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Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
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Bai Y, Zhang M, Shi Q, Ding S, Qin Y, Xie Z, Jiang X, Xiao M. Brillouin-Kerr Soliton Frequency Combs in an Optical Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:063901. [PMID: 33635694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.063901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By generating a Brillouin laser in an optical microresonator, we realize a soliton Kerr microcomb through exciting the Kerr frequency comb using the generated Brillouin laser in the same cavity. The intracavity Brillouin laser pumping scheme enables us to access the soliton states with a blue-detuned input pump. Because of the ultranarrow linewidth and the low-noise properties of the generated Brillouin laser, the observed soliton microcomb exhibits narrow-linewidth comb lines and stable repetition rate. Also, we demonstrate a low-noise microwave signal with phase noise of -49 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz, -130 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz, and -149 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offsets for a 10.43 GHz carrier with only a free-running input pump. The easy operation of the Brillouin-Kerr soliton microcomb with excellent performance makes our scheme promising for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bai
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Menghua Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yingchun Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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Frigenti G, Farnesi D, Nunzi Conti G, Soria S. Nonlinear Optics in Microspherical Resonators. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E303. [PMID: 32183230 PMCID: PMC7142417 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear frequency generation requires high intensity density which is usually achieved with pulsed laser sources, anomalous dispersion, high nonlinear coefficients or long interaction lengths. Whispering gallery mode microresonators (WGMRs) are photonic devices that enhance nonlinear interactions and can be exploited for continuous wave (CW) nonlinear frequency conversion, due to their capability of confine light for long time periods in a very small volume, even though in the normal dispersion regime. All signals must be resonant with the cavity. Here, we present a review of nonlinear optical processes in glass microspherical cavities, hollow and solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Frigenti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Nonlineare (LENS) - Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Daniele Farnesi
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
| | - Gualtiero Nunzi Conti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
| | - Silvia Soria
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
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Parametrical Optomechanical Oscillations in PhoXonic Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7163. [PMID: 31073182 PMCID: PMC6509163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the experimental and theoretical analysis of parametrical optomechanical oscillations in hollow spherical phoxonic whispering gallery mode resonators due to radiation pressure. The optically excited acoustic eigenmodes of the phoxonic cavity oscillate regeneratively leading to parametric oscillation instabilities.
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