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Uddin S, Debnath PC, Kim H, Moon H, Koo CM, Song YW. Asymmetric Laser Field Interaction with MXene Coated on the Side Surface of Optical Fibers for Ultrafast Nonlinear Switches. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9137-9143. [PMID: 38345830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant interest in researching ultrafast nonlinear optical phenomena involving light-matter interactions in two-dimensional (2D) materials, owing to their potential applications in optics and photonics. MXene, a recently developed 2D material, has garnered considerable attention due to its graphene-like properties and highly tunable electronic/optical characteristics. Herein, we demonstrate ultrafast all-optical switches based on four-wave-mixing (FWM) utilizing the nonlinear optical property of MXene Ti3C2Tx. In order to realize the device, we deposited multilayered Ti3C2Tx in the form of a supernatant solution onto the polished surface of a side-polished optical fiber, enabling the interaction of Ti3C2Tx with the asymmetric evanescent field of the incident input. We systematically characterized the nonlinear optical responses derived from the Ti3C2Tx layers. The fabricated device exhibits notable performance metrics, an enhancement of the extinction ratio, and a conversion efficiency of the newly generated signal, displaying 5.3 and 5.2 dB, respectively. Additionally, the device operates at high modulation frequencies, reaching up to 20 GHz, and demonstrates high-resolution detuning with channel distances of up to 15 nm. Our findings highlight the potential of MXene-based materials for ultrafast optical data management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siam Uddin
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Pulak C Debnath
- Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Moon
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Song
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Sikder B, Nayem SH, Uddin SZ. Deep ultraviolet spontaneous emission enhanced by layer dependent black phosphorus plasmonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47152-47167. [PMID: 36558651 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene has been the primary material of interest recently for spontaneous emission engineering through the Purcell effect, it features isotropic and thickness-independent optical properties. In contrast, the optical properties of black Phosphorus (BP) are in-plane anisotropic; which supports plasmonic modes and are thickness-dependent, offering an additional degree of freedom for control. Here we investigate how the anisotropy and thickness of BP affect spontaneous emission from a Hydrogenic emitter. We find that the spontaneous emission enhancement rate i.e. Purcell factor (PF) depends on emitter orientation, and PF at a particular frequency and distance can be controlled by BP thickness. At lower frequencies, PF increases with increasing thickness due to infrared (IR) plasmons, which then enhances visible and UV far-field spectra, even at energies greater than 10 eV. By leveraging the thickness and distance-dependent PF, deep UV emission can be switched between 103 nm or 122 nm wavelength from a Hydrogenic emitter. Additionally, we find that doping can significantly tune the PF near BP and this alteration depends on the thickness of the BP. Our work shows that BP is a promising platform for studying strong plasmon-induced light-matter interactions tunable by varying doping levels, emitter orientation, and thickness.
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All-Optical Modulation Technology Based on 2D Layered Materials. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13010092. [PMID: 35056256 PMCID: PMC8780208 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the advancement of photonics technologies, all-optical systems are highly demanded in ultrafast photonics, signal processing, optical sensing and optical communication systems. All-optical devices are the core elements to realize the next generation of photonics integration system and optical interconnection. Thus, the exploration of new optoelectronics materials that exhibit different optical properties is a highlighted research direction. The emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, black phosphorus (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and MXene have proved great potential in the evolution of photonics technologies. The optical properties of 2D materials comprising the energy bandgap, third-order nonlinearity, nonlinear absorption and thermo-optics coefficient can be tailored for different optical applications. Over the past decade, the explorations of 2D materials in photonics applications have extended to all-optical modulators, all-optical switches, an all-optical wavelength converter, covering the visible, near-infrared and Terahertz wavelength range. Herein, we review different types of 2D materials, their fabrication processes and optical properties. In addition, we also summarize the recent advances of all-optical modulation based on 2D materials. Finally, we conclude on the perspectives on and challenges of the future development of the 2D material-based all-optical devices.
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Mu H, Liu Y, Bongu SR, Bao X, Li L, Xiao S, Zhuang J, Liu C, Huang Y, Dong Y, Helmerson K, Wang J, Liu G, Du Y, Bao Q. Germanium Nanosheets with Dirac Characteristics as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulse Generation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101042. [PMID: 34151464 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bulk germanium as a group-IV photonic material has been widely studied due to its relatively large refractive index and broadband and low propagation loss from near-infrared to mid-infrared. Inspired by the research of graphene, the 2D counterpart of bulk germanium, germanene, has been discovered and the characteristics of Dirac electrons have been observed. However, the optical properties of germanene still remain elusive. In this work, several layers of germanene are prepared with Dirac electronic characteristics and its morphology, band structure, carrier dynamics, and nonlinear optical properties are systematically investigated. It is surprisingly found that germanene has a fast carrier-relaxation time comparable to that of graphene and a relatively large nonlinear absorption coefficient, which is an order of magnitude higher than that of graphene in the near-infrared wavelength range. Based on these findings, germanene is applied as a new saturable absorber to construct an ultrafast mode-locked laser, and sub-picosecond pulse generation in the telecommunication band is realized. The results suggest that germanene can be used as a new type of group-IV material for various nonlinear optics and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Mu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- School of Physics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yani Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sudhakara Reddy Bongu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Bao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Lei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Laser Technology and Emerging Industry, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Si Xiao
- Institute of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process in Advanced Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jincheng Zhuang
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yamin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yemin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Kristian Helmerson
- School of Physics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jiaou Wang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi Du
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Dai Y, Wang Y, Das S, Li S, Xue H, Mohsen A, Sun Z. Broadband Plasmon-Enhanced Four-Wave Mixing in Monolayer MoS 2. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6321-6327. [PMID: 34279968 PMCID: PMC8323120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers have remarkably large optical nonlinearity. However, the nonlinear optical conversion efficiency in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides is typically low due to small light-matter interaction length at the atomic thickness, which significantly obstructs their applications. Here, for the first time, we report broadband (up to ∼150 nm) enhancement of optical nonlinearity in monolayer MoS2 with plasmonic structures. Substantial enhancement of four-wave mixing is demonstrated with the enhancement factor up to three orders of magnitude for broadband frequency conversion, covering the major visible spectral region. The equivalent third-order nonlinearity of the hybrid MoS2-plasmonic structure is in the order of 10-17 m2/V2, far superior (∼10-100-times larger) to the widely used conventional bulk materials (e.g., LiNbO3, BBO) and nanomaterials (e.g., gold nanofilms). Such a considerable and broadband enhancement arises from the strongly confined electric field in the plasmonic structure, promising for numerous nonlinear photonic applications of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Dai
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Shisheng Li
- International
Center for Young Scientists (ICYS), National
Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hui Xue
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Ahmadi Mohsen
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department
of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto
University, Espoo 02150, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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Chen JH, Xiong YF, Xu F, Lu YQ. Silica optical fiber integrated with two-dimensional materials: towards opto-electro-mechanical technology. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:78. [PMID: 33854031 PMCID: PMC8046821 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the integration of graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials in optical fibers have stimulated significant advances in all-fiber photonics and optoelectronics. The conventional passive silica fiber devices with 2D materials are empowered for enhancing light-matter interactions and are applied for manipulating light beams in respect of their polarization, phase, intensity and frequency, and even realizing the active photo-electric conversion and electro-optic modulation, which paves a new route to the integrated multifunctional all-fiber optoelectronic system. This article reviews the fast-progress field of hybrid 2D-materials-optical-fiber for the opto-electro-mechanical devices. The challenges and opportunities in this field for future development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yi-Feng Xiong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Kaur S, Pandey R, Karna SP. Enhanced nonlinear optical response of graphene-based nanoflake van der Waals heterostructures. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5590-5600. [PMID: 35423093 PMCID: PMC8694720 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonlinear optical properties of van der Waals bilayer heterostructures composed of graphene/h-BN and graphene/phosphorene nanoflakes are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. Our calculated results show a significant enhancement of the first-hyperpolarizability value, β in heterostructures relative to the pristine nanoflakes at λ = 1064 nm. The calculated enhancement in optical nonlinearity mainly results from in-plane anisotropy induced by the interlayer electronic coupling between the adjacent nanoflake layers; a higher degree of anisotropy is induced by puckered phosphorene compared to atomically flat h-BN yielding χ (2) value corresponding to the second harmonic generation of ∼50 pm V-1 in the zigzag graphene/phosphorene bilayer heterostructure. The calculated results clearly show that graphene-based nanoflake heterostructures giving large NLO coefficients together with high electron mobility of these materials offer new opportunities as candidate materials of choice for next-generation photonics and integrated quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumandeep Kaur
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan 49931 USA
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan 49931 USA
| | - Shashi P Karna
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, ATTN: RDRL-WM Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen Maryland 21005-5069 USA
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Rao CN, Pawar D, Nakate UT, Aepuru R, Gui X, Mangalaraja RV, Kale SN, Suh EK, Liu W, Zhu D, Lu Y, Cao P. Electric field controlled near-infrared high-speed electro-optic switching modulator integrated with 2D MgO. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4611-4614. [PMID: 32797022 DOI: 10.1364/ol.393796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electro-optic effect in two-dimensional (2D) MgO nanoflakes synthesized by a microwave-assisted process is demonstrated using a designed optical fiber modulator. The guiding properties of intense core modes excited by the material cavity are modulated by the external electric field. The feasibility of 2D MgO nanoflakes as an effective electro-optic modulator and switching are experimentally verified for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The proposed optical-fiber-based electro-optic modulator achieves a linear wavelength shift with a high sensitivity of 12.87 pm/V(77.22 nm/kV/mm, in the electric field). The results show that MgO, as a metal oxide 2D material, is a very promising material for electro-optic modulators and switching.
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Jeong RH, Lee JW, Kim DI, Yang JW, Park S, Boo JH. Black phosphorus @ molybdenum disulfide 2D nanocomposite with broad light absorption and high stability for methylene blue decomposition photocatalyst. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:155704. [PMID: 31796654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, black phosphorus (BP) has become an increasingly popular two-dimensional material with application in many fields. In the field of photocatalyst, the substance is attracted by a wide spectrum and abundant constituents. BP is an attractive material with unique properties owing to its anisotropic structure, which is favorable for catalyst design as a result of bandgap change based on thickness. However, it has proved problematic in the photocatalyst field, due to rapid recombination of electrons and holes. As a result, to overcome this, we used a complex with MoS2 to prevent the recombination of electrons and holes and to have a broad range of optical absorption from visible light to NIR. MoS2 nanoflakes are a two-dimensional (2D) material of the transition metal dichalcogenide family, the advantage of which is that it can be used as a nano-junction between 2D materials. The nanocomposite material of BP and MoS2 shows a remarkable increase in photocatalytic decomposition ability of methylene blue which is an organic dye. It also has many cycles of catalytic ability, which is advantageous in terms of stability. There are expectations that MoS2 @ BP photocatalysts will be widely applied as a non-precious metal photocatalyst with broad light absorption spectra and multi-function photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rak Hyun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Republic of Korea. Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Ponraj JS, Fan D, Zhang H. An overview of the optical properties and applications of black phosphorus. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3513-3534. [PMID: 31904052 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the year 2014, when scientists first obtained black phosphorus using a sticky tape to peel the layers off, it has attracted tremendous interest as a novel two-dimensional material. After it was successfully produced, its outstanding optical properties have been unveiled. Various applications based on these properties have been reported. This study mainly reviews the unique optical properties and potential applications of black phosphorus. The optical performances of black phosphorus mainly include linear optical properties and nonlinear optical properties. Some examples include the anisotropic optical response, saturable absorption effect and Kerr effect. The researchers found that the nonlinear saturable absorption coefficients of black phosphorus are better than that of MoS2 and WS2 from the visible region to the near-infrared region. Compared with graphene, black phosphorus has a better nonlinear saturable absorption performance. After passivation or surface modification, black phosphorus is stable when exposed to oxygen and water. Herein, black phosphorus has the potential to be used in detector/sensors, solar energy harvesting, photocatalysts, optical saturable absorbers in ultrafast lasers, all optical switches, optical modulation, nanomedicine and some others in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | | | - Dianyuan Fan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
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Lee S, Kim JT, Song YW. Graphene-Incorporated Soft Capacitors for Mechanically Adjustable Electro-Optic Modulators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40781-40788. [PMID: 30394079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to ultrahigh capacity and speed in data management, future communication networks require enhanced performance via system reconfigurability under limited resources. Extremely high-speed operation renders optical data managing devices as excellent candidates to hybridize with current electronic devices; however, they still need tunability for system reconfiguration in an integrated scheme. We demonstrate an efficient electro-optic (EO) modulator that is mechanically tunable on a multiple optical waveguide system that functioned with a soft capacitor structure incorporating graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The flexible capacitor that generates optical signals by temporal light absorption depending on electrical signals can be mechanically detached and reattached from and onto a rigid surface of the waveguide. It provides either the on or off state of the modulating operation, and enables switching of the working waveguides, following the reconfigured data routes. Quality-controlled graphene mainly provides the EO operation, and PMMA plays an important role as both the flexible dielectric layer in the capacitor and the passivation layer for graphene protection. The modulation effects of the manually prepared graphene-PMMA capacitor mechanically adjusted onto a side-polished optical fiber (D-shaped fiber) are investigated in terms of the extinction ratio (ER) of the transmitting light and the operational bandwidth. We successfully display an ER of the modulator up to 19.8 dB with a voltage control ranging from -50 to 50 V. Its stable operation is verified with a modulation speed up to 2.5 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjae Lee
- Center for Opto-electronic Materials and Devices , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Creative Future Research Laboratory , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Song
- Center for Opto-electronic Materials and Devices , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
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12
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Graphene's nonlinear-optical physics revealed through exponentially growing self-phase modulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2675. [PMID: 29992967 PMCID: PMC6041291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is considered a record-performance nonlinear-optical material on the basis of numerous experiments. The observed strong nonlinear response ascribed to the refractive part of graphene's electronic third-order susceptibility χ(3) cannot, however, be explained using the relatively modest χ(3) value theoretically predicted for the 2D material. Here we solve this long-standing paradox and demonstrate that, rather than χ(3)-based refraction, a complex phenomenon which we call saturable photoexcited-carrier refraction is at the heart of nonlinear-optical interactions in graphene such as self-phase modulation. Saturable photoexcited-carrier refraction is found to enable self-phase modulation of picosecond optical pulses with exponential-like bandwidth growth along graphene-covered waveguides. Our theory allows explanation of these extraordinary experimental results both qualitatively and quantitatively. It also supports the graphene nonlinearities measured in previous self-phase modulation and self-(de)focusing (Z-scan) experiments. This work signifies a paradigm shift in the understanding of 2D-material nonlinearities and finally enables their full exploitation in next-generation nonlinear-optical devices.
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Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H, Sun Z. Nonlinear Optics with 2D Layered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705963. [PMID: 29575171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D layered materials (2DLMs) are a subject of intense research for a wide variety of applications (e.g., electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics) due to their unique physical properties. Most recently, increasing research efforts on 2DLMs are projected toward the nonlinear optical properties of 2DLMs, which are not only fascinating from the fundamental science point of view but also intriguing for various potential applications. Here, the current state of the art in the field of nonlinear optics based on 2DLMs and their hybrid structures (e.g., mixed-dimensional heterostructures, plasmonic structures, and silicon/fiber integrated structures) is reviewed. Several potential perspectives and possible future research directions of these promising nanomaterials for nonlinear optics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Autere
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Henri Jussila
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yunyun Dai
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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