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Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A, Kovacs GG. Molecular diagnosis of human prion disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:291-306. [PMID: 23484550 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.576664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human prion diseases (PrDs) are transmissible fatal nervous system disorders with public health implications. They are characterized by the presence of a disease-associated form of the physiological cellular prion protein. Development of diagnostic procedures is important to avoid transmission, including through blood products. Methods used for the detection of disease-associated PrP have implications for other neurodegenerative diseases. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss recent progress in the understanding of the molecular background of phenotypic variability of human PrDs, and the current concepts of molecular diagnosis. Also, the authors provide a critical summary of the diagnostic methods with regard to the molecular subtypes. EXPERT OPINION In spite of a lack of specific tests to detect disease-associated PrP in body fluids, the constellation of clinical symptoms, detection of protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalogram, cranial MRI and prion protein gene examinations, together have increased the specificity and sensitivity of in vivo diagnostics. As new forms of PrDs are reported, continuous evaluation of their incidence and the search for their etiology is crucial. Recent studies, suggesting prion-like properties of certain proteinopathies associated with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, have again brought PrDs to the center of interest as a model of diseases with disordered protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Quadrio
- Hospices Civils de Lyon/Claude Bernard University , Groupement Hospitalier Est, Prion Disease Laboratory, Pathology and Biochemistry, 59 bd Pinel , 69677, BRON Cedex , France
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Horiuchi M, Karino A, Furuoka H, Ishiguro N, Kimura K, Shinagawa M. Generation of monoclonal antibody that distinguishes PrPSc from PrPC and neutralizes prion infectivity. Virology 2009; 394:200-7. [PMID: 19766283 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To establish PrP(Sc)-specific mAbs, we immunized Prnp(-/-) mice with PrP(Sc) purified from prion-infected mice. Using this approach, we obtained mAb 6H10, which reacted with PrP(Sc) treated with proteinase K, but not with PrP(Sc) pretreated with more than 3 M GdnHCl. In contrast, reactivity of pan-PrP mAbs increased with increasing concentrations of GdnHCl used for pretreatment of PrP(Sc). In histoblot analysis, mAb 6H10 showed a positive reaction on a non-denatured histoblot but reactivity was lower when the histoblot was pretreated by autoclaving. Epitope analysis suggested that the extreme C-terminus of PrP is likely to be part of the epitope for mAb 6H10. MAb 6H10 immunoprecipitated PrP(Sc) from brains of mice, sheep, and cattle infected with prions. Furthermore, pretreatment of purified PrP(Sc) with mAb 6H10 reduced the infectious titer more than 1 log. Taken together, these results suggest that mAb 6H10 recognizes a conformational epitope on PrP(Sc) that is related to prion infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Prion Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkadio 060-0818, Japan.
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Luhr KM, Löw P, Taraboulos A, Bergman T, Kristensson K. Prion adsorption to stainless steel is promoted by nickel and molybdenum. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2821-2828. [PMID: 19605588 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious agents resulting from the conversion of a normal cellular protein, PrP(C), to a misfolded species, PrP(Sc). Iatrogenic transmission of prions is known from surgical procedures involving stainless steel materials. Here, it was shown that stainless steel containing nickel and molybdenum binds PrP(Sc) more efficiently and transmits infection to cells in culture to a higher degree than if these elements are not present. Furthermore, both nickel and molybdenum alone adsorbed PrP(Sc), and nickel powder could be used to extract PrP(Sc) from dilute solutions, thus providing a simple approach to concentration of PrP(Sc). The fact that nickel and molybdenum in steel alloys increased the binding affinity, and bound infectivity, of PrP(Sc) is an important issue to consider in the manufacture of surgical instruments and abattoir tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Luhr
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Löw
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Taraboulos
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomas Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krister Kristensson
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Quadrio I, Ugnon-Café S, Dupin M, Esposito G, Streichenberger N, Krolak-Salmon P, Vital A, Pellissier JF, Perret-Liaudet A, Perron H. Rapid diagnosis of human prion disease using streptomycin with tonsil and brain tissues. J Transl Med 2009; 89:406-13. [PMID: 19188908 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of streptomycin in the pathological prion protein (PrP(sc)) detection procedures represents a new and attractive way for diagnostic purpose. With this agent, western blot readily detected PrP(sc) in 263K scrapie hamster and C57Bl/6 wild-type mice challenged with C506M3 scrapie strain. Our aim was to evaluate this new diagnosis procedure in the field of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). First, we had confirmed the ability of streptomycin to precipitate PrP(res) from human brain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patient. Second, we compared the detection of PrP(res) with streptomycin against three other protocols using other precipitations. Then we assessed PrP(res) detection with streptomycin in 98 brain tissue samples from various aetiologies of human TSEs and 52 brain samples from other dementia. Finally, we applied this protocol for tonsils examination of five patients suspected of variant CJD (v-CJD). Sensitivity and specificity obtained with the streptomycin protocol were both 100% on brain tissue. For tonsil tissues, PrP(res) was clearly identified in the two post-mortem confirmed v-CJD cases, whereas no characteristic three-band pattern was seen in the three confirmed non-v-CJD samples. In this study, streptomycin demonstrated its efficiency to detect PrP(res) both in the central nervous system and in the lymphoid tissue without practical difficulty and with rapid preparation. Because of its ability to act as a good agent for PrP(sc) examination in different tissues, recovery of PrP(sc) in biological fluids using streptomycin should open further perspectives of applications in CJD diagnostics. Streptomycin effects in vivo might thus also be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Quadrio
- Neurobiology Department, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Rees HC, Maddison BC, Owen JP, Whitelam GC, Gough KC. Concentration of disease-associated prion protein with silicon dioxide. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 41:254-62. [PMID: 19058035 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reagents that can precipitate the disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) are vital for the development of high sensitivity tests to detect low levels of this disease marker in biological material. Here, a range of minerals are shown to precipitate both ovine cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and ovine scrapie PrP(Sc). The precipitation of prion protein with silicon dioxide is unaffected by PrP(Sc) strain or host species and the method can be used to precipitate bovine BSE. This method can reliably concentrate protease-resistant ovine PrP(Sc) (PrP(res)) derived from 1.69 microg of brain protein from a clinically infected animal diluted into either 50 ml of buffer or 15 ml of plasma. The introduction of a SiO(2) precipitation step into the immunological detection of PrP(res) increased detection sensitivity by over 1,500-fold. Minerals such as SiO(2) are readily available, low cost reagents with generic application to the concentration of diseases-associated prion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Rees
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Leclere E, Moussa A, Chouaf-Lakhdar L, Coleman AW, Seigneurin JM, Perron H, Bencsik A. Prion early kinetics revisited using a streptomycin-based PrPres extraction method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:429-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gregori L, Gray BN, Rose E, Spinner DS, Kascsak RJ, Rohwer RG. A sensitive and quantitative assay for normal PrP in plasma. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peden AH, Head MW, Jones M, MacGregor I, Turner M, Ironside J. Advances in the development of a screening test for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:207-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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New insights into early sequential PrPsc accumulation in scrapie infected mouse brain evidenced by the use of streptomycin sulfate. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:643-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dong CF, Huang YX, An R, Chen JM, Wang XF, Shan B, Lei YJ, Han L, Zhang BY, Han J, Dong XP. Sensitive detection of PrPSc by Western blot assay based on streptomycin sulphate precipitation. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:328-36. [PMID: 17894644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, also termed prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals, which are characterized by presences of protease-resistance disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in brains. In the present study, we optimized the Western blot assay for PrP(Sc) with a precipitation procedure of streptomycin sulphate. After incubated with suitable amount of streptomycin sulphate, the detective sensitivity for PrP(Sc) was remarkably improved. The precipitation of PrP(Sc) was obviously influenced by pH value in the solution. Employs of PrP(Sc) stock sample into various mimic specimens, including normal hamster brain homogenate, human cerebrospinal fluid and urine, demonstrated that streptomycin precipitation markedly increased the detective sensitivity of PrP(Sc), regardless in low concentration or in large volume. In addition, the PrP(Sc) from a human brain tissue of familiar Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD) was efficiently precipitated with streptomycin sulphate. As a sensitive, specific, rapid and flexible protocol for PrP(Sc), the protocol in this study has the potential, alone or combined with other techniques, to detect low levels of PrP(Sc) in the specimens not only from central nerve system, but also from peripheral organs or fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-F Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ying-Xin Rd 100, Beijing 100052, China
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Pan T, Sethi J, Nelsen C, Rudolph A, Cervenakova L, Brown P, Orser CS. Detection of misfolded prion protein in blood with conformationally sensitive peptides. Transfusion 2007; 47:1418-25. [PMID: 17655586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-standing goal of a preclinical diagnostic test for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) has recently become urgent because of the discovery that humans with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can transmit disease via blood transfusions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The misfolded protein diagnostic (MPD) assay employs a pyrene-labeled palindromic sequence of prion peptides that undergoes a cascade of coil to beta-sheet conversion in the presence of the misfolded prion protein (PrP(TSE)). The ability of the assay to detect PrP(TSE) in brain, serum, and plasma was tested. The basic protocol involved a several-hour incubation of 200-microL sample volumes with the peptide reagent in 96-well plates, after which fluorescence was monitored by a fluorescence plate reader with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm and emission scanning wavelength range of 365 to 600 nm. RESULTS Target specificity for PrP(TSE) was documented by correlation of assay signal with Western blot signals in brain tissue from TSE-infected, normal, and knockout mice and negative assay signals by use of reagents with different peptide sequences. When applied to plasma or serum, the assay discriminated between samples from a variety of experimental and natural TSE infections compared to uninfected controls, with a sensitivity threshold of approximately 1 infectious dose per mL in pooled plasma from TSE-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS The MPD assay is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of PrP(TSE) that may be useful in both preclinical and clinical diagnosis of TSE diseases of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Coleman AW, Perret F, Cecillon S, Moussa A, Martin A, Dupin M, Perron H. Enhanced detection of the pathogenic prion protein by its supramolecular association with para-sulfonato-calix[n]arene derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615523p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bencsik AA, Coleman AW, Debeer SOS, Perron H, Moussa A. Amplified Immunohistochemical Detection of PrPsc in Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Using Streptomycin. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:849-53. [PMID: 16549507 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5c6895.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its sensitivity, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) is used to study experimental and natural cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans or scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals. The limits of detection are particularly critical when PrPsc IHC is used for diagnostic purposes. In this article, we describe for the first time the use of streptomycin sulfate in IHC, providing a novel original and easy way to amplify specifically PrPsc immunohistochemical detection in natural cases of BSE and scrapie, as well as in experimental TSEs in mice models using two different PrP antibodies. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:849-853, 2006)
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Bencsik
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Unité ATNC, Lyon, Cedex 07-France.
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