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Chao YS, Yang YW, Sheue CR, Lai IL. Niche and phenotypic differentiation in fern hybrid speciation, a case study of Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:71-84. [PMID: 38470192 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Niche differentiation is a crucial issue in speciation. Although it has a well-known role in adaptive processes of hybrid angiosperms, it is less understood in hybrid ferns. Here, we investigate whether an intermediate ecological niche of a fern hybrid is a novel adaptation that provides insights into fern hybrid speciation. METHODS Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae) is a natural hybrid fern, occurring in environments between its parent species. The maternal Pteris minor is found in sunny areas, but the habitat of the paternal Pteris latipinna is shady. We combined data from morphology, leaf anatomy and photosynthetic traits to explore adaptation and differentiation, along with measuring the environmental features of their niches. We also performed experiments in a common garden to understand ecological plasticity. KEY RESULTS The hybrid P. fauriei was intermediate between the parent species in stomatal density, leaf anatomical features and photosynthetic characteristics in both natural habitats and a common garden. Interestingly, the maternal P. minor showed significant environmental plasticity and was more similar to the hybrid P. fauriei in the common garden, suggesting that the maternal species experiences stress in its natural habitats but thrives in environments similar to those of the hybrid. CONCLUSIONS Based on the similar niche preferences of the hybrid and parents, we propose hybrid superiority. Our results indicate that the hybrid P. fauriei exhibits greater fitness and can compete with and occupy the initial niches of the maternal P. minor. Consequently, we suggest that the maternal P. minor has experienced a niche shift, elucidating the pattern of niche differentiation in this hybrid group. These findings offer a potential explanation for the frequent occurrence of hybridization in ferns and provide new insights into fern hybrid speciation, enhancing our understanding of fern diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Chao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wei Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Rong Sheue
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Global Change Biology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Sinaga P, Klichowska E, Nowak A, Nobis M. Hybridization and introgression events in cooccurring populations of closely related grasses (Poaceae: Stipa) in high mountain steppes of Central Asia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298760. [PMID: 38412151 PMCID: PMC10898772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stipa is a genus comprising ca. 150 species found in warm temperate regions of the Old World and around 30% of its representatives are of hybrid origin. In this study, using integrative taxonomy approach, we tested the hypothesis that hybridization and introgression are the explanations of the morphological intermediacy in species belonging to Stipa sect. Smirnovia, one of the species-rich sections in the mountains of Central Asia. Two novel nothospecies, S. magnifica × S. caucasica subsp. nikolai and S. lingua × S. caucasica subsp. nikolai, were identified based on a combination of morphological characters and SNPs markers. SNPs marker revealed that all S. lingua × S. caucasica samples were F1 hybrids, whereas most of S. magnifica × S. caucasica samples were backcross hybrids. Furthermore, the above mentioned hybrids exhibit transgressive morphological characters to each of their parental species. These findings have implications for understanding the process of hybridization in the genus Stipa, particularly in the sect. Smirnovia. As a taxonomic conclusion, we describe the two new nothospecies S. × muksuensis (from Tajikistan) and S. × ochyrae (from Kyrgyzstan) and present an identification key to species morphologically similar to the taxa mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patar Sinaga
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Klichowska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Warszawa, Poland
- Botanical Garden of the Wrocław University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Xiang X, Zhou X, Zi H, Wei H, Cao D, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Hu J. Populus cathayana genome and population resequencing provide insights into its evolution and adaptation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad255. [PMID: 38274646 PMCID: PMC10809908 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Populus cathayana Rehder, an indigenous poplar species of ecological and economic importance, is widely distributed in a high-elevation range from southwest to northeast China. Further development of this species as a sustainable poplar resource has been hindered by a lack of genome information the at the population level. Here, we produced a chromosome-level genome assembly of P. cathayana, covering 406.55 Mb (scaffold N50 = 20.86 Mb) and consisting of 19 chromosomes, with 35 977 protein-coding genes. Subsequently, we made a genomic variation atlas of 438 wild individuals covering 36 representative geographic areas of P. cathayana, which were divided into four geographic groups. It was inferred that the Northwest China regions served as the genetic diversity centers and a population bottleneck happened during the history of P. cathayana. By genotype-environment association analysis, 947 environment-association loci were significantly associated with temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, and altitude variables. We identified local adaptation genes involved in DNA repair and UV radiation response, among which UVR8, HY5, and CUL4 had key roles in high-altitude adaptation of P. cathayana. Predictions of adaptive potential under future climate conditions showed that P. cathayana populations in areas with drastic climate change were anticipated to have greater maladaptation risk. These results provide comprehensive insights for understanding wild poplar evolution and optimizing adaptive potential in molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xinglu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hantian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Demei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Folk RA, Gaynor ML, Engle-Wrye NJ, O’Meara BC, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Guralnick RP, Smith SA, Grady CJ, Okuyama Y. Identifying Climatic Drivers of Hybridization with a New Ancestral Niche Reconstruction Method. Syst Biol 2023; 72:856-873. [PMID: 37073863 PMCID: PMC10405357 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of molecular phylogenetic approaches have uncovered evidence of hybridization across numerous clades of life, yet the environmental factors responsible for driving opportunities for hybridization remain obscure. Verbal models implicating geographic range shifts that brought species together during the Pleistocene have often been invoked, but quantitative tests using paleoclimatic data are needed to validate these models. Here, we produce a phylogeny for Heuchereae, a clade of 15 genera and 83 species in Saxifragaceae, with complete sampling of recognized species, using 277 nuclear loci and nearly complete chloroplast genomes. We then employ an improved framework with a coalescent simulation approach to test and confirm previous hybridization hypotheses and identify one new intergeneric hybridization event. Focusing on the North American distribution of Heuchereae, we introduce and implement a newly developed approach to reconstruct potential past distributions for ancestral lineages across all species in the clade and across a paleoclimatic record extending from the late Pliocene. Time calibration based on both nuclear and chloroplast trees recovers a mid- to late-Pleistocene date for most inferred hybridization events, a timeframe concomitant with repeated geographic range restriction into overlapping refugia. Our results indicate an important role for past episodes of climate change, and the contrasting responses of species with differing ecological strategies, in generating novel patterns of range contact among plant communities and therefore new opportunities for hybridization. The new ancestral niche method flexibly models the shape of niche while incorporating diverse sources of uncertainty and will be an important addition to the current comparative methods toolkit. [Ancestral niche reconstruction; hybridization; paleoclimate; pleistocene.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Michelle L Gaynor
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Engle-Wrye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brian C O’Meara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles J Grady
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yang LH, Shi XZ, Wen F, Kang M. Phylogenomics reveals widespread hybridization and polyploidization in Henckelia (Gesneriaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:953-966. [PMID: 37177810 PMCID: PMC10332401 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hybridization has long been recognized as an important process for plant evolution and is often accompanied by polyploidization, another prominent force in generating biodiversity. Despite its pivotal importance in evolution, the actual prevalence and distribution of hybridization across the tree of life remain unclear. METHODS We used whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing and cytological data to investigate the evolutionary history of Henckelia, a large genus in the family Gesneriaceae with a high frequency of suspected hybridization and polyploidization events. We generated WGS sequencing data at about 10× coverage for 26 Chinese Henckelia species plus one Sri Lankan species. To untangle the hybridization history, we separately extracted whole plastomes and thousands of single-copy nuclear genes from the sequencing data, and reconstructed phylogenies based on both nuclear and plastid data. We also explored sources of both genealogical and cytonuclear conflicts and identified signals of hybridization and introgression within our phylogenomic dataset using several statistical methods. Additionally, to test the polyploidization history, we evaluated chromosome counts for 45 populations of the 27 Henckelia species studied. KEY RESULTS We obtained well-supported phylogenetic relationships using both concatenation- and coalescent-based methods. However, the nuclear phylogenies were highly inconsistent with the plastid phylogeny, and we observed intensive discordance among nuclear gene trees. Further analyses suggested that both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow contributed to the observed cytonuclear and genealogical discordance. Our analyses of introgression and phylogenetic networks revealed a complex history of hybridization within the genus Henckelia. In addition, based on chromosome counts for 27 Henckelia species, we found independent polyploidization events occurred within Henckelia after different hybridization events. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that hybridization and polyploidization are common in Henckelia. Furthermore, our results revealed that H. oblongifolia is not a member of the redefined Henckelia and they suggested several other taxonomic treatments in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xi-Zuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Gesneriad Conservation Center of China, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
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6
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Stull GW, Pham KK, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Deep reticulation: the long legacy of hybridization in vascular plant evolution. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:743-766. [PMID: 36775995 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization has long been recognized as a fundamental evolutionary process in plants but, until recently, our understanding of its phylogenetic distribution and biological significance across deep evolutionary scales has been largely obscure. Over the past decade, genomic and phylogenomic datasets have revealed, perhaps not surprisingly, that hybridization, often associated with polyploidy, has been common throughout the evolutionary history of plants, particularly in various lineages of flowering plants. However, phylogenomic studies have also highlighted the challenges of disentangling signals of ancient hybridization from other sources of genomic conflict (in particular, incomplete lineage sorting). Here, we provide a critical review of ancient hybridization in vascular plants, outlining well-documented cases of ancient hybridization across plant phylogeny, as well as the challenges unique to documenting ancient versus recent hybridization. We provide a definition for ancient hybridization, which, to our knowledge, has not been explicitly attempted before. Further documenting the extent of deep reticulation in plants should remain an important research focus, especially because published examples likely represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of the total extent of ancient hybridization. However, future research should increasingly explore the macroevolutionary significance of this process, in terms of its impact on evolutionary trajectories (e.g. how does hybridization influence trait evolution or the generation of biodiversity over long time scales?), as well as how life history and ecological factors shape, or have shaped, the frequency of hybridization across geologic time and plant phylogeny. Finally, we consider the implications of ubiquitous ancient hybridization for how we conceptualize, analyze, and classify plant phylogeny. Networks, as opposed to bifurcating trees, represent more accurate representations of evolutionary history in many cases, although our ability to infer, visualize, and use networks for comparative analyses is highly limited. Developing improved methods for the generation, visualization, and use of networks represents a critical future direction for plant biology. Current classification systems also do not generally allow for the recognition of reticulate lineages, and our classifications themselves are largely based on evidence from the chloroplast genome. Updating plant classification to better reflect nuclear phylogenies, as well as considering whether and how to recognize hybridization in classification systems, will represent an important challenge for the plant systematics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Stull
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Kasey K Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Cardoni S, Piredda R, Denk T, Grimm GW, Papageorgiou AC, Schulze E, Scoppola A, Salehi Shanjani P, Suyama Y, Tomaru N, Worth JRP, Cosimo Simeone M. 5S-IGS rDNA in wind-pollinated trees (Fagus L.) encapsulates 55 million years of reticulate evolution and hybrid origins of modern species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:909-926. [PMID: 34808015 PMCID: PMC9299691 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Standard models of plant speciation assume strictly dichotomous genealogies in which a species, the ancestor, is replaced by two offspring species. The reality in wind-pollinated trees with long evolutionary histories is more complex: species evolve from other species through isolation when genetic drift exceeds gene flow; lineage mixing can give rise to new species (hybrid taxa such as nothospecies and allopolyploids). The multi-copy, potentially multi-locus 5S rDNA is one of few gene regions conserving signal from dichotomous and reticulate evolutionary processes down to the level of intra-genomic recombination. Therefore, it can provide unique insights into the dynamic speciation processes of lineages that diversified tens of millions of years ago. Here, we provide the first high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 5S intergenic spacers (5S-IGS) for a lineage of wind-pollinated subtropical to temperate trees, the Fagus crenata - F. sylvatica s.l. lineage, and its distant relative F. japonica. The observed 4963 unique 5S-IGS variants reflect a complex history of hybrid origins, lineage sorting, mixing via secondary gene flow, and intra-genomic competition between two or more paralogous-homoeologous 5S rDNA lineages. We show that modern species are genetic mosaics and represent a striking case of ongoing reticulate evolution during the past 55 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cardoni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE)Università degli studi della TusciaViterbo01100Italy
| | - Roberta Piredda
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’Valenzano70010Italy
| | - Thomas Denk
- Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholm10405Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anna Scoppola
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE)Università degli studi della TusciaViterbo01100Italy
| | - Parvin Salehi Shanjani
- Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and RangelandsAgricultural Research, Education and Extension OrganizationTehranIran
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversityOsakiMiyagi989‐6711Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tomaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichi464‐8601Japan
| | - James R. P. Worth
- Ecological Genetics LaboratoryForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Marco Cosimo Simeone
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE)Università degli studi della TusciaViterbo01100Italy
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Genesis, Evolution, and Genetic Diversity of the Hexaploid, Narrow Endemic Centaurea tentudaica. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Within the genus Centaurea L., polyploidy is very common, and it is believed that, as to all angiosperms, it was key in the history of its diversification and evolution. Centaurea tentudaica is a hexaploid from subsect. Chamaecyanus of unknown origin. In this study, we examined the possible autopolyploid or allopolyploid origin using allozymes and sequences of three molecular markers: nuclear-ribosomic region ETS, and low-copy genes AGT1 and PgiC. We also included three species geographically and morphologically close to C. tentudaica: C. amblensis, C. galianoi, and C. ornata. Neighbor-Net and Bayesian analyses show a close relationship between C. amblensis and C. tentudaica and no relationship to any of the other species, which suggest that C. tentudaica is an autopolyploid of C. amblensis. Allozyme banding pattern also supports the autopolyploidy hypothesis and shows high levels of genetic diversity in the polyploid, which could suggest multiple origins by recurrent crosses of tetraploid and diploid cytotypes of C. amblensis. Environmental niche modeling was used to analyze the distribution of the possible parental species during the present, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Last Interglacial Period (LIG), and Penultimate Glacial Maximum (PGM) environmental conditions. Supporting the molecular suggestions that C. tentudaica originated from C. amblensis, environmental niche modeling confirms that past distribution of C. amblensis overlapped with the distribution of C. tentudaica.
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Folk RA, Siniscalchi CM, Soltis DE. Angiosperms at the edge: Extremity, diversity, and phylogeny. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2871-2893. [PMID: 32926444 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of flowering plants is their ability to invade some of the most extreme and dynamic habitats, including cold and dry biomes, to a far greater extent than other land plants. Recent work has provided insight to the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary mechanisms which have enabled this success, yet needed is a synthesis of evolutionary perspectives with plant physiological traits, morphology, and genomic diversity. Linking these disparate components will not only lead to better understand the evolutionary parallelism and diversification of plants with these two strategies, but also to provide the framework needed for directing future research. We summarize the primary physiological and structural traits involved in response to cold- and drought stress, outline the phylogenetic distribution of these adaptations, and describe the recurring association of these changes with rapid diversification events that occurred in multiple lineages over the past 15 million years. Across these threefold facets of dry-cold correlation (traits, phylogeny, and time) we stress the contrast between (a) the amazing diversity of solutions flowering plants have developed in the face of extreme environments and (b) a broad correlation between cold and dry adaptations that in some cases may hint at deep common origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carolina M Siniscalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Muniz AC, Lemos-Filho JP, Souza HA, Marinho RC, Buzatti RS, Heuertz M, Lovato MB. The protected tree Dimorphandra wilsonii (Fabaceae) is a population of inter-specific hybrids: recommendations for conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado/Atlantic Forest ecotone. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:191-203. [PMID: 32277237 PMCID: PMC7304468 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Dimorphandra wilsonii Rizzini, a critically endangered and protected tree, has a restricted distribution in the ecotone between the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil. In this area, it co-occurs with D. mollis Benth., a common tree from the Cerrado, and D. exaltata Schott., a rare tree from the Atlantic Forest. Previous studies of D. wilsonii indicated heterozygosity excess at the individual level. Field observation of some intermediate phenotypes between D. wilsonii and both congeners suggests hybridization of D. wilsonii with D. mollis and/or D. exaltata. Here, we tested the hypothesis that D. wilsonii may have originated from hybridization between D. exaltata and D. mollis. We also performed cytogenetic analysis to examine if the heterozygosity excess could be explained by polyploidy in D. wilsonii. METHODS We evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of D. wilsonii using 11 nuclear simple sequence repeats (SSRs) genotyped in 152 individuals sampled across the taxon's range. We performed comparative genetic analyses using overlapping SSR markers between D. wilsonii and previously published SSR data in D. mollis and D. exaltata to subsequently perform a series of allelic comparisons, multivariate and Bayesian analysis. KEY RESULTS Our results suggest that D. wilsonii individuals are most likely to correspond to F1 hybrids between D. exaltata and D. mollis. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that D. wilsonii is diploid with the same chromosome number as D. mollis (2n = 2x = 28). CONCLUSIONS Our study raises questions about the taxonomic status and the evolutionary future of D. wilsonii. We suggest that the conservation and management strategy for D. wilsonii should be revised and that it should take into account both parental Dimorphandra species in the ecotone, with special emphasis on the threatened D. exaltata. Finally, this study highlights the value of genetic information for the design of conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Carneiro Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Pires Lemos-Filho
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helena Augusta Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Santiago Buzatti
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bernadete Lovato
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Tomczyk PP, Kiedrzyński M, Jedrzejczyk I, Rewers M, Wasowicz P. The transferability of microsatellite loci from a homoploid to a polyploid hybrid complex: an example from fine-leaved Festuca species ( Poaceae). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9227. [PMID: 32547868 PMCID: PMC7271882 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite loci, or single sequence repeats (SSR), are widely used as powerful markers in population genetics. They represent an attractive tool for studying plants such as grasses, whose evolution is driven by hybridisation and polyploidization. However, the development of microsatellite markers has been challenging and time-consuming, especially for non-model organisms lacking available genome-wide sequence data. One straightforward and low-cost approach is to transfer the SSR loci developed for one species, or complex, to another closely-related one. This work evaluates the transferability of microsatellite loci from homoploid to allopolyploid complexes of fine-leaved Festuca species and to assess their use in two new species. The studied complex (F. amethystina-F. tatrae) is a useful model for research on the local adaptability of grasses with different ploidy levels. Since both species can be considered as rare or threatened (F. tatrae-as a mountain and narrow endemic species and F. amethystina-a mountain species with relict lowland populations), any tool enabling studies on genetic diversity and population genetics, such as SSR markers, could also be very useful in a conservation context. Methods The ploidy level within populations was estimated using flow cytometry. One diploid and one tetraploid population of F. amethystina and a diploid population of F. tatrae were chosen to test the transferability of SSR loci. Because our work describes the transfer of SSR nuclear markers designed originally for F. gautieri, a phylogenetic tree was prepared based on the ITS marker to assess the genetic distance between the studied complexes. The PCR products were separated on a high-resolution agarose gel, intended for SSR marker analysis. Appropriate solutions for the allotetraploid population and whole mixed-ploidy complex were implemented. Results Flow cytometry confirmed earlier data regarding DNA content in the investigated species and cytotypes. The phylogenetic ITS tree indicated a small genetic distance between F. gautieri complexes and the studied species. Ten microsatellite markers were successfully transferred. All markers were polymorphic. In total, 163 different alleles were scored from the 10 SSR loci. PCoA of accessions revealed well-separated groups corresponding to studied populations. Over 60% of the total variance is explained by differentiation within populations and one third among them. Conclusions The transferred markers are valid tools for the study of population genetics and inheritance relationships within cytotypes and species and between them. The presented markers can be used to study inbreeding depression in the Festuca species, and variations in the degrees of genetic diversity between different cytotypes in mountain and lowland areas. Our findings can also be applied to study conservation strategies for ensuring biodiversity at the genetic level in polyploid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław P Tomczyk
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kiedrzyński
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Jedrzejczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Rewers
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Pawel Wasowicz
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri, Iceland
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12
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Arteaga MC, Bello-Bedoy R, Gasca-Pineda J. Hybridization Between Yuccas From Baja California: Genomic and Environmental Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32733491 PMCID: PMC7358647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization can occur when two geographically isolated species are reproductively compatible and have come into sympatry due to range shifts. Yucca and yucca moths exhibit obligate pollination mutualism; yucca moths are responsible for the gene flow mediated by pollen among yucca populations. In the Baja California Peninsula, there are two yucca sister species, Y. capensis and Y. valida, that have coevolved with the same pollinator, Tegeticula baja. Both yucca species are endemic to the peninsula, and their current distributions are allopatric. Based on their morphological characteristics, it has been suggested that some plants growing in the southern part of the Magdalena flatland, a spatially disjunct part of Yucca valida's range, have hybrid origins. We conducted genomic and climatic analyses of the two yucca species as well as the putative hybrid populations. We genotyped 3,423 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 120 individuals sampled from 35 localities. We applied Bayesian tests and geographic cline analyses to the genomic data. Using climatic information from the occurrence sites, we projected species distribution models in different periods to assess changes in the distributional range, and we performed a statistical test to define the niche divergence between the paternal species and the putative hybrid populations. Structure analysis revealed mixed ancestry in the genome of hybrid populations, and the Bayesian models supported a scenario of post-divergence gene flow between the yucca species. Our species distribution models reveal that the geographical ranges of the parental species overlapped mainly during the Last Glacial Maximum, which could facilitate genetic admixture between those species. Finally, we found that most of the assessed environmental axes between the parents and hybrid populations are divergent, indicating that the climatic niche of the hybrid populations is shifting from that of the populations' progenitors. Our results show that the populations in the southern part of the Magdalena flatland are the result of combination of the genetic components of two species. Hybrid individuals with this novel genomic combination arose in a different habitat than their parental species, and they exhibit ecological divergence, which contributes to reproductive isolation through spatial and temporal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Arteaga
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Rafael Bello-Bedoy
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
- Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Masello JF, Quillfeldt P, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Alderman R, Calderón L, Cherel Y, Cole TL, Cuthbert RJ, Marin M, Massaro M, Navarro J, Phillips RA, Ryan PG, Shepherd LD, Suazo CG, Weimerskirch H, Moodley Y. Additive Traits Lead to Feeding Advantage and Reproductive Isolation, Promoting Homoploid Hybrid Speciation. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1671-1685. [PMID: 31028398 PMCID: PMC6657733 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation through homoploid hybridization (HHS) is considered extremely rare in animals. This is mainly because the establishment of reproductive isolation as a product of hybridization is uncommon. Additionally, many traits are underpinned by polygeny and/or incomplete dominance, where the hybrid phenotype is an additive blend of parental characteristics. Phenotypically intermediate hybrids are usually at a fitness disadvantage compared with parental species and tend to vanish through backcrossing with parental population(s). It is therefore unknown whether the additive nature of hybrid traits in itself could lead successfully to HHS. Using a multi-marker genetic data set and a meta-analysis of diet and morphology, we investigated a potential case of HHS in the prions (Pachyptila spp.), seabirds distinguished by their bills, prey choice, and timing of breeding. Using approximate Bayesian computation, we show that the medium-billed Salvin's prion (Pachyptila salvini) could be a hybrid between the narrow-billed Antarctic prion (Pachyptila desolata) and broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata). Remarkably, P. salvini's intermediate bill width has given it a feeding advantage with respect to the other Pachyptila species, allowing it to consume a broader range of prey, potentially increasing its fitness. Available metadata showed that P. salvini is also intermediate in breeding phenology and, with no overlap in breeding times, it is effectively reproductively isolated from either parental species through allochrony. These results provide evidence for a case of HHS in nature, and show for the first time that additivity of divergent parental traits alone can lead directly to increased hybrid fitness and reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Luciano Calderón
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Theresa L Cole
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.,Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Cuthbert
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Marin
- Section of Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA.,Feather Link Inc., Cincinnati, OH
| | - Melanie Massaro
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Joan Navarro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cristián G Suazo
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa
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Wagner F, Ott T, Zimmer C, Reichhart V, Vogt R, Oberprieler C. 'At the crossroads towards polyploidy': genomic divergence and extent of homoploid hybridization are drivers for the formation of the ox-eye daisy polyploid complex (Leucanthemum, Compositae-Anthemideae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:2039-2053. [PMID: 30851196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy plays a paramount role in phytodiversity, but the causes of this evolutionary pathway require further study. Here, we use phylogenetic methods to examine possible polyploidy-promoting factors by comparing diploid representatives of the comprehensive European polyploid complex Leucanthemum with members of its strictly diploid North African counterpart Rhodanthemum. We investigate genetic divergence and gene flow among all diploid lineages of both genera to evaluate the role of genomic differentiation and hybridization for polyploid speciation. To test whether hybridization in Leucanthemum has been triggered by the geological conditions during its diversification, we additionally generate a time-calibrated phylogeny of 46 species of the subtribe Leucantheminae. Leucanthemum shows a significantly higher genetic divergence and hybridization signal among diploid lineages compared with Rhodanthemum, in spite of a similar crown age and diversification pattern during the Quaternary. Our study demonstrates the importance of genetic differentiation among diploid progenitors and their concurrent affinity for natural hybridization for the formation of a polyploid complex. Furthermore, the role of climate-induced range overlaps on hybridization and polyploid speciation during the Quaternary is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wagner
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tankred Ott
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Zimmer
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Reichhart
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Vogt
- Botanic Garden & Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, D-14191, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Oberprieler
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Folk RA, Visger CJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Guralnick RP. Geographic Range Dynamics Drove Ancient Hybridization in a Lineage of Angiosperms. Am Nat 2018; 192:171-187. [DOI: 10.1086/698120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Folk RA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Guralnick R. New prospects in the detection and comparative analysis of hybridization in the tree of life. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:364-375. [PMID: 29683488 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the relative importance of the various pathways to diversification is a central goal of biodiversity researchers. For plant biologists, and increasingly across the spectrum of biological sciences, among these pathways of interest is hybridization. New methodological developments are moving the field away from questions of whether natural hybridization occurs or hybrids can persist and toward more direct assessments of the long-term impact of hybridization on diversification and genome organization. Advances in theory and new data, especially phylogenomic data, have changed the face of this field, revealing extensive occurrences of hybridization at both shallow and deep levels, but lacking is a synthesis of these advancements. Here we provide an overview of methods that have been proposed for detecting hybridization with molecular data and advocate a time-extended, comparative view of reticulate evolution. In particular, we pose three overarching questions, newly placed within reach, that are critical for advancing our understanding of hybridization pattern and process: (1) How often is introgression biased toward certain genomes and loci, and is this bias selectively neutral? (2) What are the relative rates of formation of hybrid species and introgressants, and how does this compare to their subsequent fates? (3) Has the frequency of hybridization increased under historical periods of greater dynamism in climate and geographic range, such as the Pleistocene?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 876 Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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17
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Morente-López J, García C, Lara-Romero C, García-Fernández A, Draper D, Iriondo JM. Geography and Environment Shape Landscape Genetics of Mediterranean Alpine Species Silene ciliata Poiret. (Caryophyllaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1698. [PMID: 30538712 PMCID: PMC6277476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The study of the drivers that shape spatial genetic structure across heterogeneous landscapes is one of the main approaches used to understand population dynamics and responses in changing environments. While the Isolation-by-Distance model (IBD) assumes that genetic differentiation increases among populations with geographical distance, the Isolation-by-Resistance model (IBR) also considers geographical barriers and other landscape features that impede gene flow. On the other hand, the Isolation-by-Environment model (IBE) explains genetic differentiation through environmental differences between populations. Although spatial genetic studies have increased significantly in recent years, plants from alpine ecosystems are highly underrepresented, even though they are great suitable systems to disentangle the role of the different factors that structure genetic variation across environmental gradients. Here, we studied the spatial genetic structure of the Mediterranean alpine specialist Silene ciliata across its southernmost distribution limit. We sampled three populations across an altitudinal gradient from 1850 to 2400 m, and we replicated this sample over three mountain ranges aligned across an E-W axis in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. We genotyped 20 individuals per population based on eight microsatellite markers and used different landscape genetic tools to infer the role of topographic and environmental factors in shaping observed patterns along the altitudinal gradient. We found a significant genetic structure among the studied Silene ciliata populations which was related to the orography and E-W configuration of the mountain ranges. IBD pattern arose as the main factor shaping population genetic differentiation. Geographical barriers between mountain ranges also affected the spatial genetic structure (IBR pattern). Although environmental variables had a significant effect on population genetic diversity parameters, no IBE pattern was found on genetic structure. Our study reveals that IBD was the driver that best explained the genetic structure, whereas environmental factors also played a role in determining genetic diversity values of this dominant plant of Mediterranean alpine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Morente-López
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Morente-López, José María Iriondo,
| | - Cristina García
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Plant Biology Group, CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lara-Romero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Esporles, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Fernández
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Draper
- Natural History and Systematics Research Group, cE3c, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - José María Iriondo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Morente-López, José María Iriondo,
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