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Park E, Lim S. Dynamic phase control with printing and fluidic materials' interaction by inkjet printing an RF sensor directly on a stereolithographic 3D printed microfluidic structure. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4364-4378. [PMID: 34585708 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereolithographic (SL) three-dimensional (3D) printing of microfluidic channels and inkjet printing of radio frequency (RF) electronics are promising lab-on-a-chip technologies. However, the effective integration of the two techniques has been challenging since the fabricated parts need to be combined via an additional bonding process, such as plasma bonding. This study proposes combining RF electronics with SL printed microfluidic structures by directly inkjet printing onto a 3D printed mould. This allows the inkjet printing of RF electronics with high conductivity (8 × 106 S m-1) and high resolution (50 μm) as a surface modification of the 3D printed mould. This process combines the three-dimensional printing of microfluidic parts and the inkjet printing of RF sensors into a single process. The proposed approach increases the interaction between a printed RF part and a fluid material by adjusting the distance between them, and it can be applied to various resins and 3D printing methods. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication process was applied to a dynamic phase advanced and delayed transmission line (TL) operating at 3.8 GHz as a fluidic sensor. Consequently, using the same pattern, a higher phase shift range per microliter of 10° was obtained than the 1° for conventional phase shift TLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiyong Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Enders A, Ackerman S, Bahnemann J, Segal E. 3D-printed microfluidics integrated with optical nanostructured porous aptasensors for protein detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:67. [PMID: 33543321 PMCID: PMC7862519 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic integration of biosensors enables improved biosensing performance and sophisticated lab-on-a-chip platform design for numerous applications. While soft lithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidics are still considered the gold standard, 3D-printing has emerged as a promising fabrication alternative for microfluidic systems. Herein, a 3D-printed polyacrylate-based microfluidic platform is integrated for the first time with a label-free porous silicon (PSi)-based optical aptasensor via a facile bonding method. The latter utilizes a UV-curable adhesive as an intermediate layer, while preserving the delicate nanostructure of the porous regions within the microchannels. As a proof-of-concept, a generic model aptasensor for label-free detection of his-tagged proteins is constructed, characterized, and compared to non-microfluidic and PDMS-based microfluidic setups. Detection of the target protein is carried out by real-time monitoring reflectivity changes of the PSi, induced by the target binding to the immobilized aptamers within the porous nanostructure. The microfluidic integrated aptasensor has been successfully used for detection of a model target protein, in the range 0.25 to 18 μM, with a good selectivity and an improved limit of detection, when compared to a non-microfluidic biosensing platform (0.04 μM vs. 2.7 μM, respectively). Furthermore, a superior performance of the 3D-printed microfluidic aptasensor is obtained, compared to a conventional PDMS-based microfluidic platform with similar dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Saylor RA, Lunte SM. PDMS/glass hybrid device with a reusable carbon electrode for on-line monitoring of catecholamines using microdialysis sampling coupled to microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:462-469. [PMID: 28737835 PMCID: PMC5783789 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
On-line separations-based sensors employing microdialysis (MD) coupled to microchip electrophoresis (ME) enable the continuous monitoring of multiple analytes simultaneously. Electrochemical detection (EC) is especially amenable to on-animal systems employing MD-ME due to its ease of miniaturization. However, one of the difficulties in fabricating MD-ME-EC systems is incorporating carbon working electrodes into the device. In this paper, a novel fabrication procedure is described for the production of a PDMS/glass hybrid device that is capable of integrating hydrodynamic MD flow with ME-EC using a flow-gated interface and a pyrolyzed photoresist film carbon electrode. This fabrication method enables the reuse of carbon electrodes on a glass substrate, while still maintaining a good seal between the PDMS and glass to allow for pressure-driven MD flow. The on-line MD-ME-EC device was characterized in vitro and in vivo for monitoring analytes in the dopamine metabolic pathway. The ultimate goal is to use this device and associated instrumentation to perform on-animal, near-real time in vivo monitoring of catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Saylor RA, Lunte SM. A review of microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis for monitoring biological events. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:48-64. [PMID: 25637011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique that enables monitoring of dynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The combination of microdialysis with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods with selective detection yields a "separation-based sensor" capable of monitoring multiple analytes in near real time. For monitoring biological events, analysis of microdialysis samples often requires techniques that are fast (<1 min), have low volume requirements (nL-pL), and, ideally, can be employed on-line. Microchip electrophoresis fulfills these requirements and also permits the possibility of integrating sample preparation and manipulation with detection strategies directly on-chip. Microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis has been employed for monitoring biological events in vivo and in vitro. This review discusses technical considerations for coupling microdialysis sampling and microchip electrophoresis, including various interface designs, and current applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Iliescu C, Taylor H, Avram M, Miao J, Franssila S. A practical guide for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using glass and silicon. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:16505-1650516. [PMID: 22662101 PMCID: PMC3365353 DOI: 10.1063/1.3689939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the main protocols that are used for fabricating microfluidic devices from glass and silicon. Methods for micropatterning glass and silicon are surveyed, and their limitations are discussed. Bonding methods that can be used for joining these materials are summarized and key process parameters are indicated. The paper also outlines techniques for forming electrical connections between microfluidic devices and external circuits. A framework is proposed for the synthesis of a complete glass/silicon device fabrication flow.
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Low-temperature direct bonding of glass nanofluidic chips using a two-step plasma surface activation process. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1011-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gervais L, de Rooij N, Delamarche E. Microfluidic chips for point-of-care immunodiagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H151-76. [PMID: 21567479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We might be at the turning point where research in microfluidics undertaken in academia and industrial research laboratories, and substantially sponsored by public grants, may provide a range of portable and networked diagnostic devices. In this Progress Report, an overview on microfluidic devices that may become the next generation of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is provided. First, we describe gaps and opportunities in medical diagnostics and how microfluidics can address these gaps using the example of immunodiagnostics. Next, we conceptualize how different technologies are converging into working microfluidic POC diagnostics devices. Technologies are explained from the perspective of sample interaction with components of a device. Specifically, we detail materials, surface treatment, sample processing, microfluidic elements (such as valves, pumps, and mixers), receptors, and analytes in the light of various biosensing concepts. Finally, we discuss the integration of components into accurate and reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gervais
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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Priest C. Surface patterning of bonded microfluidic channels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:32206. [PMID: 21045927 PMCID: PMC2967238 DOI: 10.1063/1.3493643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic channels in which multiple chemical and biological processes can be integrated into a single chip have provided a suitable platform for high throughput screening, chemical synthesis, detection, and alike. These microchips generally exhibit a homogeneous surface chemistry, which limits their functionality. Localized surface modification of microchannels can be challenging due to the nonplanar geometries involved. However, chip bonding remains the main hurdle, with many methods involving thermal or plasma treatment that, in most cases, neutralizes the desired chemical functionality. Postbonding modification of microchannels is subject to many limitations, some of which have been recently overcome. Novel techniques include solution-based modification using laminar or capillary flow, while conventional techniques such as photolithography remain popular. Nonetheless, new methods, including localized microplasma treatment, are emerging as effective postbonding alternatives. This Review focuses on postbonding methods for surface patterning of microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Priest
- Ian Wark Research Institute, ARC Special Research Centre for Particle and Material Interfaces, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Arayanarakool R, Le Gac S, van den Berg A. Low-temperature, simple and fast integration technique of microfluidic chips by using a UV-curable adhesive. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2115-21. [PMID: 20556303 DOI: 10.1039/c004436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the fields of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) and Lab On a Chip (LOC), a device is often fabricated using diverse substrates which are processed separately and finally assembled together using a bonding process to yield the final device. Here we describe and demonstrate a novel straightforward, rapid and low-temperature bonding technique for the assembly of complete microfluidic devices, at the chip level, by employing an intermediate layer of gluing material. This technique is applicable to a great variety of materials (e.g., glass, SU-8, parylene, UV-curable adhesive) as demonstrated here when using NOA 81 as gluing material. Bonding is firstly characterized in terms of homogeneity and thickness of the gluing layer. Following this, we verified the resistance of the adhesive layer to various organic solvents, acids, bases and conventional buffers. Finally, the assembled devices are successfully utilized for fluidic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rerngchai Arayanarakool
- BIOS, The Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Segato TP, Coltro WKT, de Jesus Almeida AL, de Oliveira Piazetta MH, Gobbi AL, Mazo LH, Carrilho E. A rapid and reliable bonding process for microchip electrophoresis fabricated in glass substrates. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2526-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bart J, Tiggelaar R, Yang M, Schlautmann S, Zuilhof H, Gardeniers H. Room-temperature intermediate layer bonding for microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3481-8. [PMID: 20024026 DOI: 10.1039/b914270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work a novel room-temperature bonding technique based on chemically activated Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) sheet as an intermediate between chemically activated substrates is presented. Surfaces of silicon and glass substrates are chemically modified with APTES bearing amine terminal groups, while FEP sheet surfaces are treated to form carboxyl groups and subsequently activated by means of EDC-NHS chemistry. The activation procedures of silicon, glass and FEP sheet are characterized by contact angle measurements and XPS. Robust bonds are created at room-temperature by simply pressing two amine-terminated substrates together with activated FEP sheet in between. Average tensile strengths of 5.9 MPa and 5.2 MPa are achieved for silicon-silicon and glass-glass bonds, respectively, and the average fluidic pressure that can be operated is 10.2 bar. Moreover, it is demonstrated that FEP-bonded microfluidic chips can handle mild organic solvents at elevated pressures without leakage problems. This versatile room-temperature intermediate layer bonding technique has a high potential for bonding, packaging, and assembly of various (bio-) chemical microfluidic systems and MEMS devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bart
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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