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Mukherjee J, Chaturvedi D, Mishra S, Jain R, Dandekar P. Microfluidic technology for cell biology-related applications: a review. J Biol Phys 2024; 50:1-27. [PMID: 38055086 PMCID: PMC10864244 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow at the microscale level exhibits a unique phenomenon that can be explored to fabricate microfluidic devices integrated with components that can perform various biological functions. In this manuscript, the importance of physics for microscale fluid dynamics using microfluidic devices has been reviewed. Microfluidic devices provide new opportunities with regard to spatial and temporal control over cell growth. Furthermore, the manuscript presents an overview of cellular stimuli observed by combining surfaces that mimic the complex biochemistries and different geometries of the extracellular matrix, with microfluidic channels regulating the transport of fluids, soluble factors, etc. We have also explained the concept of mechanotransduction, which defines the relation between mechanical force and biological response. Furthermore, the manipulation of cellular microenvironments by the use of microfluidic systems has been highlighted as a useful device for basic cell biology research activities. Finally, the article focuses on highly integrated microfluidic platforms that exhibit immense potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical research as robust and portable point-of-care diagnostic devices for the assessment of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Shlok Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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2
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Ostrikov K, Kashani MN, Vasilev K, MacGregor MN. Fluid Flow Dependency in Immunoselective Cell Capture via Liquid Biopsy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12388-12396. [PMID: 34596407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy targets rare cells that overexpress disease-specific membrane markers and capture these cells via immunoaffinity. The diagnosis efficiency of liquid biopsy can be impaired by the presence of healthy adherent cells also expressing the same biomarkers. Here, we investigated the effect of settling times and rinsing flow rates on the efficiency of EpCAM-based immunocapture using both simulation and experiments with three different cell types. Cell-surface adhesion forces and shear rates were calculated to define the range of rinsing flow rates to test experimentally. Healthy adherent cells did not adhere to blocked immunofunctionalized surfaces within the timeframe of the experiment; however, healthy EpCAM positive cells did bind to the surface to some extent. The greatest difference in capture efficiency was obtained using a high rinsing flow rate of 25 mL/min following 40 min static incubation, indicating that optimizing rinsing flow rates could be a viable option to capture, more specifically, cancer cells overexpressing EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kola Ostrikov
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Moein Navvab Kashani
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
- South Australian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
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3
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Ding P, Wang Z, Wu Z, Zhu W, Liu L, Sun N, Pei R. Aptamer-based nanostructured interfaces for the detection and release of circulating tumor cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3408-3422. [PMID: 32022083 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide significant clinical information for tumors, which has proven to be helpful for cancer diagnosis, prognosis monitoring, treatment efficacy, and personalized therapy. However, CTCs are an extremely rare cell population, which challenges the isolation of CTCs from patient blood. Over the last few decades, many strategies for CTC detection have been developed based on the physical and biological properties of CTCs. Among them, nanostructured interfaces have been widely applied as CTC detection platforms to overcome the current limitations associated with CTC capture. Furthermore, aptamers have attracted significant attention in the detection of CTCs due to their advantages, including good affinity, low cost, easy modification, excellent stability, and low immunogenicity. In addition, effective and nondestructive release of CTCs can be achieved by aptamer-mediated methods that are used under mild conditions. Herein, we review some progress in the detection and release of CTCs through aptamer-functionalized nanostructured interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
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4
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Cheng J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Mao H, Huang C. Nanotechnology-Assisted Isolation and Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells on Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E774. [PMID: 32823926 PMCID: PMC7465711 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a type of cancer cell that spreads from primary tumors into human peripheral blood and are considered as a new biomarker of cancer liquid biopsy. It provides the direction for understanding the biology of cancer metastasis and progression. Isolation and analysis of CTCs offer the possibility for early cancer detection and dynamic prognosis monitoring. The extremely low quantity and high heterogeneity of CTCs are the major challenges for the application of CTCs in liquid biopsy. There have been significant research endeavors to develop efficient and reliable approaches to CTC isolation and analysis in the past few decades. With the advancement of microfabrication and nanomaterials, a variety of approaches have now emerged for CTC isolation and analysis on microfluidic platforms combined with nanotechnology. These new approaches show advantages in terms of cell capture efficiency, purity, detection sensitivity and specificity. This review focuses on recent progress in the field of nanotechnology-assisted microfluidics for CTC isolation and detection. Firstly, CTC isolation approaches using nanomaterial-based microfluidic devices are summarized and discussed. The different strategies for CTC release from the devices are specifically outlined. In addition, existing nanotechnology-assisted methods for CTC downstream analysis are summarized. Some perspectives are discussed on the challenges of current methods for CTC studies and promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China;
| | - Lingqian Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Haiyang Mao
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Chengjun Huang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Paddillaya N, Mishra A, Kondaiah P, Pullarkat P, Menon GI, Gundiah N. Biophysics of Cell-Substrate Interactions Under Shear. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:251. [PMID: 31781558 PMCID: PMC6857480 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells adhere to substrates through mechanosensitive focal adhesion complexes. Measurements that probe how cells detach from substrates when they experience an applied force connect molecular-scale aspects of cell adhesion with the biophysical properties of adherent cells. Such forces can be applied through shear devices that flow fluid in a controlled manner across cells. The signaling pathways associated with focal adhesions, in particular those that involve integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases, are complex, receiving mechano-chemical feedback from the sensing of substrate stiffness as well as of external forces. This article reviews the signaling processes involved in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction during cell-substrate interactions, describing the role such signaling plays in cancer metastasis. We examine some recent progress in quantifying the strength of these interactions, describing a novel fluid shear device that allows for the visualization of the cell and its sub-cellular structures under a shear flow. We also summarize related results from a biophysical model for cellular de-adhesion induced by applied forces. Quantifying cell-substrate adhesions under shear should aid in the development of mechano-diagnostic techniques for diseases in which cell-adhesion is mis-regulated, such as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Paddillaya
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashish Mishra
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pramod Pullarkat
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Gautam I Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.,Department of Physics, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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6
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LeValley PJ, Tibbitt MW, Noren B, Kharkar P, Kloxin AM, Anseth KS, Toner M, Oakey J. Immunofunctional photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces for the capture and release of rare cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:483-492. [PMID: 30497010 PMCID: PMC6545105 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a central role in cancer metastasis and represent a rich source of data for cancer prognostics and therapeutic guidance. Reliable CTC recovery from whole blood therefore promises a less invasive and more sensitive approach to cancer diagnosis and progression tracking. CTCs, however, are exceedingly rare in whole blood, making their quantitative recovery challenging. Several techniques capable of isolating these rare cells have been introduced and validated, yet most suffer from low CTC purity or viability, both of which are essential to develop a clinically viable CTC isolation platform. To address these limitations, we introduce a patterned, immunofunctional, photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel capture surface for the isolation and selective release of rare cell populations. Flat and herringbone capture surfaces were successfully patterned via PDMS micromolding and photopolymerization of photolabile PEG hydrogels. Patterned herringbone surfaces, designed to convectively transport cells to the capture surface, exhibited improved capture density relative to flat surfaces for target cell capture from buffer, buffy coat, and whole blood. Uniquely, captured cells were released for collection by degrading the hydrogel capture surface with either bulk or targeted irradiation with cytocompatible doses of long wavelength UV light. Recovered cells remained viable following capture and release and exhibited similar growth rates as untreated control cells. The implementation of molded photodegradable PEG hydrogels as a CTC capture surface provides a micropatternable, cytocompatible platform that imparts the unique ability to recover pure, viable CTC samples by selectively releasing target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J LeValley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States; Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ben Noren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Prathamesh Kharkar
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder, CO 80309, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
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7
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Jötten A, Angermann S, Stamp MEM, Breyer D, Strobl FG, Wixforth A, Westerhausen C. Correlation of in vitro cell adhesion, local shear flow and cell density. RSC Adv 2019; 9:543-551. [PMID: 35521589 PMCID: PMC9059541 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
By combination of particle image velocimetry and live cell imaging in an acoustically driven microfluidic chamber, we study shear and cell density dependent adhesion. We find excellent agreement with simulations considering pure geometrical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Jötten
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich
- 80799 Munich
| | - S. Angermann
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
| | - M. E. M. Stamp
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich
- 80799 Munich
| | - D. Breyer
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
| | - F. G. Strobl
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
| | - A. Wixforth
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich
- 80799 Munich
| | - C. Westerhausen
- Chair for Experimental Physics I
- University of Augsburg
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich
- 80799 Munich
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8
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Zhang M, Xu B, Siehr A, Shen W. Efficient release of immunocaptured cells using coiled-coils in a microfluidic device. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29182-29189. [PMID: 35528412 PMCID: PMC9071837 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free and affinity-based cell separation allows highly specific cell capture through simple procedures, but it remains a major challenge to efficiently release the captured cells without changing their structure, phenotype, and function. We report a microfluidic platform for label-free immunocapture of target cells and efficient release of the cells with minimal biochemical and biophysical perturbations. The method capitalizes on self-assembly of a pair of heterodimerizing coiled-coils, A and B. Target cells are captured in microchannels functionalized with an antibody and A and efficiently released by a liquid flow containing B-PEG (a conjugate of B and polyethylene glycol) at a controlled, low shear stress. The released cells have no antibodies attached or endogenous surface molecules cleaved. In a model system, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated from a mixture of HUVECs and human ovarian carcinoma cells. The capture selectivity, capture capacity, and release efficiency were 96.3% ± 1.8%, 10 735 ± 1897 cells per cm2, and 92.5% ± 3.8%, respectively, when the flow was operated at a shear stress of 1 dyn cm−2. The method can be readily adapted for isolation of any cells that are recognizable by a commercially available antibody, and B-PEG is a universal cell-releasing trigger. We report a microfluidic platform capable of isolating target cells from heterogeneous cell populations through highly specific immunocapture and efficiently releasing the captured cells with minimal biochemical and biophysical perturbations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Allison Siehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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9
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Wang J, Wang AZ, Lv P, Tao W, Liu G. Advancing the Pharmaceutical Potential of Bioinorganic Hybrid Lipid-Based Assemblies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800564. [PMID: 30250799 PMCID: PMC6145262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired lipid assemblies that mimic the elaborate architecture of natural membranes have fascinated researchers for a long time. These lipid assemblies have gone from being just an imperative platform for biophysical research to a pharmaceutical delivery system for biomedical applications. Despite success, these organized nanosystems are often subject to the mechanical instability and limited theranostic capability without adding any inconvenient modifications. To reach their advanced pharmaceutical potential, various bioinorganic hybrid lipid-based assembles, which provide new opportunities to synergistically complement and improve therapeutic/diagnostic potential of existing lipid-based nanomedicine with distinct mechanisms containing inorganic embedded surfactants, have recently been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Angela Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics LaboratoryDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong S.A.R.China
| | - Peng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologyInnovation Center for Cell BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & InstrumentationCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
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10
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Maan R, Rani G, Menon GI, Pullarkat PA. Modeling cell-substrate de-adhesion dynamics under fluid shear. Phys Biol 2018; 15:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aabc66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Gupta T, Ghosh R, Ganguly R. Acoustophoretic separation of infected erythrocytes from blood plasma in a microfluidic platform using biofunctionalized, matched-impedance layers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2943. [PMID: 29178405 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acoustophoresis is rapidly gaining prominence in the field of cell manipulation. In recent years, researchers have extensively used this method for separating different types of cells from the bulk fluid. In this paper, we propose a novel acoustophoresis-based technique to capture infected or abnormal erythrocytes from blood plasma. A typical acoustic device consisting of a transducer assembly, microfluidic cavity, and a reflector is considered. Based on the concept of impedance matching, a pair of antibody-coated polystyrene layers is placed in the nodal regions of an acoustic field within the cavity. This technique allows bi-directional migration of the suspended cells to the biofunctionalized surfaces. Therefore, simultaneous capture of infected erythrocytes on both the layers is feasible. Finite element method is used to model the pressure field as well as the motion of erythrocytes under the influence of acoustic radiation, drag, and gravitational forces. A parametric analysis is done by varying the excitation frequency, driving voltage, and the thickness of the polystyrene layers. The resulting changes in the pressure amplitude and field pattern are investigated. The erythrocyte collection efficiency, rate of collection, and the cell distribution on the layer surfaces are also determined under different field conditions. The occurrence of transient cavitation in the blood plasma-filled cavity at the chosen frequency is taken into account by using its threshold pressure value as the limiting factor of pressure amplitude. The study provides an insight into the phenomenon and serves as a guideline to fabricate low-cost, multifunctional rapid diagnostic devices based on acoustophoretic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritwick Ghosh
- NTPC Limited, Farakka, Murshidabad, 742236, India
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700098, India
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12
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Comparative study on antibody immobilization strategies for efficient circulating tumor cell capture. Biointerphases 2018; 13:021001. [PMID: 29571263 DOI: 10.1116/1.5023456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for isolation and quantification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are attracting more attention every day, as the data for their unprecedented clinical utility continue to grow. However, the challenge is that CTCs are extremely rare (as low as 1 in a billion of blood cells) and a highly sensitive and specific technology is required to isolate CTCs from blood cells. Methods utilizing microfluidic systems for immunoaffinity-based CTC capture are preferred, especially when purity is the prime requirement. However, antibody immobilization strategy significantly affects the efficiency of such systems. In this study, two covalent and two bioaffinity antibody immobilization methods were assessed with respect to their CTC capture efficiency and selectivity, using an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as the capture antibody. Surface functionalization was realized on plain SiO2 surfaces, as well as in microfluidic channels. Surfaces functionalized with different antibody immobilization methods are physically and chemically characterized at each step of functionalization. MCF-7 breast cancer and CCRF-CEM acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were used as EpCAM positive and negative cell models, respectively, to assess CTC capture efficiency and selectivity. Comparisons reveal that bioaffinity based antibody immobilization involving streptavidin attachment with glutaraldehyde linker gave the highest cell capture efficiency. On the other hand, a covalent antibody immobilization method involving direct antibody binding by N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reaction was found to be more time and cost efficient with a similar cell capture efficiency. All methods provided very high selectivity for CTCs with EpCAM expression. It was also demonstrated that antibody immobilization via EDC-NHS reaction in a microfluidic channel leads to high capture efficiency and selectivity.
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13
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Yeh PY, Chen YR, Wang CF, Chang YC. Promoting Multivalent Antibody–Antigen Interactions by Tethering Antibody Molecules on a PEGylated Dendrimer-Supported Lipid Bilayer. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:426-437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ying Yeh
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yih-Ruey Chen
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fang Wang
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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14
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Tong Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Cai H, Zhang W, Tan WS. POSS-enhanced thermosensitive hybrid hydrogels for cell adhesion and detachment. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13813-13819. [PMID: 35539329 PMCID: PMC9079822 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based substrates have presented great promise in cell sheet engineering. However, non-functionalized PNIPAM cannot be well applied for cell cultivation, due to the low cell adhesion. Herein, to enhance PNIPAM-based substrates and to promote cell proliferation and detachment, a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoscale inorganic enhanced agent has been introduced into PNIPAM matrices to construct POSS-containing hybrid hydrogels. The hydrogels were facilely prepared using POSS as a cross-linker via one-pot crosslinking reaction under UV irradiation. The swelling behavior, thermal stability and the mechanical properties of POSS–PNIPAM hybrid hydrogels have been evaluated and they are all dependent on the content of POSS. The in vitro experiment confirms that human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) exhibit clearly enhanced adhesion and proliferation on the substrates of POSS–PNIPAM hybrid hydrogels in comparison to the pure PNIPAM hydrogel without POSS. Based on the thermal-responsiveness of PNIPAM, the proliferated cells are easily released without damage from the surface of hybrid hydrogels. Therefore, POSS-enhanced PNIPAM hybrid hydrogels provide a unique approach for harvesting anchorage dependent stem cells. Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based substrates have presented great promise in cell sheet engineering.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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15
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Spatial scales of living cells and their energetic and informational capacity. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 47:515-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Tasadduq B, McFarland B, Islam M, Alexeev A, Fatih Sarioglu A, Sulchek T. Continuous Sorting of Cells Based on Differential P Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand Expression Using Molecular Adhesion. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11545-11551. [PMID: 28930450 PMCID: PMC6996645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface molecular adhesions govern many important physiological processes and are used to identify cells for analysis and purifications. But most effective cell adhesion separation technologies use labels or long-term attachments in their application. While label-free separation microsystems typically separate cells by size, stiffness, and shape, they often do not provide sufficient specificity to cell type that can be obtained from molecular expression. We demonstrate a label-free microfluidic approach capable of high throughput separation of cells based upon surface molecule adhesion. Cells are flowed through a microchannel designed with angled ridges at the top of the channel and coated with adhesive ligands specific to target cell receptors. The ridges slightly compress passing cells such that adhesive contact can be made with sufficient surface area without unduly affecting cell trajectories because of cell stiffness. Thus, sorting is sensitive to cell adhesion but not to stiffness or cell size. The enforced interactions between the cells and the ridges ensure that a high flow rate can be used without lift forces quenching adhesion. As a proof of principle of the method, we separate both Jurkat and HL60 cell lines based on their differential expression of PSGL-1 ligand by using a ridged channel coated with P selectin. We demonstrate 26-fold and 3.8-fold enrichment of PSGL-1 positive and 4.4-fold and 3.2-fold enrichment of PSGL-1 negative Jurkat and HL60 cells, respectively. Increasing the number of outlets to five allows for greater resolution in PSGL-1 selection resulting in fractionation of a single cell type into subpopulations of cells with high, moderate, and low PSGL-1 expression. The cells can flow at a rate of up to 0.2 m/s, which corresponds to 0.045 million cells per minute at the designed geometry, which is over 2 orders of magnitude higher than previous adhesive-based sorting approaches. Because of the short interaction time of the cells with the adhesive surfaces, the sorting method does not further activate the cells due to molecular binding. Such an approach may find use in label-free selection of cells for a highly expressed molecular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Tasadduq
- The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi Pakistan
| | - Brynn McFarland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Muhymin Islam
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - A. Fatih Sarioglu
- The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Zhao Y, Xu D, Tan W. Aptamer-functionalized nano/micro-materials for clinical diagnosis: isolation, release and bioanalysis of circulating tumor cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:188-205. [PMID: 28144664 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00239k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is a challenging, but necessary, task in order to diagnose early onset of metastatic cancer and to monitor treatment efficacy. Over the last decade, step-up produced aptamers have attracted great attention in clinical diagnosis. They have offered great promise for a broader range of cell-specific recognition and isolation. In particular, aptamer-functionalized magnetic particles for selective extraction of target CTCs have shown reduced damage to cells and relatively simple operation. Also, efforts to develop aptamer-functionalized microchannel/microstructures able to efficiently isolate target CTCs are continuing, and these efforts have brought more advanced geometrically designed substrates. Various aptamer-mediated cell release techniques are being developed to enable subsequent biological studies. This article reviews some of these advances in aptamer-functionalized nano/micro-materials for CTCs isolation and methods for releasing captured CTCs from aptamer-functionalized surfaces. Biological studies of CTCs after release are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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18
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Abstract
Microfluidics is an interdisciplinary field intersecting many areas in engineering. Utilizing a combination of physics, chemistry, biology, and biotechnology, along with practical applications for designing devices that use low volumes of fluids to achieve high-throughput screening, is a major goal in microfluidics. Microfluidic approaches allow the study of cells growth and differentiation using a variety of conditions including control of fluid flow that generates shear stress. Recently, Piezo1 channels were shown to respond to fluid shear stress and are crucial for vascular development. This channel is ideal for studying fluid shear stress applied to cells using microfluidic devices. We have developed an approach that allows us to analyze the role of Piezo channels on any given cell and serves as a high-throughput screen for drug discovery. We show that this approach can provide detailed information about the inhibitors of Piezo channels.
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19
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Ansari A, Patel R, Schultheis K, Naumovski V, Imoukhuede PI. A Method of Targeted Cell Isolation via Glass Surface Functionalization. J Vis Exp 2016:54315. [PMID: 27684992 PMCID: PMC5092063 DOI: 10.3791/54315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limiting factors to the adoption and advancement of personalized medicine is the inability to develop diagnostic tools to probe individual nuances in expression from patient to patient. Current methodologies that try to separate cells to fill this niche result in disruption of physiological expression, making the separation technique useless as a diagnostic tool. In this protocol, we describe the functionalization and optimization of a surface for the cellular capture and release. This functionalized surface integrates biotinylated antibodies with a glass surface functionalized with an aminosilane (APTES), desthiobiotin and streptavidin. Cell release is facilitated through the introduction of biotin, allowing the recollection and purification of cells captured by the surface. This release is done through the targeting of the secondary moiety desthiobiotin, which results in a much more gentle release paradigm. This reduction in harsh reagents and shear forces reduces changes in cellular expression. The functionalized surface captures up to 80% of cells in a single cell mixture and has demonstrated 50% capture in a dual-cell mixture. Applications of this technology to xenografts and cancer separation studies are investigated. Quantification techniques for surface verification such as plate reader and ImageJ analyses are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ansari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Reema Patel
- Department of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Kinsey Schultheis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Vesna Naumovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology
| | - P I Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
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20
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Luo ZY, Bai BF. State diagram for adhesion dynamics of deformable capsules under shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6918-6925. [PMID: 27492192 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the significance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell adhesion in biological processes and cell capture in biomedical applications, we numerically investigate the adhesion dynamics of deformable capsules under shear flow by using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model. This model is based on the coupling of the front tracking-finite element method for elastic mechanics of the capsule membrane and the adhesion kinetics simulation for adhesive interactions between capsules and functionalized surfaces. Using this model, three distinct adhesion dynamic states are predicted, such as detachment, rolling and firm-adhesion. Specifically, the effects of capsule deformability quantified by the capillary number on the transitions of these three dynamic states are investigated by developing an adhesion dynamic state diagram for the first time. At low capillary numbers (e.g. Ca < 0.0075), whole-capsule deformation confers the capsule a flattened bottom in contact with the functionalized surface, which hence promotes the rolling-to-firm-adhesion transition. It is consistent with the observations from previous studies that cell deformation promotes the adhesion of cells lying in the rolling regime. However, it is surprising to find that, at relatively high capillary numbers (e.g. 0.0075 < Ca < 0.0175), the effect of capsule deformability on its adhesion dynamics is far more complex than just promoting adhesion. High deformability of capsules makes their bottom take a concave shape with no adhesion bond formation in the middle. The appearance of this specific capsule shape inhibits the transitions of both rolling-to-firm-adhesion and detachment-to-rolling, and it means that capsule deformation no longer promotes the capsule adhesion. Besides, it is interesting to note that, when the capillary number exceeds a critical value (e.g. Ca = 0.0175), the rolling state no longer appears, since capsules exhibit large deviation from the spherical shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Feng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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21
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Nair SV, Witek MA, Jackson JM, Lindell MAM, Hunsucker SA, Sapp T, Perry CE, Hupert ML, Bae-Jump V, Gehrig PA, Wysham WZ, Armistead PM, Voorhees P, Soper SA. Enzymatic cleavage of uracil-containing single-stranded DNA linkers for the efficient release of affinity-selected circulating tumor cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:3266-9. [PMID: 25616078 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel strategy to enzymatically release affinity-selected cells, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), from surfaces with high efficiency (∼90%) while maintaining cell viability (>85%). The strategy utilizes single-stranded DNAs that link a capture antibody to the surfaces of a CTC selection device. The DNA linkers contain a uracil residue that can be cleaved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya V Nair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Sensitive and Specific Biomimetic Lipid Coated Microfluidics to Isolate Viable Circulating Tumor Cells and Microemboli for Cancer Detection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149633. [PMID: 26938471 PMCID: PMC4777486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we presented a simple and effective membrane mimetic microfluidic device with antibody conjugated supported lipid bilayer (SLB) "smart coating" to capture viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) directly from whole blood of all stage clinical cancer patients. The non-covalently bound SLB was able to promote dynamic clustering of lipid-tethered antibodies to CTC antigens and minimized non-specific blood cells retention through its non-fouling nature. A gentle flow further flushed away loosely-bound blood cells to achieve high purity of CTCs, and a stream of air foam injected disintegrate the SLB assemblies to release intact and viable CTCs from the chip. Human blood spiked cancer cell line test showed the ~95% overall efficiency to recover both CTCs and CTMs. Live/dead assay showed that at least 86% of recovered cells maintain viability. By using 2 mL of peripheral blood, the CTCs and CTMs counts of 63 healthy and colorectal cancer donors were positively correlated with the cancer progression. In summary, a simple and effective strategy utilizing biomimetic principle was developed to retrieve viable CTCs for enumeration, molecular analysis, as well as ex vivo culture over weeks. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity, it is the first time to show the high detection rates and quantity of CTCs in non-metastatic cancer patients. This work offers the values in both early cancer detection and prognosis of CTC and provides an accurate non-invasive strategy for routine clinical investigation on CTCs.
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23
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Pappas D. Microfluidics and cancer analysis: cell separation, cell/tissue culture, cell mechanics, and integrated analysis systems. Analyst 2016; 141:525-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the growing number of tools available for cancer studies, microfluidic systems have emerged as a promising analytical tool to elucidate cancer cell and tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- USA
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24
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Shemesh J, Jalilian I, Shi A, Heng Yeoh G, Knothe Tate ML, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Flow-induced stress on adherent cells in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4114-27. [PMID: 26334370 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transduction of mechanical forces and chemical signals affect every cell in the human body. Fluid flow in systems such as the lymphatic or circulatory systems modulates not only cell morphology, but also gene expression patterns, extracellular matrix protein secretion and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Similar to the role of mechanical forces in adaptation of tissues, shear fluid flow orchestrates collective behaviours of adherent cells found at the interface between tissues and their fluidic environments. These behaviours range from alignment of endothelial cells in the direction of flow to stem cell lineage commitment. Therefore, it is important to characterize quantitatively fluid interface-dependent cell activity. Common macro-scale techniques, such as the parallel plate flow chamber and vertical-step flow methods that apply fluid-induced stress on adherent cells, offer standardization, repeatability and ease of operation. However, in order to achieve improved control over a cell's microenvironment, additional microscale-based techniques are needed. The use of microfluidics for this has been recognized, but its true potential has emerged only recently with the advent of hybrid systems, offering increased throughput, multicellular interactions, substrate functionalization on 3D geometries, and simultaneous control over chemical and mechanical stimulation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microfluidic flow systems for adherent cells and elaborate on their suitability to mimic physiologic micromechanical environments subjected to fluid flow. We describe device design considerations in light of ongoing discoveries in mechanobiology and point to future trends of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shemesh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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25
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Lee JH, Dustin ML, Kam LC. A microfluidic platform reveals differential response of regulatory T cells to micropatterned costimulation arrays. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1442-53. [PMID: 26400012 PMCID: PMC4630128 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of adaptive immunity. However, the overall immune response is often directed by minor subpopulations of this heterogeneous family of cells, owing to specificity of activation and amplification of functional response. Knowledge of differences in signaling and function between T cell subtypes is far from complete, but is clearly needed for understanding and ultimately leveraging this branch of the adaptive immune response. This report investigates differences in cell response to micropatterned surfaces by conventional and regulatory T cells. Specifically, the ability of cells to respond to the microscale geometry of TCR/CD3 and CD28 engagement is made possible using a magnetic-microfluidic device that overcomes limitations in imaging efficiency associated with conventional microscopy equipment. This device can be readily assembled onto micropatterned surfaces while maintaining the activity of proteins and other biomolecules necessary for such studies. In operation, a target population of cells is tagged using paramagnetic beads, and then trapped in a divergent magnetic field within the chamber. Following washing, the target cells are released to interact with a designated surface. Characterization of this system with mouse CD4(+) T cells demonstrated a 50-fold increase in target-to-background cell purity, with an 80% collection efficiency. Applying this approach to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, it is then demonstrated that these rare cells respond less selectively to micro-scale features of anti-CD3 antibodies than CD4(+)CD25(-) conventional T cells, revealing a difference in balance between TCR/CD3 and LFA-1-based adhesion. PKC-θ localized to the distal pole of regulatory T cells, away from the cell-substrate interface, suggests a mechanism for differential regulation of TCR/LFA-1-based adhesion. Moreover, specificity of cell adhesion to anti-CD3 features was dependent on the relative position of anti-CD28 signaling within the cell-substrate interface, revealing an important role for coincidence of TCR and costimulatory pathway in triggering regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, USA.
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, USA.
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26
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Vaidyanathan R, Dey S, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Alternating current electrohydrodynamics in microsystems: Pushing biomolecules and cells around on surfaces. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:061501. [PMID: 26674299 PMCID: PMC4676781 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) deals with the fluid motion induced by an electric field. This phenomenon originally developed in physical science, and engineering is currently experiencing a renaissance in microfluidics. Investigations by Taylor on Gilbert's theory proposed in 1600 have evolved to include multiple contributions including the promising effects arising from electric field interactions with cells and particles to influence their behaviour on electrode surfaces. Theoretical modelling of electric fields in microsystems and the ability to determine shear forces have certainly reached an advanced state. The ability to deftly manipulate microscopic fluid flow in bulk fluid and at solid/liquid interfaces has enabled the controlled assembly, coagulation, or removal of microstructures, nanostructures, cells, and molecules on surfaces. Furthermore, the ability of electrohydrodynamics to generate fluid flow using surface shear forces generated within nanometers from the surface and their application in bioassays has led to recent advancements in biomolecule, vesicle and cellular detection across different length scales. With the integration of Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics (AC-EHD) in cellular and molecular assays proving to be highly fruitful, challenges still remain with respect to understanding the discrepancies between each of the associated ac-induced fluid flow phenomena, extending their utility towards clinical diagnostic development, and utilising them in tandem as a standard tool for disease monitoring. In this regard, this article will review the history of electrohydrodynamics, followed by some of the recent developments in the field including a new dimension of electrohydrodynamics that deals with the utilization of surface shear forces for the manipulation of biological cells or molecules on electrode surfaces. Recent advances and challenges in the use of electrohydrodynamic forces such as dielectrophoresis and ac electrosmosis for the detection of biological analytes are also reviewed. Additionally, the fundamental mechanisms of fluid flow using electrohydrodynamics forces, which are still evolving, are reviewed. Challenges and future directions are discussed from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and potential applications of these nanoscaled shear forces in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura G Carrascosa
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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27
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Ansari A, Lee-Montiel FT, Amos JR, Imoukhuede PI. Secondary anchor targeted cell release. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2214-27. [PMID: 26010879 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine offers the promise of tailoring therapy to patients, based on their cellular biomarkers. To achieve this goal, cellular profiling systems are needed that can quickly and efficiently isolate specific cell types without disrupting cellular biomarkers. Here we describe the development of a unique platform that facilitates gentle cell capture via a secondary, surface-anchoring moiety, and cell release. The cellular capture system consists of a glass surface functionalized with APTES, d-desthiobiotin, and streptavidin. Biotinylated mCD11b and hIgG antibodies are used to capture mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human breast cancer (MCF7-GFP) cell lines, respectively. The surface functionalization is optimized by altering assay components, such as streptavidin, d-desthiobiotin, and APTES, to achieve cell capture on 80% of the functionalized surface and cell release upon biotin treatment. We also demonstrate an ability to capture 50% of target cells within a dual-cell mixture. This engineering advancement is a critical step towards achieving cell isolation platforms for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer R Amos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - P I Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.
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28
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Lai JM, Shao HJ, Wu JC, Lu SH, Chang YC. Efficient elusion of viable adhesive cells from a microfluidic system by air foam. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:052001. [PMID: 25332725 PMCID: PMC4189394 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new method for releasing viable cells from affinity-based microfluidic devices. The lumen of a microchannel with a U-shape and user-designed microstructures was coated with supported lipid bilayers functionalized by epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies to capture circulating epithelial cells of influx solution. After the capturing process, air foam was introduced into channels for releasing target cells and then carrying them to a small area of membrane. The results show that when the air foam is driven at linear velocity of 4.2 mm/s for more than 20 min or at linear velocity of 8.4 mm/s for more than 10 min, the cell releasing efficiency approaches 100%. This flow-induced shear stress is much less than the physiological level (15 dyn/cm(2)), which is necessary to maintain the intactness of released cells. Combining the design of microstructures of the microfluidic system, the cell recovery on the membrane exceeds 90%. Importantly, we demonstrate that the cells released by air foam are viable and could be cultured in vitro. This novel method for releasing cells could power the microfluidic platform for isolating and identifying circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Ming Lai
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Shao
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chia Wu
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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29
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Chen TJ, Wu JK, Chang YC, Fu CY, Wang TP, Lin CY, Chang HY, Chieng CC, Tzeng CY, Tseng FG. High-efficiency rare cell identification on a high-density self-assembled cell arrangement chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:036501. [PMID: 24926391 PMCID: PMC4032428 DOI: 10.1063/1.4874716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of individual target cells among a large amount of blood cells is a major challenge in clinical diagnosis and laboratory protocols. Many researches show that two dimensional cells array technology can be incorporated into routine laboratory procedures for continuously and quantitatively measuring the dynamic behaviours of large number of living cells in parallel, while allowing other manipulations such as staining, rinsing, and even retrieval of targeted cells. In this study, we present a high-density cell self-assembly technology capable of quickly spreading over 300 000 cells to form a dense mono- to triple-layer cell arrangement in 5 min with minimal stacking of cells by the gentle incorporation of gravity and peripheral micro flow. With this self-assembled cell arrangement (SACA) chip technology, common fluorescent microscopy and immunofluorescence can be utilized for detecting and analyzing target cells after immuno-staining. Validated by experiments with real human peripheral blood samples, the SACA chip is suitable for detecting rare cells in blood samples with a ratio lower than 1/100 000. The identified cells can be isolated and further cultured in-situ on a chip for follow-on research and analysis. Furthermore, this technology does not require external mechanical devices, such as pump and valves, which simplifies operation and reduces system complexity and cost. The SACA chip offers a high-efficient, economical, yet simple scheme for identification and analysis of rare cells. Therefore, potentially SACA chip may provide a feasible and economical platform for rare cell detection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ju Chen
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Fu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Pao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Chieng
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Yuh Tzeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ; Academia Sinica, National Tsing Hua University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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30
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Garza-García LD, García-López E, Camacho-León S, Del Refugio Rocha-Pizaña M, López-Pacheco F, López-Meza J, Araiz-Hernández D, Tapia-Mejía EJ, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Rodríguez-González CA, Alvarez MM. Continuous flow micro-bioreactors for the production of biopharmaceuticals: the effect of geometry, surface texture, and flow rate. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1320-1329. [PMID: 24519447 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We used continuous flow micro-devices as bioreactors for the production of a glycosylated pharmaceutical product (a monoclonal antibody). We cultured CHO cells on the surface of PMMA/PDMS micro-channels that had been textured by micromachining and coated with fibronectin. Three different micro-channel geometries (a wavy channel, a zigzag channel, and a series of donut-shape reservoirs) were tested in a continuous flow regime in the range of 3 to 6 μL min(-1). Both the geometry of the micro-device and the flow rate had a significant effect on cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and monoclonal antibody production. The most efficient configuration was a series of donut-shaped reservoirs, which yielded mAb concentrations of 7.2 mg L(-1) at residence times lower than one minute and steady-state productivities above 9 mg mL(-1) min(-1). These rates are at about 3 orders of magnitude higher than those observed in suspended-cell stirred tank fed-batch bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía D Garza-García
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza-Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., México.
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Zheng X, Jiang L, Schroeder J, Stopeck A, Zohar Y. Isolation of viable cancer cells in antibody-functionalized microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024119. [PMID: 24803968 PMCID: PMC4008759 DOI: 10.1063/1.4873956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices functionalized with EpCAM antibodies were utilized for the capture of target cancer cells representing circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The fraction of cancer cells captured from homogeneous suspensions is mainly a function of flow shear rate, and can be described by an exponential function. A characteristic shear rate emerges as the most dominant parameter affecting the cell attachment ratio. Utilizing this characteristic shear rate as a scaling factor, all attachment ratio results for various combinations of receptor and ligand densities collapsed onto a single curve described by the empirical formula. The characteristic shear rate increases with both cell-receptor and surface-ligand densities, and empirical formulae featuring a product of two independent cumulative distributions described well these relationships. The minimum detection limit in isolation of target cancer cells from binary mixtures was experimentally explored utilizing microchannel arrays that allow high-throughput processing of suspensions about 0.5 ml in volume, which are clinically relevant, within a short time. Under a two-step attachment/detachment flow rate, both high sensitivity (almost 1.0) and high specificity (about 0.985) can be achieved in isolating target cancer cells from binary mixtures even for the lowest target/non-target cell concentration ratio of 1:100 000; this is a realistic ratio between CTCs and white blood cells in blood of cancer patients. Detection of CTCs from blood samples was also demonstrated using whole blood from healthy donors spiked with cancer cells. Finally, the viability of target cancer cells released after capture was confirmed by observing continuous cell growth in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Joyce Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Alison Stopeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Vaidyanathan R, Rauf S, Dray E, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics Induced Nanoshearing and Fluid Micromixing for Specific Capture of Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2014; 20:3724-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vaidyanathan R, Shiddiky MJA, Rauf S, Dray E, Tay Z, Trau M. Tunable “Nano-Shearing”: A Physical Mechanism to Displace Nonspecific Cell Adhesion During Rare Cell Detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2042-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4032516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eloïse Dray
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhikai Tay
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Cell detachment: Post-isolation challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1664-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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HE L, LUO ZY, XU F, BAI BF. EFFECT OF FLOW ACCELERATION ON DEFORMATION AND ADHESION DYNAMICS OF CAPTURED CELLS. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519413400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell deformation and adhesion under shear flows play an important role in both cell migration in vivo and capture based microfluidic devices in vitro. Adhesion dynamics of captured cell (e.g., firm adhesion, cell rolling and cell detachment) under steady shear flows have been studied extensively. However, cell adhesion under accelerating flows is common both in vivo and in vitro, and dynamics of cell adhesion under accelerating flows remains unknown. As such, we used a mathematical model based on the front tracking method and investigated the effect of flow acceleration on deformation and adhesion dynamics of captured cells, including cell deformation index, cell shape evolution, the velocities of cell center, contact time and wall shear stress for cell rolling and detachment by using a series of parameter values for leukocyte. The results showed that the cell presented three dynamics states (i.e., firm adhesion, rolling and detachment) with increasing wall shear stress under uniform flows. Wall shear stresses were < 0.56 Pa and > 1.12 Pa for firm adhesion and detachment, respectively. The wall shear stresses were at the range 1.48–1.63 Pa (higher than 1.12 Pa) when cell left the bottom surface of the channel under flow accelerations (a = 0.975–1.625 m/s2). The minimum of deformation index under accelerating flow was smaller than that under uniform flow. In conclusion, the flow acceleration promotes the deformation and adhesion of captured cells. These findings could further the understanding of cell migration in vivo and promote the development of capture based microfluidic devices in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. HE
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
| | - Z. Y. LUO
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
| | - F. XU
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - B. F. BAI
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China
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Yu L, Ng SR, Xu Y, Dong H, Wang YJ, Li CM. Advances of lab-on-a-chip in isolation, detection and post-processing of circulating tumour cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3163-82. [PMID: 23771017 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are shed by primary tumours and are found in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic cancers. Recent studies have shown that the number of CTCs corresponds with disease severity and prognosis. Therefore, detection and further functional analysis of CTCs are important for biomedical science, early diagnosis of cancer metastasis and tracking treatment efficacy in cancer patients, especially in point-of-care applications. Over the last few years, there has been an increasing shift towards not only capturing and detecting these rare cells, but also ensuring their viability for post-processing, such as cell culture and genetic analysis. High throughput lab-on-a-chip (LOC) has been fuelled up to process and analyse heterogeneous real patient samples while gaining profound insights for cancer biology. In this review, we highlight how miniaturisation strategies together with nanotechnologies have been used to advance LOC for capturing, separating, enriching and detecting different CTCs efficiently, while meeting the challenges of cell viability, high throughput multiplex or single-cell detection and post-processing. We begin this survey with an introduction to CTC biology, followed by description of the use of various materials, microstructures and nanostructures for design of LOC to achieve miniaturisation, as well as how various CTC capture or separation strategies can enhance cell capture and enrichment efficiencies, purity and viability. The significant progress of various nanotechnologies-based detection techniques to achieve high sensitivities and low detection limits for viable CTCs and/or to enable CTC post-processing are presented and the fundamental insights are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the technologies are enumerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Polacheck WJ, Li R, Uzel SGM, Kamm RD. Microfluidic platforms for mechanobiology. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2252-67. [PMID: 23649165 PMCID: PMC3714214 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction has been a topic of considerable interest since early studies demonstrated a link between mechanical force and biological response. Until recently, studies of fundamental phenomena were based either on in vivo experiments with limited control or direct access, or on large-scale in vitro studies lacking many of the potentially important physiological factors. With the advent of microfluidics, many of the previous limitations of in vitro testing were eliminated or reduced through greater control or combined functionalities. At the same time, imaging capabilities were tremendously enhanced. In this review, we discuss how microfluidics has transformed the study of mechanotransduction. This is done in the context of the various cell types that exhibit force-induced responses and the new biological insights that have been elucidated. We also discuss new microfluidic studies that could produce even more realistic models of in vivo conditions by combining multiple stimuli or creating a more realistic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Polacheck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastien G. M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Luo ZY, Wang SQ, He L, Lu TJ, Xu F, Bai BF. Front tracking simulation of cell detachment dynamic mechanism in microfluidics. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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BAI BOFENG, LUO ZHENGYUAN, LU TIANJIAN, XU FENG. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CELL ADHESION AND DETACHMENT IN MICROFLUIDICS. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519413500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the complex biophysical processes of cell adhesion and detachment under blood flow in vivo, numerous novel microfluidic devices have been developed to manipulate, capture, and separate bio-particles for various applications, such as cell analysis and cell enumeration. However, the underlying physical mechanisms are yet unclear, which has limited the further development of microfluidic devices and point-of-care (POC) systems. Mathematical modeling is an enabling tool to study the physical mechanisms of biological processes for its relative simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. Recent development in computation technology for multiphase flow simulation enables the theoretical study of the complex flow processes of cell adhesion and detachment in microfluidics. Various mathematical methods (e.g., front tracking method, level set method, volume of fluid (VOF) method, fluid–solid interaction method, and particulate modeling method) have been developed to investigate the effects of cell properties (i.e., cell membrane, cytoplasma, and nucleus), flow conditions, and microchannel structures on cell adhesion and detachment in microfluidic channels. In this paper, with focus on our own simulation results, we review these methods and compare their advantages and disadvantages for cell adhesion/detachment modeling. The mathematical approaches discussed here would allow us to study microfluidics for cell capture and separation, and to develop more effective POC devices for disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- BOFENG BAI
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China
| | - ZHENGYUAN LUO
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China
| | - TIANJIAN LU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China
| | - FENG XU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China
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41
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Wan Y, Liu Y, Allen PB, Asghar W, Mahmood MAI, Tan J, Duhon H, Kim YT, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Capture, isolation and release of cancer cells with aptamer-functionalized glass bead array. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4693-701. [PMID: 22983436 PMCID: PMC3498495 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Early detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTC) can enable better prognosis for cancer patients. A Hele-Shaw device with aptamer functionalized glass beads is designed, modeled, and fabricated to efficiently isolate cancer cells from a cellular mixture. The glass beads are functionalized with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) aptamer and sit in ordered array of pits in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel. A PDMS encapsulation is then used to cover the channel and to flow through cell solution. The beads capture cancer cells from flowing solution depicting high selectivity. The cell-bound glass beads are then re-suspended from the device surface followed by the release of 92% cells from glass beads using combination of soft shaking and anti-sense RNA. This approach ensures that the cells remain in native state and undisturbed during capture, isolation and elution for post-analysis. The use of highly selective anti-EGFR aptamer with the glass beads in an array and subsequent release of cells with antisense molecules provide multiple levels of binding and release opportunities that can help in defining new classes of CTC enumeration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter B. Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - M. Arif Iftakher Mahmood
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Holli Duhon
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Young-tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Samir M. Iqbal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nano-BioLab, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Nanotechnology Research and Teaching Facility, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Joint Graduate Committee of Bioengineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Corresponding Author: Samir M. Iqbal, Ph.D., 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, , Ph: +1-817-272-0228, Fax: +1-817-272-7458
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WANG LIXUE, ZHENG QIN, ZHANG QUAN, XU HANFENG, TONG JINLONG, ZHU CHUANDONG, WAN YUAN. Detection of single tumor cell resistance with aptamer biochip. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:935-940. [PMID: 23162626 PMCID: PMC3499578 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel RNA aptamer biochip was developed for tumor cell capture and detection of single cell resistance. This biochip consists of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cover containing a channel for introducing cells and sustaining their activity and microelectrode matrix on a silicon dioxide layer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) aptamers which specifically identify and isolate tumor cells were attached in the gap between two electrodes. After cell biochip incubation, surplus tumor cells were removed, and those dwelling on the intervals were further analyzed. When resistance measurement was completed, these cells were flushed away via controlled flow acceleration, and were collected for further analysis. The results demonstrate the convenience and efficiency of using anti-EGFR aptamer biochips for the detection of single cell resistance. This novel aptamer biochip may be used for the isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood and cell counting, or be assembled with other lab-on-a-chip components for follow-up gene and protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIXUE WANG
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - QIN ZHENG
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - QUAN’AN ZHANG
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - HANFENG XU
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - JINLONG TONG
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - CHUANDONG ZHU
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003,
P.R. China
| | - YUAN WAN
- University of South
Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lake, Adelaide, SA 5095,
Australia
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Chen J, Li J, Sun Y. Microfluidic approaches for cancer cell detection, characterization, and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1753-67. [PMID: 22437479 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the recent developments in microfluidic technologies for in vitro cancer diagnosis. We summarize the working principles and experimental results of key microfluidic platforms for cancer cell detection, characterization, and separation based on cell-affinity micro-chromatography, magnetic activated micro-sorting, and cellular biophysics (e.g., cell size and mechanical and electrical properties). We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities for improving device throughput and purity, and for enabling on-chip analysis of captured cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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Rupprecht P, Golé L, Rieu JP, Vézy C, Ferrigno R, Mertani HC, Rivière C. A tapered channel microfluidic device for comprehensive cell adhesion analysis, using measurements of detachment kinetics and shear stress-dependent motion. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:14107-1410712. [PMID: 22355300 PMCID: PMC3281936 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for studying cellular adhesion by using a custom-designed microfluidic device with parallel non-connected tapered channels. The design enables investigation of cellular responses to a large range of shear stress (ratio of 25) with a single input flow-rate. For each shear stress, a large number of cells are analyzed (500-1500 cells), providing statistically relevant data within a single experiment. Besides adhesion strength measurements, the microsystem presented in this paper enables in-depth analysis of cell detachment kinetics by real-time videomicroscopy. It offers the possibility to analyze adhesion-associated processes, such as migration or cell shape change, within the same experiment. To show the versatility of our device, we examined quantitatively cell adhesion by analyzing kinetics, adhesive strength and migration behaviour or cell shape modifications of the unicellular model cell organism Dictyostelium discoideum at 21 °C and of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 at 37 °C. For both cell types, we found that the threshold stresses, which are necessary to detach the cells, follow lognormal distributions, and that the detachment process follows first order kinetics. In addition, for particular conditions' cells are found to exhibit similar adhesion threshold stresses, but very different detachment kinetics, revealing the importance of dynamics analysis to fully describe cell adhesion. With its rapid implementation and potential for parallel sample processing, such microsystem offers a highly controllable platform for exploring cell adhesion characteristics in a large set of environmental conditions and cell types, and could have wide applications across cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell screening.
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LUO ZY, XU F, LU TJ, BAI BF. DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DETACHMENT OF SINGLE CAPTURED LEUKOCYTE UNDER DIFFERENT FLOW CONDITIONS. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519411004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based cell isolation using microfluidics finds widespread applications in disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring at point of care (POC) for global health. However, the lack of knowledge on underlying mechanisms of cell capture greatly limits their developments. To address this, in this study, we developed a mathematical model using a direct numerical simulation for the detachment of single leukocyte captured on a functionalized surface in a rectangular microchannel under different flow conditions. The captured leukocyte was modeled as a simple liquid drop and its deformation was tracked using a level set method. The kinetic adhesion model was used to calculate the adhesion force and analyze the detachment of single captured leukocyte. The results demonstrate that the detachment of single captured leukocyte was dependent on both the magnitude of flow rate and flow acceleration, while the latter provides more significant effects. Pressure gradient was found to represent as another critical factor promoting leukocyte detachment besides shear stress. Cytoplasmic viscosity plays a much more important role in the deformation and detachment of captured leukocyte than cortex tension. Besides, better deformability (represented as lower cytoplasmic viscosity) noteworthy accelerates leukocyte detachment. The model presented here provides an enabling tool to clarify the interaction of target cells with functional surface and could help for developing more effective POC devices for global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Y. LUO
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, SV Laboratory, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - F. XU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, SV Laboratory, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- HST-Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T. J. LU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, SV Laboratory, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - B. F. BAI
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, SV Laboratory, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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Wan Y, Tan J, Asghar W, Kim YT, Liu Y, Iqbal SM. Velocity effect on aptamer-based circulating tumor cell isolation in microfluidic devices. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13891-6. [PMID: 22029250 DOI: 10.1021/jp205511m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and detection of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been one of the focuses of intense research recently. In a microfluidic device, a number of factors can influence the enrichment capability of surface-bound probe molecules. This article analyzes the important factor of flow velocity in a microfluidic channel. The competition of surface-grafted anti-EGFR aptamers to bind the overexpressed EGFR on cell membranes against the drag force from the fluid flow is an important efficiency determining factor. The flow rate variations are applied both in experiments and in simulation models to study their effects on CTC capture efficiency. A mixture of mononuclear cells and human Glioblastoma cells is used to isolate cancer cells from the cellular flow. The results show interdependence between the adhesion probability, isolation efficiency, and flow rate. This work can help in designing flow-through lab-on-chip devices that use surface-bound probe affinities against overexpressed biomarkers for cell isolation. This work demonstrates that microfluidic based approaches have strong potential applications in CTC detection and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
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Zheng X, Cheung LSL, Schroeder JA, Jiang L, Zohar Y. Cell receptor and surface ligand density effects on dynamic states of adhering circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3431-9. [PMID: 21853194 PMCID: PMC6765388 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic states of cancer cells moving under shear flow in an antibody-functionalized microchannel are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The cell motion is analyzed with the aid of a simplified physical model featuring a receptor-coated rigid sphere moving above a solid surface with immobilized ligands. The motion of the sphere is described by the Langevin equation accounting for the hydrodynamic loadings, gravitational force, receptor-ligand bindings, and thermal fluctuations; the receptor-ligand bonds are modeled as linear springs. Depending on the applied shear flow rate, three dynamic states of cell motion have been identified: (i) free motion, (ii) rolling adhesion, and (iii) firm adhesion. Of particular interest is the fraction of captured circulating tumor cells, defined as the capture ratio, via specific receptor-ligand bonds. The cell capture ratio decreases with increasing shear flow rate with a characteristic rate. Based on both experimental and theoretical results, the characteristic flow rate increases monotonically with increasing either cell-receptor or surface-ligand density within certain ranges. Utilizing it as a scaling parameter, flow-rate dependent capture ratios for various cell-surface combinations collapse onto a single curve described by an exponential formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luthur Siu Lun Cheung
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joyce A. Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Optical Science, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Zheng X, Cheung LSL, Schroeder JA, Jiang L, Zohar Y. A high-performance microsystem for isolating circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3269-76. [PMID: 21837324 PMCID: PMC6765387 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A unique flow field pattern in a bio-functional microchannel is utilized to significantly enhance the performance of a microsystem developed for selectively isolating circulating tumor cells from cell suspensions. For high performance of such systems, disposal of maximum non-target species is just as important as retention of maximum target species; unfortunately, most studies ignore or fail to report this aspect. Therefore, sensitivity and specificity are introduced as quantitative criteria to evaluate the system performance enabling a direct comparison among systems employing different techniques. The newly proposed fluidic scheme combines a slow flow field, for maximum target-cell attachment, followed by a faster flow field, for maximum detachment of non-target cells. Suspensions of homogeneous or binary mixtures of circulating breast tumor cells, with varying relative concentrations, were driven through antibody-functionalized microchannels. Either EpCAM or cadherin-11 transmembrane receptors were targeted to selectively capture target cells from the suspensions. Cadherin-11-expressing MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were used as target cells, while BT-20 cells were used as non-target cells as they do not express cadherin-11. The attachment and detachment of these two cell lines are characterized, and a two-step attachment/detachment flow field pattern is implemented to enhance the system performance in capturing target cells from binary mixtures. While the system sensitivity remains high, above 0.95, the specificity increases from about 0.85 to 0.95 solely due to the second detachment step even for a 1 : 1000 relative concentration of the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luthur Siu Lun Cheung
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joyce A. Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Optical Science, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Zha Z, Cohn C, Dai Z, Qiu W, Zhang J, Wu X. Nanofibrous lipid membranes capable of functionally immobilizing antibodies and capturing specific cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:3435-40. [PMID: 21721057 PMCID: PMC3175633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbao Zha
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering IDP and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Celine Cohn
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering IDP and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Weiguo Qiu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering IDP and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jinhong Zhang
- Department of Mining and Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering IDP and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Wan Y, Kim YT, Li N, Cho SK, Bachoo R, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Surface-Immobilized Aptamers for Cancer Cell Isolation and Microscopic Cytology. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9371-80. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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