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Computational Studies of Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1): A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020135. [PMID: 36828449 PMCID: PMC9967988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exhibits the most potent mutagenic and carcinogenic activity among aflatoxins. For this reason, AFB1 is recognized as a human group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. Consequently, it is essential to determine its properties and behavior in different chemical systems. The chemical properties of AFB1 can be explored using computational chemistry, which has been employed complementarily to experimental investigations. The present review includes in silico studies (semiempirical, Hartree-Fock, DFT, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics) conducted from the first computational study in 1974 to the present (2022). This work was performed, considering the following groups: (a) molecular properties of AFB1 (structural, energy, solvent effects, ground and the excited state, atomic charges, among others); (b) theoretical investigations of AFB1 (degradation, quantification, reactivity, among others); (c) molecular interactions with inorganic compounds (Ag+, Zn2+, and Mg2+); (d) molecular interactions with environmentally compounds (clays); and (e) molecular interactions with biological compounds (DNA, enzymes, cyclodextrins, glucans, among others). Accordingly, in this work, we provide to the stakeholder the knowledge of toxicity of types of AFB1-derivatives, the structure-activity relationships manifested by the bonds between AFB1 and DNA or proteins, and the types of strategies that have been employed to quantify, detect, and eliminate the AFB1 molecule.
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Li M, Qian ZJ, Peng CF, Wei XL, Wang ZP. Ultrafast Ratiometric Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Based on Fluorescent β-CD@Cu Nanoparticles and Pt 2+ Ions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:285-294. [PMID: 35014825 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a very important task in food safety monitoring. However, it is still challenging to achieve highly sensitive detection without antibody or aptamer biomolecules. In this work, a rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 was achieved using a ratiometric fluorescence probe without antibody or aptamer for the first time. In the ratiometric fluorescence system, the fluorescence emission of AFB1 at 433 nm was significantly enhanced due to the β-cyclodextrin-AFB1 host-guest interaction and the complexation of AFB1 and Pt2+. Meanwhile, the inclusion of aflatoxin B1 also quenched the fluorescence emission of β-CD@Cu nanoparticles (NPs) at 650 nm based on inner filter effect mechanism. On the basis of the above effects, the ratiometric detection of aflatoxin B1 was achieved in the range of 0.03-10 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.012 ng/mL (3σ/s). In addition, the β-CD@Cu NPs based nanoprobe could achieve stable response within 1 min to AFB1. The above ratiometric detection also demonstrated excellent application potential in the rapid on-site detection of AFB1 in food due to the advantages of convenience, rapidness, and high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Juan Qian
- Nanjing Customs District Light Industry Products and Children's Products Inspection Center, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Fang Peng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Ping Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Bassi da Silva J, da Silva Souza Campanholi K, Braga G, de Souza PR, Caetano W, Cook MT, Bruschi ML. The effect of erythrosine-B on the structuration of poloxamer 407 and cellulose derivative blends: In silico modelling supporting experimental studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112440. [PMID: 34702525 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythrosine is a dye approved for medical use that has shown promising photodynamic activity, allowing for the inactivation of microorganisms and activity against malignant cells. Despite the great photodynamic potential, erythrosine exhibits hydrophilicity, negatively impacting its action in biological membranes. Therefore, the incorporation of erythrosine in micellar polymeric systems, such as poloxamers, may overcome this limitation. Moreover, using bioadhesive and thermoresponsive polymers to combine in situ gelation and bioadhesion may enhance retention of this topically applied drug. In this work, mucoadhesive and thermoresponsive micellar systems were prepared containing erythrosine in two states: the native form (ERI) and the disodium salt (ERIs). The systems were evaluated based on the effect of ERI/ERIs on the micellar structure of the binary polymer mixtures. Optimised combinations of poloxamer 407 (polox407) and mucoadhesive sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used as micellar systems for ERI or ERIs delivery. The systems were studied with respect to theoretical interactions, qualitative composition, morphology, and micellar properties. In silico modelling indicated a higher interaction of the drug with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) than poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) fragments of polox407. Systems containing NaCMC displayed a repulsive effect in the presence of erythrosine, due to the polymer's charge density. Both systems could convert the photosensitizer in its monomeric form, ensuring photodynamic activity. In these mixtures, crystallinity, critical micellar temperature and enthalpy of polox407 micellisation were reduced, and micellar size, evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showed low impact of ERI/ERIs in HPMC preparations. Aiming toward photodynamic applications, the findings showed how ERI or ERIs can affect the micellar formation of gels composed of 17.5% (w/w) polox407 and 3% (w/w) HPMC or 1% (w/w) NaCMC, important for understating their behaviour and future utilisation as erythrosine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Bassi da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Braga
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Michael Thomas Cook
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil.
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Interaction of zearalenone-14-sulfate with cyclodextrins and the removal of the modified mycotoxin from aqueous solution by beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Campanholi KDSS, Braga G, da Silva JB, da Rocha NL, de Francisco LMB, de Oliveira ÉL, Bruschi ML, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Sato F, Hioka N, Caetano W. Biomedical Platform Development of a Chlorophyll-Based Extract for Topic Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanical and Spectroscopic Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8230-8244. [PMID: 29933698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that has shown effectiveness in the inactivation of cancer cell lines and microorganisms. Treatment consists of activating the photosensitizer (PS) upon light irradiation of adequate wavelength. After reaching the excited state, the PS can handle the intersystem conversion through energy transfer to the molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species. This especially applies to singlet oxygen (1O2), which is responsible for the selective destruction of the sick tissue. Photosensitizing compounds (chlorophylls and derivatives) existing in the spinach extract have applicability for PDT. This study aimed to develop and characterize the thermoresponsive bioadhesive system composed of Pluronic F127 20.0%- and Carbopol 934P 0.2% (w/w) (FC)-containing chlorophyll-based extract 0.5% (w/w) (FC-Chl). Mechanical and rheological properties, in vitro release, sol-gel transition temperature, and ex vivo permeability of the spinach extract PS components (through pig ear skin) were investigated. Furthermore, photodynamic activity of the system was accessed through uric acid and time-solved measurements. The sol-gel transition temperature obtained for the FC-Chl system was 28.8 ± 0.3 °C. Rheological and texture properties of the platform were suitable for use as a dermatological system, exhibiting easy application and good characteristics of retention in the place of administration. In vitro release studies showed the presence of two distinct mechanisms that reasonably obey the zero-order and first-order kinetics models. PS components presented skin permeability and reached a permeation depth of 830 μm (between the epidermis and dermis). The photodynamic evaluation of the FC-Chl system was effective in the degradation of uric acid. The quantum yield (ΦΔ1O2) and life time (τ1O2) of singlet oxygen showed similar values for the spinach extract and the isolated chlorophyll a species in ethanol. These results allowed for the classification of the FC-Chl platform as potentially useful for the delivery of the chlorophyll-based extract in the topic PDT, suggesting that it is worthy for in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola L da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry , State University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-872 , Brazil
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Light-Irradiation Wavelength and Intensity Changes Influence Aflatoxin Synthesis in Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010031. [PMID: 29304012 PMCID: PMC5793118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi respond to light irradiation by forming conidia and occasionally synthesizing mycotoxins. Several light wavelengths, such as blue and red, affect the latter. However, the relationship between light irradiation and mycotoxin synthesis varies depending on the fungal species or strain. This study focused on aflatoxin (AF), which is a mycotoxin, and the types of light irradiation that increase AF synthesis. Light-irradiation tests using the visible region indicated that blue wavelengths in the lower 500 nm region promoted AF synthesis. In contrast, red wavelengths of 660 nm resulted in limited significant changes compared with dark conditions. Irradiation tests with different intensity levels indicated that a low light intensity increased AF synthesis. For one fungal strain, light irradiation decreased the AF synthesis under all wavelength conditions. However, the decrease was mitigated by 525 nm low intensity irradiation. Thus, blue-green low intensity irradiation may increase AF synthesis in fungi.
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Abdolmaleki A, Ghasemi F, Ghasemi JB. Computer-aided drug design to explore cyclodextrin therapeutics and biomedical applications. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:257-268. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azizeh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Toyserkan Branch; Islamic Azad University; Toyserkan Iran
| | | | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- Drug Design in Silico Lab.; Chemistry Faculty; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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Mohandoss S, Stalin T. Photochemical and computational studies of inclusion complexes between β-cyclodextrin and 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinones. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:476-488. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An inclusion complex is formed between 1,2-DHAQ and β-CD, which is confirmed by UV-visible, fluorescence and electrochemical studies, FT-IR, XRD, DSC, SEM, 1H NMR and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630 003
- India
| | - Thambusamy Stalin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630 003
- India
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Suzuki T, Iwahashi Y. Addition of Carbon to the Culture Medium Improves the Detection Efficiency of Aflatoxin Synthetic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110338. [PMID: 27854283 PMCID: PMC5127134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) is a harmful secondary metabolite that is synthesized by the Aspergillus species. Although AF detection techniques have been developed, techniques for detection of AF synthetic fungi are still required. Techniques such as plate culture methods are continually being modified for this purpose. However, plate culture methods require refinement because they suffer from several issues. In this study, activated charcoal powder (carbon) was added to a culture medium containing cyclodextrin (CD) to enhance the contrast of fluorescence and improve the detection efficiency for AF synthetic fungi. Two culture media, potato dextrose agar and yeast extract sucrose agar, were investigated using both plate and liquid cultures. The final concentrations of CD and carbon in the media were 3 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively. Addition of carbon improved the visibility of fluorescence by attenuating approximately 30% of light scattering. Several fungi that could not be detected with only CD in the medium were detected with carbon addition. The carbon also facilitated fungal growth in the potato dextrose liquid medium. The results suggest that addition of carbon to media can enhance the observation of AF-derived fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Suzuki
- Division of Food Biotechnology, Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Iwahashi
- Division of Food Safety, Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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Complexation of the mycotoxin zearalenone with β-cyclodextrin: Study of the interaction and first promising applications. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 24:14-8. [PMID: 23606075 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the study of the interactions between native and substituted β-cyclodextrins and zearalenone and its derivatives α- and β-zearelonol. The data obtained by fluorescence and NMR experiments suggested that zearalenone, α- and β-zearalenol and cyclodextrins give rise to host-guest complexation, with the inclusion of the phenolic moiety inside the cyclodextrin cavity. The high stability of these complexes induces a high fluorescence enhancement upon complexation. These results have been successfully applied to the spectrofluorimetric determination of zearalenone in maize raw samples, without any chromatographic separation.
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11
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Wu X, Gao S, Wang JS, Wang H, Huang YW, Zhao Y. The surface-enhanced Raman spectra of aflatoxins: spectral analysis, density functional theory calculation, detection and differentiation. Analyst 2012; 137:4226-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Nicolás-Vázquez I, Méndez-Albores A, Moreno-Martínez E, Miranda R, Castro M. Role of lactone ring in structural, electronic, and reactivity properties of aflatoxin B1: a theoretical study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:393-406. [PMID: 20340014 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study involved quantum mechanical calculations to explain the chemical behavior of the lactone ring of aflatoxin B1, which is a carcinogenic hazardous compound. The aflatoxin B1 compound, produced by the fungi Aspergillum flavus, was studied with the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) method; its reactivity properties were accounted for by means of the calculated geometrical and electronic parameters. The results obtained indicate that the fused A, B, C, and D rings of aflatoxin adopt a continuous planar conformation. The carbon atom of the lactone group presents a highly electrophilic character, since the population analysis yields a high positive charge for this atom, whereas high negative charges were recorded for both oxygen sites of that group. Thus, in an acidic aqueous medium, the oxygen atoms could be protonated and the carbon site may suffer a nucleophilic attack by water. Accordingly, the OC-O bond length has been lengthened substantially. So it was demonstrated that the lactonic ring of aflatoxin B1 is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions by an acid-acyl bimolecular mechanisms, A(AC)2, suggesting the deletion of its carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Nicolás-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Green TK, Denoroy L, Parrot S. Fluorescence Enhancement of a Meisenheimer Complex of Adenosine by γ-Cyclodextrin: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4048-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Green
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
| | - Luc Denoroy
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, EAC CNRS 5006, Université Lyon 1, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- NeuroChem, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- NeuroChem, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69373 Lyon, France
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Appell M, Dombrink-Kurtzman MA, Kendra DF. Comparative study of patulin, ascladiol, and neopatulin by density functional theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cozzini P, Ingletto G, Singh R, Dall’Asta C. Mycotoxin detection plays "cops and robbers": cyclodextrin chemosensors as specialized police? Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2474-2494. [PMID: 19330087 PMCID: PMC2635654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As in a cops and robbers play we discover new mycotoxins and metabolites everyday and we are forced to develop new molecules quickly as chemo- or biosensors or to modify existing molecules able to recognize these new hazardous compounds. This will result in an enormous cost saving to agro-food industry through the prevention and reduction of product recalls and reduced treatment costs. Here we present a brief review of the rapid methods used to detect mycotoxins, considering usefulness and limits. Then we propose a new fast, efficient and cheap methodology, based on a combination of computer chemistry aided design and fluorescence, that can help to drive synthesis in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cozzini
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d’oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ingletto
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
| | - Ratna Singh
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mail:
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Maragos CM, Appell M, Lippolis V, Visconti A, Catucci L, Pascale M. Use of cyclodextrins as modifiers of fluorescence in the detection of mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:164-71. [PMID: 18286406 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701564555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides composed of amylose subunits, are known to interact with mycotoxins. The interactions may be useful to analytical chemists by altering the properties of the mycotoxin of interest, namely the chromatographic properties, electrophoretic properties, fluorescence, or absorption of these fungal metabolites. Practical applications of these effects have been the incorporation of cyclodextrins into high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods for mycotoxin detection. Specific mycotoxins include those with a native fluorescence such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) as well as those that can be rendered fluorescent through derivatization, such as T-2 toxin. The literature describing the applications of cyclodextrins in mycotoxin analysis is reviewed and an attempt to extend the use of cyclodextrins to the detection of labelled T-2 toxin is presented. Twenty cyclodextrins were evaluated for their ability to enhance the fluorescence emission of T-2 toxin derivatized with pyrene-1-carbonyl cyanide (T2-Pyr). This evaluation revealed that heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB), in particular, enhanced T2-Pyr fluorescence. DIMEB was used as a buffer modifier in a capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method for detecting T-2 in maize. Because of the effects that certain cyclodextrins have, especially under aqueous conditions, they may make useful additives for a variety of mycotoxin analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Amadasi A, Dall'asta C, Ingletto G, Pela R, Marchelli R, Cozzini P. Explaining cyclodextrin–mycotoxin interactions using a ‘natural’ force field. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4585-94. [PMID: 17449255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Docking techniques and the HINT (Hydropathic Interaction) program were used to explain interactions of aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A with beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins. The work was aimed at designing a chemosensor to identify very low concentrations of these mycotoxins by exploiting the affinity of the cyclodextrin cavity for many small organic molecules. Actually, the inclusion of the fluorescent portion of these toxins into the cavity may lower the quenching effect of the solvent, thus enhancing the luminescence. HINT is a 'natural' force field, based on experimentally determined LogP(octanol/water) values, that is able to consider both enthalpic and entropic contributions to the binding free energy with an unified approach. HINT is normally applied to predict the DeltaG degrees of binding for protein-ligand, protein-protein, and protein-DNA interactions. The leading forces in biomolecular processes are the same as those involved in organic host-guest inclusion phenomena, therefore we applied this methodology for the first time to cyclodextrin complexes. The results allowed us to explain spectroscopic data in absence of available crystallographic or NMR structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Amadasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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