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Cherian P, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. EDTA and Salts. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:32S-36S. [PMID: 37772606 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed newly available studies since their original assessment in 1998, along with updated information regarding product types and concentrations of use and confirmed that EDTA and certain salts are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Cherian
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | | | | | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
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Ramadoss T, Weimer DS, Mayrovitz HN. Topical Iron Chelator Therapy: Current Status and Future Prospects. Cureus 2023; 15:e47720. [PMID: 38022031 PMCID: PMC10675985 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic iron chelation therapy has long been used for iron overload, providing a role in returning iron levels to proper homeostatic concentrations. Recently, topical iron chelation therapy has emerged as a potential strategy for treating skin damage. This narrative review explores the current status and future prospects of topical iron chelation therapy for treating ultraviolet (UV) and non-UV skin damage, as well as its potential application in wound healing. The review was conducted through a literature search across PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases, spanning publications from 1990 to 2023. The selection of articles was focused on primary research studies, either experimental or clinical, that explored the implications and formulations of topical iron chelators used alone or in conjunction with another therapeutic agent. The search strategy employed a combination of terms, including "topical iron chelation", "topical deferoxamine", "UV", "wound healing", "skin inflammation", "radiation-induced fibrosis", and "skin cancer". Relevant studies, including methods, intervention strategies, measured outcomes, and findings, are summarized. The review also considered the potential challenges in translating research findings into clinical practice. Results indicate that topical iron chelators, such as deferoxamine, are effective in mitigating UV-induced skin damage, reducing tumorigenesis, and decreasing oxidative damage. In addition, the use of these agents in radiation-induced fibrosis has been shown to significantly increase skin elasticity and reduce dermal fibrosis. Several studies also highlight the use of topical iron chelators in difficult-to-treat chronic wounds, such as diabetic neuropathic ulcers and sickle cell ulcers. In conclusion, topical iron chelation therapy represents a novel and promising approach for skin protection and wound healing. Its potential makes it a promising area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ramadoss
- Medical School, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Derek S Weimer
- Medical School, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Harvey N Mayrovitz
- Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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Tevlin R, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Deferoxamine to Minimize Fibrosis During Radiation Therapy. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:548-559. [PMID: 34074152 PMCID: PMC9347384 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: By 2030, there will be >4 million radiation-treated cancer survivors living in the United States. Irradiation triggers inflammation, fibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix deposition in addition to reactive oxygen species generation, leading to a chronic inflammatory response. Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a progressive pathology resulting in skin pigmentation, reduced elasticity, ulceration and dermal thickening, cosmetic deformity, pain, and the need for reconstructive surgery. Recent Advances: Deferoxamine (DFO) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved iron chelator for blood dyscrasia management, which has been found to be proangiogenic, to decrease free radical formation, and reduce cell death. DFO has shown great promise in the treatment and prophylaxis of RIF in preclinical studies. Critical Issues: Systemic DFO has a short half-life and is cumbersome to deliver to patients intravenously. Transdermal DFO delivery is complicated by its high atomic mass and hydrophilicity, preventing stratum corneum penetration. A transdermal drug delivery system was developed to address these challenges, in addition to a strategy for topical administration. Future Directions: DFO has great potential to translate from bench to bedside. An important step in translation of DFO for RIF prophylaxis is to ensure that DFO treatment does not affect the efficacy of radiation therapy. Furthermore, after an initial plethora of studies reporting DFO treatment by intravenous and subcutaneous routes, a significant advantage of recent studies is the success of transdermal and topical delivery. Given the strong foundation of basic scientific research supporting the use of DFO treatment on RIF, clinicians will be closely following the results of the ongoing human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Tevlin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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AB569, a Novel, Topical Bactericidal Gel Formulation, Kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Promotes Wound Healing in a Murine Model of Burn Wound Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0033621. [PMID: 34424744 PMCID: PMC8519293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00336-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous thermal injuries from burns/explosives are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and represent a monumental burden on our current health care system. Injury severity is predominantly due to potentially lethal sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel and effective antimicrobials for the (i) prevention, (ii) treatment, and (iii) healing of such wounds that are complicated by MDR-P. aeruginosa and other bacterial infections. AB569 is a novel bactericidal tandem consisting of acidified NaNO2 (A-NO2-) and Na2-EDTA. Here, we first show that AB569 acts synergistically to kill all human burn wound strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro. This was found to be due, in part, to the generation of A-NO2--mediated nitric oxide (NO) formation coupled with the metal chelating properties of Na2-EDTA. Using a murine scald burn wound model of P. aeruginosa infection, an AB569-Solosite gel formulation eradicated all bacteria. Futher, we also demonstrate enhanced AB569-mediated wound healing by not only accelerating wound contraction, but also by reducing levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β while increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). We also observed better epidermal restoration in AB569-treated wounds. Taken together, we conclude that this study provides solid foundational evidence that AB569 can be used topically to treat highly problematic dermal insults, including wound, burn, blast, and likely, diabetic infections in civilian and military populations, and help relieve the economical burden that MDR organisms have on the global health care system.
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Hassett DJ, Kovall RA, Schurr MJ, Kotagiri N, Kumari H, Satish L. The Bactericidal Tandem Drug, AB569: How to Eradicate Antibiotic-Resistant Biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Multiple Disease Settings Including Cystic Fibrosis, Burns/Wounds and Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639362. [PMID: 34220733 PMCID: PMC8245851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening pandemic concerning multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is an evolving problem involving increased hospitalizations, billions of dollars in medical costs and a remarkably high number of deaths. Bacterial pathogens have demonstrated the capacity for spontaneous or acquired antibiotic resistance and there is virtually no pool of organisms that have not evolved such potentially clinically catastrophic properties. Although many diseases are linked to such organisms, three include cystic fibrosis (CF), burn/blast wounds and urinary tract infections (UTIs), respectively. Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel, effective antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of such problematic infections. One of the most formidable, naturally MDR bacterial pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) that is particularly susceptible to nitric oxide (NO), a component of our innate immune response. This susceptibility sets the translational stage for the use of NO-based therapeutics during the aforementioned human infections. First, we discuss how such NO therapeutics may be able to target problematic infections in each of the aforementioned infectious scenarios. Second, we describe a recent discovery based on years of foundational information, a novel drug known as AB569. AB569 is capable of forming a "time release" of NO from S-nitrosothiols (RSNO). AB569, a bactericidal tandem consisting of acidified NaNO2 (A-NO2 -) and Na2-EDTA, is capable of killing all pathogens that are associated with the aforementioned disorders. Third, we described each disease state in brief, the known or predicted effects of AB569 on the viability of PA, its potential toxicity and highly remote possibility for resistance to develop. Finally, we conclude that AB569 can be a viable alternative or addition to conventional antibiotic regimens to treat such highly problematic MDR bacterial infections for civilian and military populations, as well as the economical burden that such organisms pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rhett A Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Harshita Kumari
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Latha Satish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Bogue AL, Panmanee W, McDaniel CT, Mortensen JE, Kamau E, Actis LA, Johannigman JA, Schurr MJ, Satish L, Kotagiri N, Hassett DJ. AB569, a non-toxic combination of acidified nitrite and EDTA, is effective at killing the notorious Iraq/Afghanistan combat wound pathogens, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter spp. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247513. [PMID: 33657146 PMCID: PMC7928478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) and Acinetobacter spp. present monumental global health challenges. These organisms represent model Gram-negative pathogens with known antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming properties. Herein, a novel, nontoxic biocide, AB569, consisting of acidified nitrite (A-NO2-) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), demonstrated bactericidal activity against all Ab and Acinetobacter spp. strains, respectively. Average fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) of 0.25 mM EDTA plus 4 mM A-NO2- were observed across several clinical reference and multiple combat wound isolates from the Iraq/Afghanistan wars. Importantly, toxicity testing on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) revealed an upper toxicity limit of 3 mM EDTA plus 64 mM A-NO2-, and thus are in the therapeutic range for effective Ab and Acinetobacter spp. treatment. Following treatment of Ab strain ATCC 19606 with AB569, quantitative PCR analysis of selected genes products to be responsive to AB569 revealed up-regulation of iron regulated genes involved in siderophore production, siderophore biosynthesis non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module (SBNRPSM), and siderophore biosynthesis protein monooxygenase (SBPM) when compared to untreated organisms. Taken together, treating Ab infections with AB569 at inhibitory concentrations reveals the potential clinical application of preventing Ab from gaining an early growth advantage during infection followed by extensive bactericidal activity upon subsequent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Bogue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Cameron T. McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Joel E. Mortensen
- Diagnostic Infectious Disease Testing Laboratory and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Johannigman
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Latha Satish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children- Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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El-Naggar SA, El-Said KS. Antitumor efficacy of EDTA co-treatment with cisplatin in tumor-bearing mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gawecki R, Malarz K, Rejmund M, Polanski J, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A. Impact of thiosemicarbazones on the accumulation of PpIX and the expression of the associated genes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111585. [PMID: 31450131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazone derivatives are known for their broad biological activity including their antitumor potency. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of a novel series of non-toxic iron chelators on the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX after external 5-aminolevulonic acid administration. From this series we selected one the most promising derivative which causes a pronounced increase in the concentration of protoporphyrin IX. The increase of the photosensitizer concentration is necessary for the trigger the efficient therapeutic effect of the photodynamic reaction. For selected compound 2 we performed an examination of a panel of the genes that are involved in the heme biosynthesis and degradation. Results indicated the crucial roles of ferrochelatase and heme oxygenase in the described processes. Surprisingly, there was a strict dependence on the type of the tested cell line. A decrease in the expression of the two aforementioned enzymes after incubation with compound 2 and 5-aminolevulonic acid is a commonly known fact and we detected this trend for the MCF-7 and HCT 116 cell lines. However, we noticed the upregulation of the tested targets for the Hs683 cells. These unconventional results prompted us to do a more in-depth analysis of the described processes. In conclusion, we found that compound 2 is a novel, highly effective booster of photodynamic therapy that has prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gawecki
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, Chorzow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marta Rejmund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, Chorzow, Poland.
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Treatment With Topical Deferoxamine Improves Cutaneous Vascularity and Tissue Pliability in an Irradiated Animal Model of Tissue Expander–Based Breast Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 82:104-109. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Hara T, Koda A, Nozawa N, Ota U, Kondo H, Nakagawa H, Kamiya A, Miyashita K, Itoh H, Nakajima M, Tanaka T. Combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and ferrous ion reduces plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:515-28. [PMID: 27239432 PMCID: PMC4880722 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 5‐Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a natural amino acid produced only in the mitochondria, is a precursor of heme. Cytochromes that contain heme play an important role in aerobic energy metabolism. Thus, ALA may help reduce T2DM‐associated hyperglycemia. In this study, we investigated the effect of ALA combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) on hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. We found that the gavage administration of ALA combined with SFC (ALA/SFC) for 6 weeks reduced plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in rats without affecting plasma insulin levels. The glucose‐lowering effect depended on the amount of ALA/SFC administered per day. Furthermore, the glucose tolerance was also significantly improved by ALA/SFC administration. Although food intake was slightly reduced in the rats administered ALA/SFC, there was no effect on their body weight. Importantly, ALA/SFC administration induced heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression in white adipose tissue and liver, and the induced expression levels of HO‐1 correlated with the glucose‐lowering effects of ALA/SFC. Taken together, these results suggest that ALA combined with ferrous ion is effective in reducing hyperglycemia of T2DM without affecting plasma insulin levels. HO‐1 induction may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the glucose‐lowering effect of ALA/SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Aya Koda
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoko Nozawa
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Urara Ota
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hikaru Kondo
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Keio University Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
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Lavogiez C, Mortier L, Mordon S. La PDT antimicrobienne en dermatologie. Partie II : les infections virales et parasitaires ; les perspectives. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 143:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Juzeniene A, Iani V, Moan J. Clearance mechanism of protoporphyrin IX from mouse skin after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:538-45. [PMID: 24284108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its esters mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the most widely practiced form of PDT in dermatology. One of its advantages is that undesirable photosensitization lasts only for 24-48 h. In order to optimize ALA-PDT it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of intracellular production and clearance of PpIX (efflux from cells into blood stream and/or its conversion into haem). The aim of this study is to investigate the factors controlling the clearance of intracellular PpIX from healthy skin of mice. METHODS PpIX was induced in mouse skin by topical or systemic application of ALA or by topical application of the iron chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study PpIX kinetics in alive and dead skin. RESULTS Topical application of ALA or EDTA leads to porphyrin production in living skin, but not in excised skin. The clearance rates of PpIX from alive and dead skin were the same in the absence of an intracellular ALA pool. The clearance half-life of EDTA-induced PpIX was 4-7 times longer than that of PpIX after application of ALA. CONCLUSIONS Skin temperature and intracellular iron availability strongly affect PpIX clearance, while ALA application mode (topical versus systemic) and skin viability (dead versus alive) have no influence on PpIX decay. These results demonstrate that the clearance kinetics of PpIX from skin are determined mostly by the conversion of PpIX into haem, while the cellular efflux of PpIX into blood plays a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Zhen Pan S, Xin Song L, Chen J, Yun Du F, Yang J, Xia J. Noncovalent interaction of polyethylene glycol with copper complex of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and its application in constructing inorganic nanomaterials. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10117-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Berlanda J, Kiesslich T, Engelhardt V, Krammer B, Plaetzer K. Comparative in vitro study on the characteristics of different photosensitizers employed in PDT. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:173-80. [PMID: 20599390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At present a wide range of photosensitizers are employed in photodynamic therapy (PDT) that have very different characteristics. Although, countless in vitro studies on the attributes of photosensitizers do exist, a direct comparison of these substances on one cell line are rare and may contribute to the choice of the optimal photoactive substance for a specific application. We therefore evaluated the properties of six widespread photosensitizers, namely Foscan, Fospeg, hypericin, aluminum (III) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate chloride (AlPcS(4)), 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and Photofrin in terms of: (i) cytotoxicity without illumination, (ii) phototoxicity, (iii) cellular uptake and release, and (iv) apoptosis induction in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells using comparable illumination regimens. We clearly show that meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC, Foscan) is a very effective photosensitizer inducing high phototoxicity at very low concentrations. Similar in vitro characteristics and phototoxicity were observed for Fospeg, the water-soluble formulation of mTHPC. Hypericin, a photosensitizer extracted from plants of the Hypericum genus, is very effective in inducing apoptosis over a wide range of light fluences. AlPcS(4) absorbs light of 674 nm wavelength providing a higher penetration depth in tissue. Its hydrophilic character allows for application as aqueous solution. ALA can be administered at very high concentrations without producing cytotoxic effects in the dark. The intracellular concentration of protoporphyrin IX rapidly decreases after withdrawal of ALA, thus minimizing the period of light sensitivity post PDT. Among all photosensitizers Photofrin has most clinical approvals and serves as standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Berlanda
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Yang J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jiang S, Xiong L. Desferrioxamine shows different potentials for enhancing 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in several cutaneous cell lines. Lasers Med Sci 2009; 25:251-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-009-0721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Yang S, Meyskens FL. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1(APE/Ref-1): a unique target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:639-50. [PMID: 18715151 PMCID: PMC2933576 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Management of melanoma is a growing and challenging public health issue requiring novel and multidisciplinary approaches to achieve more efficient prevention and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this article is to show the critical role of APE/Ref-1 on melanomagenesis and progression. APE/Ref-1 serves as a redox-sensitive node of convergence of various signals as well as a DNA-repair enzyme, and its activation protects melanocytes and melanoma cells from chronic oxidative stress and promotes cell survival via mediation of downstream pathways. APE/Ref-1 is a strong candidate as a potential drug-treatable target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Lead compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on APE/Ref-1 are also reviewed. We anticipate potential clinical benefit in the future through inhibition of APE/Ref-1 and/or Ref-1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
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