1
|
Haji N, Faizi M, Koutentis PA, Carty MP, Aldabbagh F. Heterocyclic Iminoquinones and Quinones from the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA) COMPARE Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:5202. [PMID: 37446864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review uses the National Cancer Institute (NCI) COMPARE program to establish an extensive list of heterocyclic iminoquinones and quinones with similarities in differential growth inhibition patterns across the 60-cell line panel of the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP). Many natural products and synthetic analogues are revealed as potential NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) substrates, through correlations to dipyridoimidazo[5,4-f]benzimidazoleiminoquinone (DPIQ), and as potential thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitors, through correlations to benzo[1,2,4]triazin-7-ones and pleurotin. The strong correlation to NQO1 infers the enzyme has a major influence on the amount of the active compound with benzo[e]perimidines, phenoxazinones, benz[f]pyrido[1,2-a]indole-6,11-quinones, seriniquinones, kalasinamide, indolequinones, and furano[2,3-b]naphthoquinones, hypothesised as prodrugs. Compounds with very strong correlations to known TrxR inhibitors had inverse correlations to the expression of both reductase enzymes, NQO1 and TrxR, including naphtho[2,3-b][1,4]oxazepane-6,11-diones, benzo[a]carbazole-1,4-diones, pyranonaphthoquinones (including kalafungin, nanaomycin A, and analogues of griseusin A), and discorhabdin C. Quinoline-5,8-dione scaffolds based on streptonigrin and lavendamycin can correlate to either reductase. Inhibitors of TrxR are not necessarily (imino)quinones, e.g., parthenolides, while oxidising moieties are essential for correlations to NQO1, as with the mitosenes. Herein, an overview of synthetic methods and biological activity of each family of heterocyclic imino(quinone) is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naemah Haji
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Masoma Faizi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | | | - Michael P Carty
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leite TOC, Novais JS, de Carvalho BLC, Ferreira VF, Miceli LA, Fraga L, Abrahim-Vieira B, Rodrigues CR, Sá Figueiredo AM, Castro HC, Cunha AC. Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Indolequinone Derivatives against Clinically Relevant Bacterial Pathogens. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:192-208. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666191223110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:
According to the World Health Organization, antimicrobial resistance is one of
the most important public health threats of the 21st century. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the
development of antimicrobial agents with new mechanism of action, especially those capable of evading
known resistance mechanisms.
Objective:
We described the synthesis, in vitro antimicrobial evaluation, and in silico analysis of a series
of 1H-indole-4,7-dione derivatives.
Methods:
The new series of 1H-indole-4,7-diones was prepared with good yield by using a copper(II)-
mediated reaction between bromoquinone and β-enamino ketones bearing alkyl or phenyl groups attached
to the nitrogen atom. The antimicrobial potential of indole derivatives was assessed. Molecular
docking studies were also performed using AutoDock 4.2 for Windows. Characterization of all compounds
was confirmed by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques 1H and 13C NMR spectra [1H, 13C
– APT, 1H x 1H – COSY, HSQC and HMBC], IR and mass spectrometry analysis.
Results:
Several indolequinone compounds showed effective antimicrobial profile against Grampositive
(MIC = 16 µg.mL-1) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 8 µg.mL-1) similar to antimicrobials
current on the market. The 3-acetyl-1-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-1H-indole-4,7-dione derivative exhibited an
important effect against different biofilm stages formed by a serious hospital life-threatening resistant
strain of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A hemocompatibility profile analysis
based on in vitro hemolysis assays revealed the low toxicity effects of this new series. Indeed, in silico
studies showed a good pharmacokinetics and toxicological profiles for all indolequinone derivatives,
reinforcing their feasibility to display a promising oral bioavailability. An elucidation of the promising
indolequinone derivatives binding mode was achieved, showing interactions with important sites to biological
activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase. These results highlighted 3-acetyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1Hindole-
4,7-dione derivative as broad-spectrum antimicrobial prototype to be further explored for treating
bacterial infections.
Conclusion:
The highly substituted indolequinones were obtained in moderate to good yields. The
pharmacological study indicated that these compounds should be exploited in the search for a leading
substance in a project aimed at obtaining new antimicrobials effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Odriane Custodio Leite
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Quimica, 24020-141, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Novais
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programas de Pos-Graduacao em Patologia (HUAP) e em Ciencias e Biotecnologia (PPBI), 24020-150, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Lima Cosenza de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Quimica Organica, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, 24241-000, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alves Miceli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Goes, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas e Faculdade de Farmacia, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Fraga
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (MODMOLQSAR), Faculdade de Farmacia, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Abrahim-Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (MODMOLQSAR), Faculdade de Farmacia, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciências Farmaceuticas da Faculdade de Farmacia, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (MODMOLQSAR), Faculdade de Farmacia, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programas de Pos-Graduacao em Patologia (HUAP) e em Ciencias e Biotecnologia (PPBI), 24020-150, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Claudia Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Quimica, 24020-141, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma A, Arambula JF, Koo S, Kumar R, Singh H, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Hypoxia-targeted drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:771-813. [PMID: 30575832 PMCID: PMC6361706 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of low oxygen tension found in numerous solid tumours. It is typically associated with abnormal vasculature, which results in a reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients, as well as impaired delivery of drugs. The hypoxic nature of tumours often leads to the development of localized heterogeneous environments characterized by variable oxygen concentrations, relatively low pH, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hypoxic heterogeneity promotes tumour invasiveness, metastasis, angiogenesis, and an increase in multidrug-resistant proteins. These factors decrease the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs and can provide a barrier to advancing drug leads beyond the early stages of preclinical development. This review highlights various hypoxia-targeted and activated design strategies for the formulation of drugs or prodrugs and their mechanism of action for tumour diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Lira C, Alzate-Morales JH, Paulino M, Mella-Raipán J, Salas CO, Tapia RA, Soto-Delgado J. Combined molecular modelling and 3D-QSAR study for understanding the inhibition of NQO1 by heterocyclic quinone derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017. [PMID: 28643389 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A combination of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), and molecular modelling methods were used to understand the potent inhibitory NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity of a set of 52 heterocyclic quinones. Molecular docking results indicated that some favourable interactions of key amino acid residues at the binding site of NQO1 with these quinones would be responsible for an improvement of the NQO1 activity of these compounds. The main interactions involved are hydrogen bond of the amino group of residue Tyr128, π-stacking interactions with Phe106 and Phe178, and electrostatic interactions with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH) cofactor. Three models were prepared by 3D-QSAR analysis. The models derived from Model I and Model III, shown leave-one-out cross-validation correlation coefficients (q2LOO ) of .75 and .73 as well as conventional correlation coefficients (R2 ) of .93 and .95, respectively. In addition, the external predictive abilities of these models were evaluated using a test set, producing the predicted correlation coefficients (r2pred ) of .76 and .74, respectively. The good concordance between the docking results and 3D-QSAR contour maps provides helpful information about a rational modification of new molecules based in quinone scaffold, in order to design more potent NQO1 inhibitors, which would exhibit highly potent antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia López-Lira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jans H Alzate-Morales
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Margot Paulino
- Facultad de Química, Centro de Bioinformática Estructural-DETEMA, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Mella-Raipán
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Casilla, Chile
| | - Cristian O Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Tapia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inman M, Visconti A, Yan C, Siegel D, Ross D, Moody CJ. Antitumour indolequinones: synthesis and activity against human pancreatic cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:4848-61. [PMID: 24848343 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An important determinant of the growth inhibitory activity of indolequinones against pancreatic cancer cells is substitution on the 2-position with 2-unsubstituted derivatives being markedly more potent. A series of indolequinones bearing a range of substituents on nitrogen and at the indolylcarbinyl position was prepared by copper(II)-mediated reaction of bromoquinones and enamines, followed by functional group interconversions. The compounds were then assayed for their ability to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells. The pKa of the leaving group at the 3-position was shown to influence growth inhibitory activity that is consistent with the proposed mechanism of action of reduction, loss of leaving group and formation of a reactive iminium species. Substitutions on the indole nitrogen were well tolerated with little influence on growth inhibitory activity while substitutions at the 5- and 6-positions larger than methoxy led to decreased activity. The studies presented define the range of substitutions of 2-unsubstituted indolequinones required for optimal growth inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Inman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Schäfer A, Burstein ES, Olsson R. Bexarotene prodrugs: targeting through cleavage by NQO1 (DT-diaphorase). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1944-7. [PMID: 24666648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, is being tested as a potential disease modifying treatment for neurodegenerative conditions. To limit the peripheral exposure of bexarotene and release it only in the affected areas of the brain, we designed a prodrug strategy based on the enzyme NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) that is elevated in neurodegenerative diseases. A series of indolequinones (known substrates of NQO1) was synthesized and coupled to bexarotene. Bexarotene-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indole-4,7-dione ester 7a was cleaved best by NQO1. The prodrugs are not cleaved by esterase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology/Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ethan S Burstein
- ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11085 Torreyanna Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology/Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11085 Torreyanna Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carvalho C, Siegel D, Inman M, Xiong R, Ross D, Moody CJ. Benzofuranquinones as inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Synthesis and biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2663-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Newsome JJ, Hassani M, Swann E, Bibby JM, Beall HD, Moody CJ. Benzofuran-, benzothiophene-, indazole- and benzisoxazole-quinones: excellent substrates for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2999-3009. [PMID: 23635904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of heterocyclic quinones based on benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole and benzisoxazole has been synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to function as substrates for recombinant human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a two-electron reductase upregulated in tumor cells. Overall, the quinones are excellent substrates for NQO1, approaching the reduction rates observed for menadione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J Newsome
- Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mendoza MF, Hollabaugh NM, Hettiarachchi SU, McCarley RL. Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (hNQO1) activation of quinone propionic acid trigger groups. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8014-26. [PMID: 22989153 DOI: 10.1021/bi300760u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (NQO1) is a target enzyme for triggered delivery of drugs at inflamed tissue and tumor sites, particularly those that challenge traditional therapies. Prodrugs, macromolecules, and molecular assemblies possessing trigger groups that can be cleaved by environmental stimuli are vehicles with the potential to yield active drug only at prescribed sites. Furthermore, quinone propionic acids (QPAs) covalently attached to prodrugs or liposome surfaces can be removed by application of a reductive trigger stimulus, such as that from NQO1; their rates of reductive activation should be tunable via QPA structure. We explored in detail the recombinant human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (rhNQO1)-catalyzed NADH reduction of a family of substituted QPAs and obtained high precision kinetic parameters. It is found that small changes in QPA structure-in particular, single atom and function group substitutions on the quinone ring at R(1)-lead to significant impacts on the Michaelis constant (K(m)), maximum velocity (V(max)), catalytic constant (k(cat)), and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)). Molecular docking simulations demonstrate that alterations in QPA structure result in large changes in QPA alignment and placement with respect to the flavin isoalloxazine ring in the active site of rhNQO1; a qualitative relationship exists between the kinetic parameters and the depth of QPA penetration into the rhNQO1 active site. From a quantitative perspective, a very good correlation is observed between log(k(cat)/K(m)) and the molecular-docking-derived distance between the flavin hydride donor site and quinone hydride acceptor site in the QPAs, an observation that is in agreement with developing theories. The comprehensive kinetic and molecular modeling knowledge obtained for the interaction of recombinant human NQO1 with the quinone propionic acid analogues provides insight into the design and implementation of the QPA trigger groups for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
LIAO K, NIU F, HAO HP, WANG GJ. Advances on structure-activity relationship of NQO1-targeting antitumor quinones. Chin J Nat Med 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2012.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Yamashita M, Ueda K, Sakaguchi K, Tokuda H, Iida A. One-pot synthesis of benzo[f]indole-4,9-diones from 1,4-naphthoquinones and terminal acetylenes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1289-93. [PMID: 21963641 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a concise one-pot method for the construction of benzo[f]indole-4,9-dione motifs is described. These transformations proceed via a sequential palladium- and copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinones with terminal acetylenes, followed by a copper-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization reaction of the resulting coupling product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Anticancer prodrugs designed to target specifically tumor cells should increase therapeutic effectiveness and decrease systemic side effects in the treatment of cancer. Over the last 20 years, significant advances have been made in the development of anticancer prodrugs through the incorporation of triggers for reductive activation. Reductively activated prodrugs have been designed to target hypoxic tumor tissues, which are known to overexpress several endogenous reductive enzymes. In addition, exogenous reductive enzymes can be delivered to tumor cells through fusion with tumor-specific antibodies or overexpressed in tumor cells through gene delivery approaches. Many anticancer prodrugs have been designed to use both the endogenous and exogenous reductive enzymes for target-specific activation and these prodrugs often contain functional groups such as quinones, nitroaromatics, N-oxides, and metal complexes. Although no new agents have been approved for clinical use, several reductively activated prodrugs are in various stages of clinical trial. This review mainly focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects of various classes of reductively activated prodrugs including design principles, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of activation and release of active drug molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Preparation and fluorescence properties of fluorophore-labeled avidin–biotin system immobilized on Fe3O4 nanoparticles through functional indolequinone linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3775-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
15
|
Colucci MA, Moody CJ, Couch GD. Natural and synthetic quinones and their reduction by the quinone reductase enzyme NQO1: from synthetic organic chemistry to compounds with anticancer potential. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 6:637-56. [PMID: 18264564 DOI: 10.1039/b715270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quinone reductase enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a ubiquitous flavoenzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones. This Perspective briefly reviews the structure and mechanism, physiological role, and upregulation and induction of the enzyme, but focuses on the synthesis of new heterocyclic quinones and their metabolism by recombinant human NQO1. Thus a range of indolequinones, some of which are novel analogues of mitomycin C, benzimidazolequinones, benzothiazolequinones and quinolinequinones have been prepared and evaluated, leading to detailed knowledge of the structural requirements for efficient metabolism by the enzyme. Potent mechanism-based inhibitors (suicide substrates) of NQO1 have also been developed. These indolequinones irreversibly alkylate the protein, preventing its function both in standard enzyme assays and also in cells. Some of these quinones are also potent inhibitors of growth of human pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting a potential role for such compounds as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Colucci
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
McErlean CS, Sperry J, Blake AJ, Moody CJ. Synthesis of the calothrixins, pentacyclic indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloids, using a biomimetic approach. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Newsome JJ, Colucci MA, Hassani M, Beall HD, Moody CJ. Benzimidazole- and benzothiazole-quinones: excellent substrates for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3665-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b713044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|