1
|
Efimenko AY, Shmakova AA, Popov VS, Basalova NA, Vigovskiy MA, Grigorieva OA, Sysoeva VY, Klimovich PS, Khabibullin NR, Tkachuk VA, Rubina KA, Semina EV. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells alleviate early-stage pulmonary fibrosis in a uPAR-dependent manner. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 39023281 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, a debilitating lung disorder characterised by excessive fibrous tissue accumulation in lung parenchyma, compromises respiratory function leading to a life-threatening respiratory failure. While its origins are multifaceted and poorly understood, the urokinase system, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), plays a significant role in regulating fibrotic response, extracellular matrix remodelling, and tissue repair. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise in regenerative medicine for treating pulmonary fibrosis. Our study aimed to investigate the potential of MSCs to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis as well as the contribution of uPAR expression to this effect. We found that intravenous MSC administration significantly reduced lung fibrosis in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice as revealed by MRI and histological evaluations. Notably, administering the MSCs isolated from adipose tissue of uPAR knockout mice (Plaur-/- MSCs) attenuated lung fibrosis to a lesser extent as compared to WT MSCs. Collagen deposition, a hallmark of fibrosis, was markedly reduced in lungs treated with WT MSCs versus Plaur-/- MSCs. Along with that, endogenous uPA levels were affected differently; after Plaur-/- MSCs were administered, the uPA content was specifically decreased within the blood vessels. Our findings support the potential of MSC treatment in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis. We provide evidence that the observed anti-fibrotic effect depends on uPAR expression in MSCs, suggesting that uPAR might counteract the uPA accumulation in lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yu Efimenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Shmakova
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, UMR 9018, CNRS, Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir S Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Basalova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Vigovskiy
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Grigorieva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Polina S Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang WC, Chuang CF, Huang YT, Chung IC, Chen ML, Chuang TY, Yang XL, Chou YY, Liu CH, Chen NY, Chen CJ, Yuan TT. Monoclonal enolase-1 blocking antibody ameliorates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:280. [PMID: 37964270 PMCID: PMC10647181 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fatal disease with limited therapeutic options. The infiltration of monocytes and fibroblasts into the injured lungs is implicated in IPF. Enolase-1 (ENO1) is a cytosolic glycolytic enzyme which could translocate onto the cell surface and act as a plasminogen receptor to facilitate cell migration via plasmin activation. Our proprietary ENO1 antibody, HL217, was screened for its specific binding to ENO1 and significant inhibition of cell migration and plasmin activation (patent: US9382331B2). METHODS In this study, effects of HL217 were evaluated in vivo and in vitro for treating lung fibrosis. RESULTS Elevated ENO1 expression was found in fibrotic lungs in human and in bleomycin-treated mice. In the mouse model, HL217 reduced bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, inflammation, body weight loss, lung weight gain, TGF-β upregulation in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and collagen deposition in lung. Moreover, HL217 reduced the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the recruitment of myeloid cells into the lungs. In vitro, HL217 significantly reduced cell-associated plasmin activation and cytokines secretion from primary human PBMC and endothelial cells. In primary human lung fibroblasts, HL217 also reduced cell migration and collagen secretion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest multi-faceted roles of cell surface ENO1 and a potential therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nai-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Tung Yuan
- HuniLife Biotechnology Inc, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology Inc, Rm. 1, 6F., No. 308, Sec. 1, Neihu Rd., Neihu Dist, 114, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saiyed N, Yilmaz A, Vishweswariah S, Maiti AK, Ustun I, Bartolone S, Brown-Hughes T, Thorpe RJ, Osentoski T, Ruff S, Pai A, Maddens M, Imam K, Graham SF. Urinary Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:649-657. [PMID: 37483327 PMCID: PMC10357120 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 80% of all cases. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional state between normal aging and AD. Early detection is crucial, as irreversible brain damage occurs before symptoms manifest. Objective This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for early detection of AD by analyzing urinary cytokine concentrations. We investigated 37 cytokines in AD, MCI, and cognitively normal individuals (NC), assessing their associations with AD development. Methods Urinary cytokine concentrations were measured in AD (n = 25), MCI (n = 25), and NC (n = 26) patients. IL6ST and MMP-2 levels were compared between AD and NC, while TNFRSF8, IL6ST, and IL-19 were assessed in AD versus MCI. Diagnostic models distinguished AD from NC, and in-silico analysis explored molecular mechanisms related to AD. Results Significant perturbations in IL6ST and MMP-2 concentrations were observed in AD urine compared to NC, suggesting their potential as biomarkers. TNFRSF8, IL6ST, and IL-19 differed significantly between AD and MCI, implicating them in disease progression. Diagnostic models exhibited promising performance (AUC: 0.59-0.79, sensitivity: 0.72-0.80, specificity: 0.56-0.78) in distinguishing AD from NC. In-silico analysis revealed molecular insights, including relevant non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and transcription factors. Conclusion This study establishes significant associations between urinary cytokine concentrations and AD and MCI. IL6ST, MMP-2, TNFRSF8, IL6ST, and IL-19 emerge as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. In-silico analysis enhances understanding of molecular mechanisms in AD. Further validation and exploration of these biomarkers in larger cohorts are warranted to assess their clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Saiyed
- Beaumont Research Institute, Metabolomics Department, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Beaumont Research Institute, Metabolomics Department, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Amit K. Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, Southfield, MI, USA
| | - Ilyas Ustun
- College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Bartolone
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | | | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Program for Research on Men’s Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Alzheimer’s Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tammy Osentoski
- Department of Alzheimer’s Research, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Stacey Ruff
- Beaumont Health, Geriatric Medicine, Berkley, MI, USA
| | - Amita Pai
- Beaumont Health, Geriatric Medicine, Berkley, MI, USA
| | | | - Khaled Imam
- Beaumont Health, Geriatric Medicine, Berkley, MI, USA
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- Beaumont Research Institute, Metabolomics Department, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Betageri KR, Link PA, Haak AJ, Ligresti G, Tschumperlin DJ, Caporarello N. The matricellular protein CCN3 supports lung endothelial homeostasis and function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L154-L168. [PMID: 36573684 PMCID: PMC9925165 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00248.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant vascular remodeling contributes to the progression of many aging-associated diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where heterogeneous capillary density, endothelial transcriptional alterations, and increased vascular permeability correlate with poor disease outcomes. Thus, identifying disease-driving mechanisms in the pulmonary vasculature may be a promising strategy to limit IPF progression. Here, we identified Ccn3 as an endothelial-derived factor that is upregulated in resolving but not in persistent lung fibrosis in mice, and whose function is critical for vascular homeostasis and repair. Loss and gain of function experiments were carried out to test the role of CCN3 in lung microvascular endothelial function in vitro through RNAi and the addition of recombinant human CCN3 protein, respectively. Endothelial migration, permeability, proliferation, and in vitro angiogenesis were tested in cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Loss of CCN3 in lung ECs resulted in transcriptional alterations along with impaired wound-healing responses, in vitro angiogenesis, barrier integrity as well as an increased profibrotic activity through paracrine signals, whereas the addition of recombinant CCN3 augmented endothelial function. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the matricellular protein CCN3 plays an important role in lung endothelial function and could serve as a promising therapeutic target to facilitate vascular repair and promote lung fibrosis resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana R Betageri
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patrick A Link
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shmakova AA, Popov VS, Romanov IP, Khabibullin NR, Sabitova NR, Karpukhina AA, Kozhevnikova YA, Kurilina EV, Tsokolaeva ZI, Klimovich PS, Rubina KA, Vassetzky YS, Semina EV. Urokinase System in Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Hidden Threat of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021382. [PMID: 36674896 PMCID: PMC9867169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a common and threatening post-COVID-19 complication with poorly resolved molecular mechanisms and no established treatment. The plasminogen activator system, including urokinase (uPA) and urokinase receptor (uPAR), is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and contributes to the development of lung injury and post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis, although their cellular and molecular underpinnings still remain obscure. The aim of the current study was to assess the role of uPA and uPAR in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. We analyzed uPA and uPAR expression in human lung tissues from COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis using single-cell RNA-seq and immunohistochemistry. We modeled lung fibrosis in Plau-/- and Plaur-/- mice upon bleomycin instillation and explored the effect of uPAR downregulation in A549 and BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells. We found that uPAR expression drastically decreased in the epithelial airway basal cells and monocyte/macrophage cells, whereas uPA accumulation significantly increased in tissue samples of COVID-19 patients. Lung injury and fibrosis in Plaur-/- vs. WT mice upon bleomycin instillation revealed that uPAR deficiency resulted in pro-fibrogenic uPA accumulation, IL-6 and ACE2 upregulation in lung tissues and was associated with severe fibrosis, weight loss and poor survival. uPAR downregulation in A549 and BEAS-2B was linked to an increased N-cadherin expression, indicating the onset of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and potentially contributing to pulmonary fibrosis. Here for the first time, we demonstrate that plasminogen treatment reversed lung fibrosis in Plaur-/- mice: the intravenous injection of 1 mg of plasminogen on the 21st day of bleomycin-induced fibrosis resulted in a more than a two-fold decrease in the area of lung fibrosis as compared to non-treated mice as evaluated by the 42nd day. The expression and function of the plasminogen activator system are dysregulated upon COVID-19 infection, leading to excessive pulmonary fibrosis and worsening the prognosis. The potential of plasminogen as a life-saving treatment for non-resolving post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shmakova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliya P. Romanov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nailya R. Sabitova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Ella V. Kurilina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya I. Tsokolaeva
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina S. Klimovich
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A. Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina V. Semina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nekrasova LA, Shmakova AA, Samokhodskaya LM, Kirillova KI, Stoyanova SS, Mershina EA, Nazarova GB, Rubina KA, Semina EV, Kamalov AA. The Association of PLAUR Genotype and Soluble suPAR Serum Level with COVID-19-Related Lung Damage Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416210. [PMID: 36555850 PMCID: PMC9785175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the risk factors for acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) severity may help to provide a valuable tool for early patient stratification and proper treatment implementation, improving the patient outcome and lowering the burden on the healthcare system. Here we report the results of a single-center retrospective cohort study on 151 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected symptomatic hospitalized adult patients. We assessed the association of several blood test measurements, soluble urokinase receptor (uPAR) serum level and specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of ACE (I/D), NOS3 (rs2070744, rs1799983), SERPINE1 (rs1799768), PLAU (rs2227564) and PLAUR (rs344781, rs2302524) genes, with the disease severity classified by the percentage of lung involvement on computerized tomography scans. Our findings reveal that the T/C genotype of PLAUR rs2302524 was independently associated with a less severe lung damage (odds ratio 0.258 [0.071-0.811]). Along with high C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and soluble uPAR serum levels turned out to be independently associated with more severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. The identified factors may be further employed as predictors of a possibly severe COVID-19 clinical course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Nekrasova
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Shmakova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, 117334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa M. Samokhodskaya
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina I. Kirillova
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Simona S. Stoyanova
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Mershina
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina B. Nazarova
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A. Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Semina
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Armais A. Kamalov
- Medical Scientific and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robinson S, Parigoris E, Chang J, Hecker L, Takayama S. Contracting scars from fibrin drops. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:1-12. [PMID: 35184163 PMCID: PMC8934703 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a microscale fibroplasia and contraction model that is based on fibrin-embedded lung fibroblasts and provides a convenient visual readout of fibrosis. Cell-laden fibrin microgel drops are formed by aqueous two-phase microprinting. The cells deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as collagen while fibrin is gradually degraded. Ultimately, the cells contract the collagen-rich matrix to form a compact cell-ECM spheroid. The size of the spheroid provides the visual readout of the extent of fibroplasia. Stimulation of this wound-healing model with the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 leads to an excessive scar formation response that manifests as increased collagen production and larger cell-ECM spheroids. Addition of drugs also shifted the scarring profile: the FDA-approved fibrosis drugs (nintedanib and pirfenidone) and a PAI-1 inhibitor (TM5275) significantly reduced cell-ECM spheroid size. Not only is the assay useful for evaluation of antifibrotic drug effects, it is relatively sensitive; one of the few in vitro fibroplasia assays that can detect pirfenidone effects at submillimolar concentrations. Although this paper focuses on lung fibrosis, the approach opens opportunities for studying a broad range of fibrotic diseases and for evaluating antifibrotic therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Parigoris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,The Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vorstandlechner V, Laggner M, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Chen Y, Golabi B, Haslik W, Radtke C, Tschachler E, Hötzenecker K, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. The serine proteases dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 and urokinase are key molecules in human and mouse scar formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6242. [PMID: 34716325 PMCID: PMC8556235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding skin scarring, mechanisms triggering hypertrophic scar formation are still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate mature human hypertrophic scars and developing scars in mice at single cell resolution. Compared to normal skin, we find significant differences in gene expression in most cell types present in scar tissue. Fibroblasts show the most prominent alterations in gene expression, displaying a distinct fibrotic signature. By comparing genes upregulated in murine fibroblasts during scar development with genes highly expressed in mature human hypertrophic scars, we identify a group of serine proteases, tentatively involved in scar formation. Two of them, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) and urokinase (PLAU), are further analyzed in functional assays, revealing a role in TGFβ1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and over-production of components of the extracellular matrix in vitro. Topical treatment with inhibitors of DPP4 and PLAU during scar formation in vivo shows anti-fibrotic activity and improvement of scar quality, most prominently after application of the PLAU inhibitor BC-11. In this study, we delineate the genetic landscape of hypertrophic scars and present insights into mechanisms involved in hypertrophic scar formation. Our data suggest the use of serine protease inhibitors for the treatment of skin fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vorstandlechner
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiyan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Haslik
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hötzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Aposcience AG (FN 308089y), Dresdner Straße 87/A21, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song J, Jung KJ, Cho JW, Park T, Han SC, Park D. Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100253. [PMID: 34678949 PMCID: PMC8540838 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) is one of the causative agents of humidifier disinfectant-induced lung injury. Direct exposure of the lungs to PHMG-P causes interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis. Epidemiological studies showed that patients with humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuries have suffered from restrictive lung function five years after the onset of the lung injuries. We investigated whether lung damage was sustained after repeated exposure to PHMG-P followed by a long-term recovery and evaluated the adverse effects of PHMG-P on mice lungs. Mice were intranasally instilled with 0.3 mg/kg PHMG-P six times at two weeks intervals, followed by a recovery period of 292 days. Histopathological examination of the lungs showed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung parenchyma, proteinaceous substances in the alveoli and bronchiolar–alveolar hyperplasia. From RNA-seq, the gene expression levels associated with the inflammatory response, leukocyte chemotaxis and fibrosis were significantly upregulated, whereas genes associated with epithelial/endothelial cells development, angiogenesis and smooth muscle contraction were markedly decreased. These results imply that persistent inflammation and fibrotic changes caused by repeated exposure to PHMG-P led to the downregulation of muscle and vascular development and lung dysfunction. Most importantly, this pathological structural remodeling induced by PHMG-P was not reversed even after long-term recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-8553 (J.S.); +82-42-610-8844 (D.P.)
| | - Kyung-Jin Jung
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Tamina Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-8553 (J.S.); +82-42-610-8844 (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diaz A, Merino P, McCann P, Yepes MA, Quiceno LG, Torre E, Tomkins A, Zhang X, Hales CM, Tong FC, Yepes M. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator promotes N-cadherin-mediated synaptic recovery in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2381-2394. [PMID: 33757316 PMCID: PMC8393294 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211002297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine proteinase that catalyzes the generation of plasmin on the cell surface and activates cell signaling pathways that promote remodeling and repair. Neuronal cadherin (NCAD) is a transmembrane protein that in the mature brain mediates the formation of synaptic contacts in the II/III and V cortical layers. Our studies show that uPA is preferentially found in the II/III and V cortical laminae of the gyrencephalic cortex of the non-human primate. Furthermore, we found that in murine cerebral cortical neurons and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons prepared from healthy human donors, most of this uPA is associated with pre-synaptic vesicles. Our in vivo experiments revealed that in both, the gyrencephalic cortex of the non-human primate and the lissecephalic murine brain, cerebral ischemia decreases the number of intact synaptic contacts and the expression of uPA and NCAD in a band of tissue surrounding the necrotic core. Additionally, our in vitro data show that uPA induces the synthesis of NCAD in cerebral cortical neurons, and in line with these observations, intravenous treatment with recombinant uPA three hours after the onset of cerebral ischemia induces NCAD-mediated repair of synaptic contacts in the area surrounding the necrotic core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Diaz
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Merino
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick McCann
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel A Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura G Quiceno
- Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Enrique Torre
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amelia Tomkins
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank C Tong
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Manuel Yepes, Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road-NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schuliga M, Read J, Knight DA. Ageing mechanisms that contribute to tissue remodeling in lung disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101405. [PMID: 34242806 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and certain phenotypes of asthma. The recent COVID-19 pandemic also highlights the increased susceptibility of the elderly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a diffuse inflammatory lung injury with often long-term effects (ie parenchymal fibrosis). Collectively, these lung conditions are characterized by a pathogenic reparative process that, rather than restoring organ function, contributes to structural and functional tissue decline. In the ageing lung, the homeostatic control of wound healing following challenge or injury has an increased likelihood of being perturbed, increasing susceptibility to disease. This loss of fidelity is a consequence of a diverse range of underlying ageing mechanisms including senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteostatic stress and diminished autophagy that occur within the lung, as well as in other tissues, organs and systems of the body. These ageing pathways are highly interconnected, involving localized and systemic increases in inflammatory mediators and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); along with corresponding changes in immune cell function, metabolism and composition of the pulmonary and gut microbiomes. Here we comprehensively review the roles of ageing mechanisms in the tissue remodeling of lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jane Read
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji C, McCulloch CA. TRPV4 integrates matrix mechanosensing with Ca 2+ signaling to regulate extracellular matrix remodeling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5867-5887. [PMID: 33300268 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In healthy connective tissues, mechanosensors trigger the generation of Ca2+ signals, which enable cells to maintain the structure of the fibrillar collagen matrix through actomyosin contractile forces. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) is a mechanosensitive Ca2+ -permeable channel that, when expressed in cell-matrix adhesions of the plasma membrane, regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In high prevalence disorders such as fibrosis and tumor metastasis, dysregulated matrix remodeling is associated with disruptions of Ca2+ homeostasis and TRPV4 function. Here, we consider that ECM polymers transmit cell-activating mechanical signals to TRPV4 in cell adhesions. When activated, TRPV4 regulates fibrillar collagen remodeling, thereby altering the mechanical properties of the ECM. In this review, we integrate functionally connected processes of matrix remodeling to highlight how TRPV4 in cell adhesions and matrix mechanics are reciprocally regulated through Ca2+ signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amor C, Feucht J, Leibold J, Ho YJ, Zhu C, Alonso-Curbelo D, Mansilla-Soto J, Boyer JA, Li X, Giavridis T, Kulick A, Houlihan S, Peerschke E, Friedman SL, Ponomarev V, Piersigilli A, Sadelain M, Lowe SW. Senolytic CAR T cells reverse senescence-associated pathologies. Nature 2020; 583:127-132. [PMID: 32555459 PMCID: PMC7583560 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest and a secretory program that modulates the tissue microenvironment1,2. Physiologically, senescence serves as a tumour-suppressive mechanism that prevents the expansion of premalignant cells3,4 and has a beneficial role in wound-healing responses5,6. Pathologically, the aberrant accumulation of senescent cells generates an inflammatory milieu that leads to chronic tissue damage and contributes to diseases such as liver and lung fibrosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes and osteoarthritis1,7. Accordingly, eliminating senescent cells from damaged tissues in mice ameliorates the symptoms of these pathologies and even promotes longevity1,2,8-10. Here we test the therapeutic concept that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that target senescent cells can be effective senolytic agents. We identify the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)11 as a cell-surface protein that is broadly induced during senescence and show that uPAR-specific CAR T cells efficiently ablate senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. CAR T cells that target uPAR extend the survival of mice with lung adenocarcinoma that are treated with a senescence-inducing combination of drugs, and restore tissue homeostasis in mice in which liver fibrosis is induced chemically or by diet. These results establish the therapeutic potential of senolytic CAR T cells for senescence-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Amor
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Leibold
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Direna Alonso-Curbelo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Mansilla-Soto
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob A Boyer
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodoros Giavridis
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Kulick
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shauna Houlihan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellinor Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Identification and preclinical development of an anti-proteolytic uPA antibody for rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:585-593. [PMID: 32108909 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the proteolytic capacity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduces arthritis progression in the collagen-induced mouse arthritis model to an extent that is on par with the effect of blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha by etanercept. Seeking to develop a novel therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, a humanized mAb, NNC0266-0043, was selected for its dual inhibition of both the zymogen activation and the proteolytic capacity of human uPA. The antibody revealed nonlinear elimination kinetics in cynomolgus monkeys consistent with binding to and turnover of endogenous uPA. At a dose level of 20.6 mg kg-1, the antibody had a plasma half-life of 210 h. Plasma uPA activity, a pharmacodynamic marker of anti-uPA therapy, was reduced to below the detection limit during treatment, indicating that an efficacious plasma concentration was reached. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicted that sufficient antibody levels can be sustained in arthritis patients dosed subcutaneously once weekly. The anti-uPA mAb was also well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at weekly doses up to 200 mg kg-1 over 4 weeks. The data from cynomolgus monkeys and from human material presented here indicates that anti-uPA mAb NNC0266-0043 is suitable for clinical testing as a novel therapeutic for rheumatic diseases. KEY MESSAGES: Background: Anti-uPA therapy is on par with etanercept in a mouse arthritis model. A new humanized antibody blocks activation and proteolytic activity of human uPA. The antibody represents a radically novel mode-of-action in anti-rheumatic therapy. The antibody has PK/PD properties in primates consistent with QW clinical dosing.
Collapse
|
15
|
Horowitz JC, Tschumperlin DJ, Kim KK, Osterholzer JJ, Subbotina N, Ajayi IO, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Virk A, Dotson M, Liu F, Sicard D, Jia S, Sisson TH. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Overexpression Reverses Established Lung Fibrosis. Thromb Haemost 2019; 119:1968-1980. [PMID: 31705517 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired plasminogen activation (PA) is causally related to the development of lung fibrosis. Prior studies demonstrate that enhanced PA in the lung limits the severity of scarring following injury and in vitro studies indicate that PA promotes matrix degradation and fibroblast apoptosis. These findings led us to hypothesize that increased PA in an in vivo model would enhance the resolution of established lung fibrosis in conjunction with increased myofibroblast apoptosis. METHODS Transgenic C57BL/6 mice with doxycycline inducible lung-specific urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression or littermate controls were treated (day 0) with bleomycin or saline. Doxycycline was initiated on days 1, 9, 14, or 21. Lung fibrosis, stiffness, apoptosis, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammation were assessed. RESULTS Protection from fibrosis with uPA upregulation from day 1 through day 28 was associated with reduced parenchymal stiffness as determined by atomic force microscopy. Initiation of uPA expression beginning in the late inflammatory or the early fibrotic phase reduced stiffness and fibrosis at day 28. Induction of uPA activity in mice with established fibrosis decreased lung collagen and lung stiffness while increasing myofibroblast apoptosis. Upregulation of uPA did not alter lung inflammation but was associated with improved epithelial cell homeostasis. CONCLUSION Restoring intrapulmonary PA activity diminishes lung fibrogenesis and enhances the resolution of established lung fibrosis. This PA-mediated resolution is associated with increased myofibroblast apoptosis and improved epithelial cell homeostasis. These studies support the potential capacity of the lung to resolve existing scar in murine models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Natalya Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Iyabode O Ajayi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ammara Virk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Megan Dotson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Shijing Jia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sereff SB, Daniels MW, Wittliff JL. Relationships of protein biomarkers of the urokinase plasminogen activator system with expression of their cognate genes in primary breast carcinomas. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22982. [PMID: 31359505 PMCID: PMC6868412 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background uPA, its receptor uPAR, and inhibitors PAI‐1 and PAI‐2 play key roles in membrane remodeling/invasion and in predicting response to chemotherapy. We identified novel relationships of these biomarkers with ER/PR that indicate clinical utility for assessing breast carcinoma outcomes. Methods Retrospective studies were performed with de‐identified results of (a) uPA, uPAR, and PAI‐1; (b) estrogen (ER) and progestin receptor (PR); and (c) clinical outcomes. Relative expression of 22 000 genes from microarray of RNA from LCM‐procured breast cancer cells was used with R Studio version 3.4.1. Results Primary ER/PR status was related to uPA, uPAR, or PAI‐1 levels. ER− or PR− cancers expressed elevated uPA, uPAR, and PAI2 mRNA compared to ER+ or PR+ cells. Inverse relationships between ER/PR protein and expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI‐2 were observed, whereas HER2 status was unrelated. qPCR analyses showed RERG and NQO‐1 expressions were elevated in uPA− lesions, while CD34 and EDG‐1 were elevated in uPAR− cancers. ERBB4 was overexpressed in PAI‐1+ carcinomas. Cox regression analyses revealed relationships of ER/PR status and uPA system members with regard to clinical outcomes of breast cancer. Conclusions uPA, uPAR, PAI1, or PAI2 expression was increased in either ER− or PR− cancers similar to that of protein content in ER−/PR− carcinomas, suggesting sex hormones regulate the uPA system in breast cancer. Results revealed protein content of uPA system members was related to ER/PR status of primary lesions. Use of LCM‐procured carcinoma cells uncovered relationships between expression of known cancer−associated genes and protein content of uPA system members. Collectively, results indicate evaluation of ER and PR protein of primary breast cancers combined with analyses of uPA, uPAR, and PAI‐1 protein content improves assessment of clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Sereff
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Institute for Molecular Diversity & Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael W Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado at Aurora, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James L Wittliff
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Institute for Molecular Diversity & Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murtha LA, Morten M, Schuliga MJ, Mabotuwana NS, Hardy SA, Waters DW, Burgess JK, Ngo DT, Sverdlov AL, Knight DA, Boyle AJ. The Role of Pathological Aging in Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Aging Dis 2019; 10:419-428. [PMID: 31011486 PMCID: PMC6457057 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging promotes a range of degenerative pathologies characterized by progressive losses of tissue and/or cellular function. Fibrosis is the hardening, overgrowth and scarring of various tissues characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Aging is an important predisposing factor common for fibrotic heart and respiratory disease. Age-related processes such as senescence, inflammaging, autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are interconnected biological processes that diminish the regenerative capacity of the aged heart and lung and have been shown to play a crucial role in cardiac fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This review focuses on these four processes of aging in relation to their role in fibrosis. It has long been established that the heart and lung are linked both functionally and anatomically when it comes to health and disease, with an ever-expanding aging population, the incidence of fibrotic disease and therefore the number of fibrosis-related deaths will continue to rise. There are currently no feasible therapies to treat the effects of chronic fibrosis therefore highlighting the importance of exploring the processes of aging and its role in inducing and exacerbating fibrosis of each organ. The focus of this review may help to highlight potential avenues of therapeutic exploration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Murtha
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Morten
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Schuliga
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nishani S Mabotuwana
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean A Hardy
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David W Waters
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- 4University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Groningen and W. J. Kolff Research Institute, The Netherlands.,5Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia.,6Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Doan Tm Ngo
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron L Sverdlov
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada.,8Adjunct Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Australia.,9Research and Innovation Conjoint, Hunter New England Health District, Australia
| | - Andrew J Boyle
- 1School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sood S, Russell TD, Shifren A. Biomarkers in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Jürgensen HJ, Nørregaard KS, Sibree MM, Santoni-Rugiu E, Madsen DH, Wassilew K, Krustrup D, Garred P, Bugge TH, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. Immune regulation by fibroblasts in tissue injury depends on uPARAP-mediated uptake of collectins. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:333-349. [PMID: 30366943 PMCID: PMC6314555 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectins such as mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) become temporarily deposited in extravascular compartments after tissue injury and perform immune-stimulatory or inflammation-limiting functions. However, their turnover mechanisms, necessary to prevent excessive tissue damage, are virtually unknown. In this study, we show that fibroblasts in injured tissues undertake the clearance of collectins by using the endocytic collagen receptor uPARAP. In cellular assays, several types of collectins were endocytosed in a highly specific uPARAP-dependent process, not shared by the closely related receptor MR/CD206. When introduced into dermis or bleomycin-injured lungs of mice, collectins MBL and SP-D were endocytosed and routed for lysosomal degradation by uPARAP-positive fibroblasts. Fibroblast-specific expression of uPARAP governed endogenous SP-D levels and overall survival after lung injury. In lung tissue from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, a strong up-regulation of uPARAP was observed in fibroblasts adjacent to regions with SP-D secretion. This study demonstrates a novel immune-regulatory function of fibroblasts and identifies uPARAP as an endocytic receptor in immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik J Jürgensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kirstine S Nørregaard
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Megan M Sibree
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katharina Wassilew
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorrit Krustrup
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Behrendt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schuliga M, Pechkovsky DV, Read J, Waters DW, Blokland KEC, Reid AT, Hogaboam CM, Khalil N, Burgess JK, Prêle CM, Mutsaers SE, Jaffar J, Westall G, Grainge C, Knight DA. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the senescent phenotype of IPF lung fibroblasts. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5847-5861. [PMID: 30255990 PMCID: PMC6237609 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights that senescence plays an important role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study delineates the specific contribution of mitochondria and the superoxide they form to the senescent phenotype of lung fibroblasts from IPF patients (IPF‐LFs). Primary cultures of IPF‐LFs exhibited an intensified DNA damage response (DDR) and were more senescent than age‐matched fibroblasts from control donors (Ctrl‐LFs). Furthermore, IPF‐LFs exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, exemplified by increases in mitochondrial superoxide, DNA, stress and activation of mTORC1. The DNA damaging agent etoposide elicited a DDR and augmented senescence in Ctrl‐LFs, which were accompanied by disturbances in mitochondrial homoeostasis including heightened superoxide production. However, etoposide had no effect on IPF‐LFs. Mitochondrial perturbation by rotenone involving sharp increases in superoxide production also evoked a DDR and senescence in Ctrl‐LFs, but not IPF‐LFs. Inhibition of mTORC1, antioxidant treatment and a mitochondrial targeting antioxidant decelerated IPF‐LF senescence and/or attenuated pharmacologically induced Ctrl‐LF senescence. In conclusion, increased superoxide production by dysfunctional mitochondria reinforces lung fibroblast senescence via prolongation of the DDR. As part of an auto‐amplifying loop, mTORC1 is activated, altering mitochondrial homoeostasis and increasing superoxide production. Deeper understanding the mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to fibroblast senescence in IPF has potentially important therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Pechkovsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jane Read
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Waters
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaj E C Blokland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD and KOLFF Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrew T Reid
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nasreen Khalil
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD and KOLFF Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hamie L, Daoud G, Nemer G, Nammour T, El Chediak A, Uthman IW, Kibbi AG, Eid A, Kurban M. SuPAR, an emerging biomarker in kidney and inflammatory diseases. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:517-524. [PMID: 30177549 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a circulating form of a physiological and pathophysiological important cell surface receptor, implicated in inflammation. Recent studies showed that suPAR is a promising biomarker, useful for diagnosis, assessment and prognosis of several diseases. This review summarises the majority of preliminary studies and analyses the significance and the clinical application of suPAR in various clinical conditions. SuPAR seems to have a significant value in the diagnosis as well as prognosis of many diseases; nonetheless, it merits large-scale studies to set cut-off values that help physicians in following up their patients and accordingly tailor their treatment plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Hamie
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Daoud
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tarek Nammour
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alissar El Chediak
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Imad W Uthman
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdul Ghani Kibbi
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon .,Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schuliga M, Grainge C, Westall G, Knight D. The fibrogenic actions of the coagulant and plasminogen activation systems in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:108-117. [PMID: 29474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis causes irreversible damage to lung structure and function in restrictive lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Extravascular coagulation involving fibrin formation in the intra-alveolar compartment is postulated to have a pivotal role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, serving as a provisional matrix for migrating fibroblasts. Furthermore, proteases of the coagulation and plasminogen activation (plasminergic) systems that form and breakdown fibrin respectively directly contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. The coagulants, thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) evoke fibrogenic effects via cleavage of the N-terminus of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Whilst the formation and activity of plasmin, the principle plasminergic mediator is suppressed in the airspaces of patients with IPF, localized increases are likely to occur in the lung interstitium. Plasmin-evoked proteolytic activation of factor XII (FXII), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and latent, matrix-bound growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) indirectly implicate plasmin in pulmonary fibrosis. Another plasminergic protease, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is associated with regions of fibrosis in the remodelled lung of IPF patients and elicits fibrogenic activity via binding its receptor (uPAR). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) formed in the injured alveolar epithelium also contributes to pulmonary fibrosis in a manner that involves vitronectin binding. This review describes the mechanisms by which components of the two systems primarily involved in fibrin homeostasis contribute to interstitial fibrosis, with a particular focus on IPF. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated mechanisms of coagulant and plasminergic proteases may limit pulmonary fibrosis, without the bleeding complications associated with conventional anti-coagulant and thrombolytic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murtha LA, Schuliga MJ, Mabotuwana NS, Hardy SA, Waters DW, Burgess JK, Knight DA, Boyle AJ. The Processes and Mechanisms of Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:777. [PMID: 29075197 PMCID: PMC5643461 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the formation of fibrous connective tissue in response to injury. It is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, at the site of injury. Fibrosis is an adaptive response that is a vital component of wound healing and tissue repair. However, its continued activation is highly detrimental and a common final pathway of numerous disease states including cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Worldwide, fibrotic diseases cause over 800,000 deaths per year, accounting for ~45% of total deaths. With an aging population, the incidence of fibrotic disease and subsequently the number of fibrosis-related deaths will rise further. Although, fibrosis is a well-recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in a range of disease states, there are currently no viable therapies to reverse the effects of chronic fibrosis. Numerous predisposing factors contribute to the development of fibrosis. Biological aging in particular, interferes with repair of damaged tissue, accelerating the transition to pathological remodeling, rather than a process of resolution and regeneration. When fibrosis progresses in an uncontrolled manner, it results in the irreversible stiffening of the affected tissue, which can lead to organ malfunction and death. Further investigation into the mechanisms of fibrosis is necessary to elucidate novel, much needed, therapeutic targets. Fibrosis of the heart and lung make up a significant proportion of fibrosis-related deaths. It has long been established that the heart and lung are functionally and geographically linked when it comes to health and disease, and thus exploring the processes and mechanisms that contribute to fibrosis of each organ, the focus of this review, may help to highlight potential avenues of therapeutic investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Murtha
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Schuliga
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nishani S Mabotuwana
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean A Hardy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David W Waters
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, W. J. Kolff Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BS, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research and Innovation Conjoint, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schuliga M, Jaffar J, Berhan A, Langenbach S, Harris T, Waters D, Lee PVS, Grainge C, Westall G, Knight D, Stewart AG. Annexin A2 contributes to lung injury and fibrosis by augmenting factor Xa fibrogenic activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L772-L782. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00553.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In lung injury and disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), extravascular factor X is converted into factor Xa (FXa), a coagulant protease with fibrogenic actions. Extracellular annexin A2 binds to FXa, augmenting activation of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). In this study, the contribution of annexin A2 in lung injury and fibrosis was investigated. Annexin A2 immunoreactivity was observed in regions of fibrosis, including those associated with fibroblasts in lung tissue of IPF patients. Furthermore, annexin A2 was detected in the conditioned media and an EGTA membrane wash of human lung fibroblast (LF) cultures. Incubation with human plasma (5% vol/vol) or purified FXa (15–50 nM) evoked fibrogenic responses in LF cultures, with FXa increasing interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and cell number by 270 and 46%, respectively ( P < 0.05, n = 5–8). The fibrogenic actions of plasma or FXa were attenuated by the selective FXa inhibitor apixaban (10 μM, or antibodies raised against annexin A2 or PAR-1 (2 μg/ml). FXa-stimulated LFs from IPF patients ( n = 6) produced twice as much IL-6 as controls ( n = 10) ( P < 0.05), corresponding with increased levels of extracellular annexin A2. Annexin A2 gene deletion in mice reduced bleomycin-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) IL-6 levels and cell number (* P < 0.05; n = 4–12). Lung fibrogenic gene expression and dry weight were reduced by annexin A2 gene deletion, but lung levels of collagen were not. Our data suggest that annexin A2 contributes to lung injury and fibrotic disease by mediating the fibrogenic actions of FXa. Extracellular annexin A2 is a potential target for the treatment of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asres Berhan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trudi Harris
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Waters
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|