for measuring thickness and continuity of two-dimensional (2D) materials with monolayer sensitivity over large areas is of pivotal importance for the development of new applications based on these materials. While simple optical contrast methods and electrical measurements are sufficient for the case of metallic and semiconducting 2D materials, the low optical contrast and high electrical resistivity of wide band gap dielectric 2D materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) hamper their characterization. In this work, we demonstrate a nondestructive method to quantitatively map the thickness and continuity of hBN monolayers and bilayers over large areas. The proposed method is based on acquisition and subsequent fitting of ellipsometry spectra of hBN on Si/SiO2 substrates. Once a proper optical model is developed, it becomes possible to identify and map the commonly observed polymer residuals from the transfer process and obtain submonolayer thickness sensitivity for the hBN film. With some assumptions on the optical functions of hBN, the thickness of an as-transferred hBN monolayer on SiO2 is measured as 4.1 Å ± 0.1 Å, whereas the thickness of an air-annealed hBN monolayer on SiO2 is measured as 2.5 Å ± 0.1 Å. We argue that the difference in the two measured values is due to the presence of a water layer trapped between the SiO2 surface and the hBN layer in the latter case. The procedure can be fully automated to wafer scale and extended to other 2D materials transferred onto any polished substrate, as long as their optical functions are approximately known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crovetto
- DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- SurfCat, Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Patrick Rebsdorf Whelan
- DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- DTU Fotonik , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads Building 343 , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads Building 345C , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Galbiati
- DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Luca Camilli
- DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) , Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads Building 345C , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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17
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Summerfield A, Kozikov A, Cheng TS, Davies A, Cho YJ, Khlobystov AN, Mellor CJ, Foxon CT, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Eaves L, Novoselov KS, Novikov SV, Beton PH. Moiré-Modulated Conductance of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Tunnel Barriers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4241-4246. [PMID: 29913062 PMCID: PMC6095635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) tunnel barriers investigated using conductive atomic force microscopy reveal moiré patterns in the spatial maps of their tunnel conductance consistent with the formation of a moiré superlattice between the hBN and an underlying highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. This variation is attributed to a periodc modulation of the local density of states and occurs for both exfoliated hBN barriers and epitaxially grown layers. The epitaxial barriers also exhibit enhanced conductance at localized subnanometer regions which are attributed to exposure of the substrate to a nitrogen plasma source during the high temperature growth process. Our results show clearly a spatial periodicity of tunnel current due to the formation of a moiré superlattice and we argue that this can provide a mechanism for elastic scattering of charge carriers for similar interfaces embedded in graphene/hBN resonant tunnel diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Summerfield
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksey Kozikov
- School of Physics and
Astronomy and National Graphene Institute, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Tin S. Cheng
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Davies
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Nottingham Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Jin Cho
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry and Nottingham Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Mellor
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - C. Thomas Foxon
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Laurence Eaves
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and
Astronomy and National Graphene Institute, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei V. Novikov
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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18
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Cheng TS, Summerfield A, Mellor CJ, Khlobystov AN, Eaves L, Foxon CT, Beton PH, Novikov SV. High-Temperature Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Hexagonal Boron Nitride with High Active Nitrogen Fluxes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1119. [PMID: 29966333 PMCID: PMC6073546 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has attracted a great deal of attention as a key component in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, and as a wide band gap material for deep-ultraviolet devices. We have recently demonstrated plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) of hBN layers on substrates of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at high substrate temperatures of ~1400 °C. The current paper will present data on the high-temperature PA-MBE growth of hBN layers using a high-efficiency radio-frequency (RF) nitrogen plasma source. Despite more than a three-fold increase in nitrogen flux with this new source, we saw no significant increase in the growth rates of the hBN layers, indicating that the growth rate of hBN layers is controlled by the boron arrival rate. The hBN thickness increases to 90 nm with decrease in the growth temperature to 1080 °C. However, the decrease in the MBE temperature led to a deterioration in the optical properties of the hBN. The optical absorption data indicates that an increase in the active nitrogen flux during the PA-MBE process improves the optical properties of hBN and suppresses defect related optical absorption in the energy range 5.0⁻5.5 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin S Cheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Alex Summerfield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Christopher J Mellor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | - Laurence Eaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - C Thomas Foxon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Sergei V Novikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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19
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Tian H, Khanaki A, Das P, Zheng R, Cui Z, He Y, Shi W, Xu Z, Lake R, Liu J. Role of Carbon Interstitials in Transition Metal Substrates on Controllable Synthesis of High-Quality Large-Area Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3352-3361. [PMID: 29727192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and controllable synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers is highly desirable for their applications as 2D dielectric and wide bandgap semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate that the dissolution of carbon into cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) substrates can facilitate the growth of h-BN and attain large-area 2D homogeneity. The morphology of the h-BN film can be controlled from 2D layer-plus-3D islands to homogeneous 2D few-layers by tuning the carbon interstitial concentration in the Co substrate through a carburization process prior to the h-BN growth step. Comprehensive characterizations were performed to evaluate structural, electrical, optical, and dielectric properties of these samples. Single-crystal h-BN flakes with an edge length of ∼600 μm were demonstrated on carburized Ni. An average breakdown electric field of 9 MV/cm was achieved for an as-grown continuous 3-layer h-BN on carburized Co. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the interstitial carbon atoms can increase the adsorption energy of B and N atoms on the Co(111) surface and decrease the diffusion activation energy and, in turn, promote the nucleation and growth of 2D h-BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Alireza Khanaki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Protik Das
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Renjing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zhenjun Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Yanwei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Wenhao Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zhongguang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Roger Lake
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jianlin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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20
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Rigosi AF, Hill HM, Glavin NR, Pookpanratana SJ, Yang Y, Boosalis AG, Hu J, Rice A, Allerman AA, Nguyen NV, Hacker CA, Elmquist RE, Hight Walker AR, Newell DB. Measuring the dielectric and optical response of millimeter-scale amorphous and hexagonal boron nitride films grown on epitaxial graphene. 2D MATERIALS 2018; 5:011011. [PMID: 29545949 PMCID: PMC5846627 DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/aa9ea3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer epitaxial graphene (EG), grown on the Si face of SiC, is an advantageous material for a variety of electronic and optical applications. EG forms as a single crystal over millimeter-scale areas and consequently, the large scale single crystal can be utilized as a template for growth of other materials. In this work, we present the use of EG as a template to form millimeter-scale amorphous and hexagonal boron nitride (a-BN and h-BN) films. The a-BN is formed with pulsed laser deposition and the h-BN is grown with triethylboron (TEB) and NH3 precursors, making it the first metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process of this growth type performed on epitaxial graphene. A variety of optical and non-optical characterization methods are used to determine the optical absorption and dielectric functions of the EG, a-BN, and h-BN within the energy range of 1 eV to 8.5 eV. Furthermore, we report the first ellipsometric observation of high-energy resonant excitons in EG from the 4H polytype of SiC and an analysis on the interactions within the EG and h-BN heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert F. Rigosi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Heather M. Hill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | | | - Yanfei Yang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | | | - Jiuning Hu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Anthony Rice
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States
| | | | - Nhan V. Nguyen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Christina A. Hacker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Randolph E. Elmquist
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Angela R. Hight Walker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - David B. Newell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
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21
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Siegel G, Ciobanu CV, Narayanan B, Snure M, Badescu SC. Heterogeneous Pyrolysis: A Route for Epitaxial Growth of hBN Atomic Layers on Copper Using Separate Boron and Nitrogen Precursors. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2404-2413. [PMID: 28287745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of hBN on metal substrates is often performed via chemical vapor deposition from a single precursor (e.g., borazine) and results in hBN monolayers limited by the substrates catalyzing effect. Departing from this paradigm, we demonstrate close control over the growth of mono-, bi-, and trilayers of hBN on copper using triethylborane and ammonia as independent sources of boron and nitrogen. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and reactive force field molecular dynamics, we show that the key factor enabling the growth beyond the first layer is the activation of ammonia through heterogeneous pyrolysis with boron-based radicals at the surface. The hBN layers grown are in registry with each other and assume a perfect or near perfect epitaxial relation with the substrate. From atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization, we observe a moiré superstructure in the first hBN layer with an apparent height modulation and lateral periodicity of ∼10 nm. While this is unexpected given that the moiré pattern of hBN/Cu(111) does not have a significant morphological corrugation, our DFT calculations reveal a spatially modulated interface dipole layer which determines the unusual AFM response. These findings have improved our understanding of the mechanisms involved in growth of hBN and may help generate new growth methods for applications in which control over the number of layers and their alignment is crucial (such as tunneling barriers, ultrathin capacitors, and graphene-based devices).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Siegel
- KBRwyle, 2601 Mission Point Blvd., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Cristian V Ciobanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Badri Narayanan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael Snure
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Stefan C Badescu
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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