In vivo Assessment of Antioxidant and Wound Healing Improvement of a New Schiff Base Derived Co (II) Complex in Rats

Development of collagen-chitosan dressing gel functionalized with propolis-zinc oxide nanoarchitectonics to accelerate wound healing

Using an in situ sol-gel technique, new nanoarchitectonics of propolis loaded zinc oxide nanoarchitectonics (PP/ZnO-NPs) were developed in order to improve the in vivo outcomes of collagen-chitosan gel in wounded rats. The obtained nanoarchitectonics were fully characterized. The XRD results indicate the presence of a Zincite phase for ZnO-NPs and Zincite accompanied by a minor amount of zinc hydroxide for PP/ZnO-NPs samples. While the TEM findings illustrate the transfer of the ZnO-NPs from agglomerated spheres with an average particle size of 230 ± 29 nm to needle-like NPs of 323 ± 173 nm length (PP1/ZnO-NPs) and to a sheet-like NPs of 500 ± 173 nm diameter (PP2/ZnO-NPs). In addition, the incorporation of PP results in an increase in the surface negativity of ZnO-NPs to -31.4 ± 6.4 mV for PP2/ZnO-NPs. The antimicrobial activities of the nanocomposite gel loaded with 10%PP1/ZnO-NPs (G6) revealed the highest inhibition zone against E. coli (26 ± 2.31 mm). Remarkably, the in vivo outcomes showed that the nanocomposite gel (G6) has exceptional collagen deposition, quick wound closure rates, and re-epithelization. The outcomes demonstrate the nanocomposite gel encouraging biological properties for the treatment of damaged and infected wounds.

Characterization and Bio-Evaluation of the Synergistic Effect of Simvastatin and Folic Acid as Wound Dressings on the Healing Process

Wound healing is a significant healthcare problem that decreases the patient's quality of life. Hence, several agents and approaches have been widely used to help accelerate wound healing. The challenge is to search for a topical delivery system that could supply long-acting effects, accurate doses, and rapid healing activity. Topical forms of simvastatin (SMV) are beneficial in wound care. This study aimed to develop a novel topical chitosan-based platform of SMV with folic acid (FA) for wound healing. Moreover, the synergistic effect of combinations was determined in an excisional wound model in rats. The prepared SMV-FA-loaded films (SMV-FAPFs) were examined for their physicochemical characterizations and morphology. Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology were used to evaluate the tensile strength and release characteristics of the prepared SMV-FAPFs. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), and animal studies were also investigated. The developed SMV-FAPFs showed a contraction of up to 80% decrease in the wound size after ten days. The results of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of dermal collagen type I (CoTI) expression and downregulation of the inflammatory JAK3 expression in wounds treated with SMV-FAPFs when compared to control samples and individual drug treatments. In summary, it can be concluded that the utilization of SMV-FAPFs holds great potential for facilitating efficient and expeditious wound healing, hence presenting a feasible substitute for conventional topical administration methods.

Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein-2 Promoted Fracture Healing via Integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT Signaling

Fracture healing is a complex physiological process in which angiogenesis plays an essential role. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-2 (MAGP2) has been reported to possess a proangiogenic activity via integrin αvβ3, yet its role in bone repair is unexplored. In this study, a critical-sized femoral defect (2 mm) was created in mice, followed by the delivery of an adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector or its negative control at the fracture site. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 postfracture, bone fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-computed tomography, and histopathologic analysis. Adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector-treated mice exhibited increased bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. MAGP2 overexpression contributed to an advanced stage of endochondral ossification and induced cartilage callus into the bony callus. Further analysis indicated that MAGP2 was associated with enhanced angiogenesis, as evidenced by marked MAGP2 and integrin αvβ3 costaining and increased endothelial cell markers such as endomucin and CD31 levls, as well as elevated phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) in the callus. In vitro, recombinant human MAGP2 treatment enhanced the viability, migration, and tube formation ability of human microvascular endothelial cells, which was partially reversed by integrin αvβ3 inhibition or MK-2206, a specific AKT inhibitor. Inhibition of integrin αvβ3 abolished MAGP2-induced PTK2 and AKT activation. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that MAGP2 promotes angiogenesis and bone formation by activating the integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT signaling pathway.

A nanofiber/sponge double-layered composite membrane capable of inhibiting infection and promoting blood coagulation during wound healing

Uncontrolled bleeding and bacterial infections cause severe damage to the wounds and remain a clinical challenge. Here, we developed a nanofiber/sponge bilayered composite membrane (QCP) containing quaternized silicone (QP12) and quaternized chitosan (QCS12) by joint approaches of electrospinning and freeze-drying and investigated their potential for wound dressing. The QCP was composed of a sponge (QCC) containing collagen (COL) and QCS12 and a nanofibrous membrane (MQP) containing poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and QP12. The QCP composite membrane possessed feasible permeability (0.22 ± 0.01 g/(cm²·24 h)), available thermal stability, suitable mechanical properties with natural skin, and in vivo hemostatic efficiency. The bonds of the N-quaternary and Schiff base endow composite membranes with significant anti-microbial invasion, potentially enhancing the wound healing process with an eligible microenvironment. Meanwhile, QCP evinced fine hemocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, negligible skin irritation, and other desirable biosafety as an excellent wound dressing. QCP promoted collagen deposition and re-epithelization to accelerate healing and suppress scars in the full-thickness acute wound models. Furthermore, the evaluation in the chronic skin incision model of diabetes mellitus manifested high healing efficiency with a certain resistance to bacterial infection of the composite membrane. Taken together, the QCP composite membrane may be a potential antibacterial and hemostatic wound dressing.

Healing Wounds Efficiently with Biomimetic Soft Matter: Injectable Self-Healing Neutral Glycol Chitosan/Dibenzaldehyde-Terminated Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel with Inherent Antibacterial Properties

The high prevalence of acquiring skin wounds, along with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains that lead to infections, impose a threat to the physical, mental, and socioeconomic health of society. Among the wide array of wound dressings developed, hydrogels are regarded as a biomimetic soft matter of choice owing to their ability to provide a moist environment ideal for healing. Herein, neutral glycol chitosan (GC) was cross-linked via imine bonds with varying concentrations of dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol (DP) to give glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol hydrogels (GC/DP). These dynamic Schiff base linkages (absorption peak at 1638 cm^-1) within the hydrogel structure endowed their ability to recover from damage as characterized by high-low strain exposure in continuous step strain rheology. Along with their good injectability and biodegradability, the hydrogels exhibited remarkable inhibition against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. GC/DP hydrogels demonstrated high LC50 values in vivo using zebrafish embryos as a model system due to their relative biocompatibility and a remarkable 93.4 ± 0.88% wound contraction at 30-dpw against 49.1 ± 3.40% of the control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that developed injectable glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol self-healing hydrogels for application in wound healing with intrinsic bacteriostatic properties against the three bacteria.

Bioactive functional collagen-oxidized pullulan scaffold loaded with polydatin for treating chronic wounds

Prolonged inflammation, elevated matrix metalloproteinases, hypoxia, decreased vascularization, increased oxidative stress, and bacterial infection are typical signs of chronic non-healing diabetic wounds. Any agent that improves one or all factors could offer enhanced opportunities for better healing of diabetic wounds. In this study, a polyphenol (polydatin) incorporated collagen scaffold was prepared using a biocompatible crosslinker, oxidized pullulan (Col-OxP3-Po), to treat diabetic wounds. The scaffolds were characterized using SEM, FTIR, antioxidant activity, in vitro and in vivo wound healing assay, gene expression, and immunohistopathological studies. Polydatin incorporated scaffold exhibited 75 % antioxidant activity, hemostatic and erythrocyte adhesion properties. FTIR results proved the incorporation of polydatin in the Col-OxP3-Po scaffold. They were also non-toxic to the 3 T3 fibroblasts with a viability of 93 % and good cell attachment. In vivo, normal and diabetic wound healing studies showed that the Col-OxP3-Po scaffold treated group healed on days 16 and 21. The histological and immunohistochemistry analyses of the granulation tissues showed improved epithelialization, angiogenesis and enhanced collagen deposition by modulating TGF-β3 and MMP - 9 gene expressions favorable for better healing. Thus, this scaffold could be a newer treatment strategy for chronic non-healing wounds.

Therapeutic potential of second degree's skin burns by topical dressing of Teucrium ramosissimum that promotes re-epithelialization

The aim of the report is to assess the protective effect of powder aerial part of T. ramosissimum (TS) on the in vivo wound-healing of second-degree burn injuries. Teucrium phytocompounds were characterized by FTIR, HPLC and GC/MS spectra. Burn wound models were employed to evaluate the in vivo wound-healing activity. Thirty six wistar rats with burn wounds were divided into six groups and treated daily with TS, the mixture of Teucrium and honey (TS-HY), thymol and Dermosalic® (0.05%) (DS) creams. Skin epithelialization was monitored on the 4th, 13th and 21st days. Proteins and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the burned skin were assessed. Microscopic and macroscopic investigations of skin wound tissues showed significant wound closure rate via complete epidermal reepithelization and regeneration, higher protein content, collagen synthesis and deposition, hair follicles growth post wounding that were promoted in TS-, thymol-, TS-HY- and DS-treated wound tissues compared to the untreated burned wound tissues that was caracterised by the absence of the epithelialization, vascularization and the formation of the epidermis layer. Additionally, the skin healing potential of TS and TS-HY was validated by markedly decreased of lipid peroxidation. Overall, TS was found to possess complete wound closure and improves the healing process.

Bio-Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Artemisia judaica L. as Part of the Plant’s Use in Traditional Medicine; Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibiofilm Properties of the Plant’s Essential Oils

Artemisia judaica (ArJ) is a Mediterranean aromatic plant used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal ailments, skin diseases, atherosclerosis, and as an immuno-stimulant. This study describes ArJ essential oil constituents and investigates their wound healing activity. The in vitro antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of ArJ essential oil were investigated. The in vivo pro/anti-inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant markers were compared with standard silver sulfadiazine (SS) in a second-degree skin burn experimental rat model. The gas chromatography-equipped flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of ArJ essential oil revealed the major classes of compounds as oxygenated monoterpenes (>57%) and cinnamic acid derivatives (18.03%). The antimicrobial tests of ArJ essential oil revealed that Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were the most susceptible test organisms. Two second-degree burns (each 1 inch square in diameter) were created on the dorsum of rats using an aluminum cylinder heated to 120 °C for 10 s. The wounds were treated either with ArJ or SS ointments for 21 days, while the negative control remained untreated, and biopsies were obtained for histological and biochemical analysis. The ArJ group demonstrated a significant increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities, while lipid peroxide (LP) levels remained insignificant compared to the negative control group. Additionally, ArJ and SS groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inflammatory levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) compared to the negative group, while interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) and IL-6 were comparable to the negative group. At the same time, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) markers increased significantly in the ArJ group compared to the negative control. The ArJ results demonstrated potent wound healing effects, comparable to SS, attributable to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as a high proportion of oxygenated monoterpenes and cinnamate derivatives.

Acceleration of wound healing by quercetin in diabetic rats requires mitigation of oxidative stress and stimulation of the proliferative phase

Increased oxidative stress in diabetic wound areas impairs wound healing. Quercetin exhibits significant antioxidant properties. We investigated the effects of topical quercetin on antioxidant status in diabetic wound areas and its effect on wound healing in rats. A 2 cm² cutaneous wound was produced on the back of streptozotocin induced diabetic and normal rats. Rats were divided into three groups of 20: normal healthy control group, diabetic group and quercetin treated diabetic group. The control and diabetic groups were treated topically with ointment base once daily for 21 days. The quercetin treated diabetic rats were treated similarly with ointment containing quercetin. The quercetin treated diabetic group exhibited increased levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total thiols compared to the diabetic group. Nitrite levels in the diabetic group were decreased significantly on day 3 compared to the healthy control group. Malondialdehyde levels were decreased in the quercetin treated diabetic group compared to the diabetic group. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen) (PCNA) was greater in the quercetin treated diabetic group on day 7 compared to healthy control and diabetic groups. Formation of granulation tissue and the quality of healed tissue was improved in the quercetin treated diabetic group compared to the diabetic group. Quercetin improves antioxidant status in wounds of diabetic rats and stimulates the proliferation phase, which accelerates wound healing.

Effective Scarless Wound Healing Mediated by Erbium Borate Nanoparticles

The developments of nanoparticle-based treatments that benefit from novel discoveries have an essential place in the regeneration of acute and chronic wounds. Furthermore, research about the treatment methods which attempt to swiftly and scarless wound recovery has increased over time. In recent years, it has been shown that metallic-based nanoparticles, especially silver and gold derived, have an accelerating effect on chronic and contaminated wound healing. The crucial factors of inducing and completion of regeneration of wound are enhanced epithelialization rate and neovascularization in the tissue. In our study, the main purpose is the investigation of the boosting effects of erbium borate nanoparticles on the wound healing process, especially scarless ones. Newly syntesized erbium borate nanoparticles (ErB-Nps) were characterized by their concentration and particle size using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). In order to examine the effect of ErB-Np on wound closure, scratch assay for dermal epithelial cells and tube formation assay for endothelial cells were performed. In addition, in order to examine the effect of the ErB-Np at a molecular level, the levels of genes related to both wound healing, inflammation, and scarless wound closure were determined with the RT-PCR experiment. Consequently, it has been shown that erbium borate nanoparticles have increased the melioration speed of scar tissue and have given clues about scarless healing potential. The investigation of the regeneration potential of erbium borate nanoparticles was done via MTS assay, quantitative PCR analysis, reactive oxygen species assay, and scratch assay. Our results show that ErB-Np is a proper agent that can be used for scarless wound healing.

In vivo-wound healing studies of sodium thiosulfate gel in rats

Sodium Thiosulfate (STS) is already reported as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent with antiseptic, antifungal properties. The search for an ideal antiseptic still continues, which is lethal to all types of bacteria and their spores and sustain the activity for a longer time without any harm to the host tissue. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of STS on curing of wounds in rats when compared to Betadine. We developed topical gels having 6% and 12% STS. The effects of STS on wound healing rate of Rats were evaluated against Betadine as positive control. Wounds of control group, selected as Group 1 was treated with normal saline (0.2 ml), twice a day. Reference standard control, designated as Group 2 rats were given with 0.2 ml Betadine twice a day. Rats in Groups 3 and 4 were treated with 0.2 ml of STS gel (6% or 12% respectively) twice a day. In our study, STS formulation has proved to be a safe and efficient wound healing product. It has a neutral pH and longer half life (>12 months). Higher STS dose of 12% proved to have a wound curing rate equivalent to that of Betadine. On 11th Day, 97 ± 0.79% healing was achieved with Betadine and 98 ± 0.67% with 12% STS Gel (∗P < 0.05). Microscopic images of H&E stained skin tissue from animals treated with Betadine and 12% STS formulation showed a reduction in scar size, lesser amount of inflammatory cells, higher fibroblasts and blood vessels, with considerable collagen accumulation. Furthermore, a significant enhancement in the levels of GPx, CAT and SOD was observed in the tissue at the wound site of the treated group. The IL 10 levels in both groups of STS-treated rats was increased, whereas, TNF-α levels were reduced significantly in tissue homogenate compared with control. Thus, this study shows the wound-healing performance of STS formulation. Further studies are necessary to understand the real mechanism of how STS formulation heals wounds.

Phenolic content, anti-inflammatory properties, and dermal wound repair properties of industrially processed and non-processed acai from the Brazilian Amazon

Acai fruit is recognized for its health promoting properties. However, there is still a need to address the effects of industrial processing on this fruit. In this study, phenolic content, anti-inflammatory properties and dermal wound repair properties of 20 acai samples, before and after industrial processing, from various Amazon regions were investigated. Acai pulp was rich in total phenolics (18.9-58.8 mg g-1) and proanthocyanins (9.8-43.1 mg g-1), but contained trace anthocyanins (up to 0.1 mg g-1). Industrially processed samples lost substantial amounts of proanthocyanidins (up to 83.2%), while the anthocyanins inherently present were greatly enriched after processing (20-fold higher). Non-processed acai pulp extracts protected against early inflammation response which was correlated with proanthocyanidins, by significantly inhibiting nitric oxide production and suppressing pro-inflammatory gene expression including interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin-6. The promotion of dermal wound repair of acai seed and pulp extracts was mainly contributed by anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds. The anti-inflammatory effect was diminished but wound healing effect was retained after pulp processing, suggesting the processing technology needs to be improved to maintain biological properties of acai fruit.

Hydrogel containing (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan) effectively promotes dermal wound healing

A hydrogel containing exocellular (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan, LAS) was developed and its wound healing potential was evaluated. β-Glucans have attracted much interest by the cosmetic industry sector because of their bioactive and functional properties and in promoting skin health. In the present work an β-glucan was studied as a healing biomaterial that has not hitherto been reported in the scientific literature. LAS produced by the ascomycete Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was used in the formulation of a healing hydrogel. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters, antioxidant potential and stability of the formulation was evaluated. FTIR, thermal analysis and SEM techniques were also employed in the characterization. Wistar rats were used as a biological model to investigate the wound healing potential. Histological analyses of cutaneous tissue from the dorsal region were conducted after 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of treatment, and evaluated re-epithelialization, cell proliferation and collagen production. Physicochemical stability, microbiological quality and antioxidant potential, especially in relation to its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals were found. The hydrogel stimulated cell re-epithelialization and proliferation during all days of the treatment, and stimulated an increase of collagen fibers. Lasiodiplodan showed immunomodulatory activity in wound healing and this biomacromolecule could be an alternative compound in wound care.

Preclinical assessment of stem of Nicotiana tabacum on excision wound model

Agro-waste material derived from N. tabacum has shown enormous potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Hence in the present study, we investigated the wound healing efficacy of ethanolic extract of stem of Nicotiana tabacum on wistar rat model. Ethanolic extract prepared from defatted stem was to check various phytochemicals using spectrophotometric and chromatographic technique. The antioxidant potential was determined by FRAP and Reducing Power assay in extract. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined using mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines by MTT assay. In vivo angiogenic activity was observed on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model by observing blood vessels formation and its branching. In vivo wound healing activity was observed on excision wounds in rat model by quantifying percentage of wound contraction, antioxidant activity and histopathology studies. From the present study, polyphenols, tannins and alkaloids were found to be determined in the ethanolic extract by means of spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis against standards. Antioxidant assay revealed maximum antioxidant potential in ethanolic extract. Cytotoxic effect of extract has not been shown on L929 cell line. From CAM model, extract has shown growth of blood vessels formation at concentration of 480 µg/ml. Topical application of extracts on excision wounds, revealed wound healing activity i.e. 98.7% ± 0.002 on 14th day as well as enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, GST) and non enzyme content (GSH and Lipid peroxidation) has been found to be high in granulated tissue. Hisopathological studies confirmed the re-epithelization in skin wounds. It can be concluded that stem of N. tabacum can be used as herbal remedy in wound healing process as a topical application.

The Therapeutic Effect and In Vivo Assessment of Palmitoyl-GDPH on the Wound Healing Process

The standard treatment of open wounds via the direct usage of therapeutic agents is not without limitations with respect to healing. Small peptides can create a favorable milieu for accelerating the healing of wounds. This study presents the potential of a novel fatty acid conjugated tetrapeptide (palmitic acid-glycine-aspartic acid-proline-histidine; Palmitoyl-GDPH) in alleviating wound healing. Tetracycline was employed as a standard control drug following its significance in wound healing including biologically active and antimicrobial effects. The peptide in liquid form was applied on to a 4 cm² full thickness wound surgically induced at the dorsum of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The in vivo wound treatment with Palmitoyl-GDPH for eighteen days, histologically demonstrated an almost perfect healing exhibited by increased re-epithelialization, enhanced collagen deposition, and diminished scar formation compared to the controls. In addition, the well-developed epidermal-dermal junction and ultimate stimulation of hair follicle-growth in the Palmitoyl-GDPH treated group indicated the wound to have healed as functionally viable tissues. In general, the much lower hemogram values in the Palmitoyl-GDPH group indicated that the ongoing healing is en route to an earlier recovery. Additionally, the liver, kidney, and pancreas function biomarkers being within normal limits indicated the relatively non-toxic nature of Palmitoyl-GDPH at the used dosage. These results indisputably supported the great potential of this newly synthesized Palmitoyl-GDPH to be used as an effective therapeutic agent for wound healing (this actually means creating a new wound).

Comparison of the Antiaging and Protective Properties of Plants from the Apiaceae Family

Plant materials play a very significant role as components of products being used both for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Due to the high content of active substances, they can play an important role as extracts with antioxidant, regenerative, and antiaging properties. The skin aging process depends on various pathological and physiological processes, among which the degradation of extracellular matrix biomolecules such as collagen and elastin, which significantly affect the maintenance of good skin condition, is very important. The secondary metabolites and plant extracts may have collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity. This activity is mainly due to the high content of a wide range of various biologically active compounds, such as polyphenols, which include, among others, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols, and tannins. The work involved a comprehensive assessment of the plant from Apiaceae family such as Meum athamanticum L., Centella asiatica L., and Aegopodium podagraria L. extract as a multifunctional raw material. During study antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds and flavonoids content, effect on collagenase and elastase enzyme activity (antiaging effect), cytotoxic properties on skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), and cell migration capacity were analyzed. It has been shown that the highest antioxidant capacity can be observed for the extract of herb of Aegopodium podagraria L. When the concentration reached 5% all tested extracts had a positive effect on the cell proliferation of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It turned out that the most promising inhibitor of collagenase and elastase enzymes was the extract from Aegopodium podagraria, which inhibits the activity of both enzymes by over 70% in the concentration of 5% positively affecting the condition of skin cells.

Efficacy of topical platelet-rich plasma and chitosan co-administration on Candida albicans-infected partial thickness burn wound healing

This study aims to evaluate the effects of topical sole and co-administration of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and chitosan on the infected burn wounds model by Candida albicans in Wistar rats. A circle partial thickness contact burn wound model occurred via brass a size of 8mm diameter between the shoulders and after that, 50μl of a suspension containing C. albicans yeast (5×10⁷) colony forming unit was poured on the surface of the wound. The experimental groups included Control, Clotrimazole, PRP and Chitosan+PRP that received any agent, Clotrimazole®, PRP and Chitosan+PRP to treat the wound, respectively. To assess the healing rate, wound size rate, tissue yeast count (TYC) and immunohistochemical staining for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP 90 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were conducted. Moreover, enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) rate were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the co-administration of Chitosan+PRP drastically (P<0.05) decreased the wound size and TYC rate comparing to other groups (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical results for HSP 70, HSP 90 and PCNA showed positive reactions and increased intensity in all the treated groups comparing to the control group. Activities of GPx and SOD were higher and the level of MDA was lower all treated groups compared to the control group. A topical use of PRP and chitosan can be advantageous in the infected burn wounds healing.

Deep skin wound healing potential of lavender essential oil and licorice extract in a nanoemulsion form: Biochemical, histopathological and gene expression evidences

Cutaneous wound healing is one of the public health interests. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nanoemulsion cream containing lavender essential oil and licorice extract on the healing of deep skin wound in a rat model. Eighty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups including untreated defects as negative control and defects treated with vehicle ointment, lavender essential oil and licorice extract in emulsion and nanoemulsion forms, and phenytoin 1% as the positive control with an excisional wound on the dorsal neck of each rat. On days 2, 7 and 14 oxidative stress factors were evaluated in wound tissue homogenates. The expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and type I and type III collagen genes were evaluated. Also, wound tissue samples were processed for Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson-Trichrome staining. Nanoemulsion reduced the wound area more than other groups significantly. Real-time PCR data demonstrated that nanoemulsion and phenytoin groups have shown the best result in increasing TGF-β1, Type I and type III collagen genes expression compared to the other groups. Reduction in lipid peroxidation level and increasing in SOD and GPx activity was also significant in the nanoemulsion and phenytoin groups. The formation of granular tissue likewise the appearance of collagen in nanoemulsion and phenytoin groups were faster than the other groups. Nanoemulsion cream containing lavender essential oil and licorice extract exhibited a promising wound healing potential towards the excisional wound model in rats.

Benefits of Hesperidin for Cutaneous Functions

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid, with high concentration in citrus fruits. In addition to its well-known benefits for cardiovascular function, type II diabetes, and anti-inflammation, recent studies have demonstrated multiple benefits of hesperidin for cutaneous functions, including wound healing, UV protection, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antiskin cancer, and skin lightening. In addition, hesperidin enhances epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis in both normal young and aged skin. The mechanisms by which hesperidin benefits cutaneous functions are attributable to its antioxidant properties, inhibition of MAPK-dependent signaling pathways, and stimulation of epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid production. Because of its low cost, wide availability, and superior safety, hesperidin could prove useful for the management of a variety of cutaneous conditions.

Enzymatic synthesis and self-assembly of glycolipids: robust self-healing and wound closure performance of assembled soft materials

In developing countries, wounds are a major health concern and pose a significant problem. Hence, the development of new materials that can act as scaffolds for in situ tissue regeneration and regrowth is necessary. In this report, we present a new class of injectable oleogel and composite gel derived from glycolipids that provide reversible interlinked 3D fiberous network architecture for effective wound closure by tissue regrowth and regeneration. Glycolipids were derived from α-chloralose and various vinyl esters using Novozyme 435, an immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica as a catalyst, in good yield. These glycolipids undergo spontaneous self-assembly in paraffin oil to form an oleogel, in which curcumin was successfully incorporated to generate a composite gel. Morphological analysis of the oleogel and composite gel clearly revealed the formation of a 3D fiberous network. Rheological investigation revealed the thermal and mechanical processability of the oleogel and composite gel under various experimental conditions. Interestingly, the developed injectable oleogel and composite gel are able to accelerate the wound healing process by regulating the overlapping phases of inflammation, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodelling. Since chloralose displays anesthetic properties, this study will establish a new strategy to develop anesthetic wound healing oleogels in the future.

Wound healing activity of Streptocaulon juventas root ethanolic extract

Streptocaulon juventas is a well-known plant that has antimicrobial activity, in vitro antiplasmodial activity, anti-proliferative activity, and antioxidant activity. In this study, we showed experimental evidence that proved that S. juventas root ethanolic extract has wound healing activities. First, in a mouse excision wound model, S. juventas root ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day significantly reduced the wound closure time. After 7 days, the wound granulation tissue in mice treated with the extract exhibited a 2.3-fold decrease in inflammatory cells, a 1.7-fold increase in fibroblasts and enhanced angiogenesis. Molecular analysis also revealed that after wounds were treated with S. juventas root ethanolic extract, TNF-α and NF-κB1 gene expression were down-regulated by 4.7 and 3.7 times, respectively. In contrast, TGF-β1 and VEGF gene expression were up-regulated by 1.9 and 6.5 times, respectively. Taken together, our experimental data strongly show that the ethanolic extract from S. juventas root displays remarkable wound healing activity.