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Abstract
A key challenge in chemical biology is to identify small molecule regulators for every single protein. However, protein surfaces are notoriously difficult to recognise with synthetic molecules, often having large flat surfaces that are poorly matched to traditional small molecules. In the surface mimetic approach, a supramolecular scaffold is used to project recognition groups in such a manner as to make multivalent non-covalent contacts over a large area of protein surface. Metal based supramolecular scaffolds offer unique advantages over conventional organic molecules for protein binding, including greater stereochemical and geometrical diversity conferred through the metal centre and the potential for direct assessment of binding properties and even visualisation in cells without recourse to further functionalisation. This feature article will highlight the current state of the art in protein surface recognition using metal complexes as surface mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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2
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Hewitt SH, Filby MH, Hayes E, Kuhn LT, Kalverda AP, Webb ME, Wilson AJ. Protein Surface Mimetics: Understanding How Ruthenium Tris(Bipyridines) Interact with Proteins. Chembiochem 2016; 18:223-231. [PMID: 27860106 PMCID: PMC5347857 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein surface mimetics achieve high-affinity binding by exploiting a scaffold to project binding groups over a large area of solvent-exposed protein surface to make multiple cooperative noncovalent interactions. Such recognition is a prerequisite for competitive/orthosteric inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). This paper describes biophysical and structural studies on ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) surface mimetics that recognize cytochrome (cyt) c and inhibit the cyt c/cyt c peroxidase (CCP) PPI. Binding is electrostatically driven, with enhanced affinity achieved through enthalpic contributions thought to arise from the ability of the surface mimetics to make a greater number of noncovalent interactions than CCP with surface-exposed basic residues on cyt c. High-field natural abundance 1 H,15 N HSQC NMR experiments are consistent with surface mimetics binding to cyt c in similar manner to CCP. This provides a framework for understanding recognition of proteins by supramolecular receptors and informing the design of ligands superior to the protein partners upon which they are inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maria H Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ed Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars T Kuhn
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Sun Y, Liu JH, Jin L, Sui YX, Lai L, Yang Y. Inhibition of Beclin 1 expression enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway in human ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells. Oncol Res 2014; 21:261-9. [PMID: 24854102 DOI: 10.3727/096504014x13946388748992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of autophagy on cisplatin-induced ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cell line death through regulation of the expression of the autophagy gene, Beclin 1, and to explore the potential mechanism underlying the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. When compared with a blank control group, the proportion of apoptotic cells undergoing Beclin 1 interfering increased significantly after cisplatin treatment, accompanied by reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in activities of caspase-9/3 and cytoplasmic cytochrome C, elevation of Bax expression, and reduction in Bcl-2 expression. However, the proportion of apoptotic cells with Beclin 1 overexpression reduced. These findings suggest that Beclin 1 plays an important role in the regulation of potent antitumor activity through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway in SKOV3/DDP cell line, and inhibition of Beclin 1 expression may become a new target for the sensitization therapy of ovarian cancer with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Mignani S, El Kazzouli S, Bousmina MM, Majoral JP. Dendrimer Space Exploration: An Assessment of Dendrimers/Dendritic Scaffolding as Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions, a Potential New Area of Pharmaceutical Development. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1327-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400362r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de
Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, Fès-Shore, Route de Sidi harazem, Fès, Morocco
| | - Mosto M. Bousmina
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, Fès-Shore, Route de Sidi harazem, Fès, Morocco
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Avenue Mohammed
VI, 10222 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Simšíková M, Antalík M, Kaňuchová M, Skvarla J. Cytochrome c conjugated to ZnO-MAA nanoparticles: the study of interaction and influence on protein structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:235-41. [PMID: 23628581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-protein conjugates have potential for numerous applications due to the combination of the properties of both components. In this paper we studied the conjugation of horse heart cytochrome c with ZnO nanoparticles modified by mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) which may be a material with great potential in anticancer therapy as a consequence of synergic effect of both components. Cyt c adsorption to the ZnO-MAA NPs surface was studied by UV-vis spectroscopy and by a dynamic light scattering in various pH. The results indicate that the optimal pH for the association of protein with modified nanoparticles is in range 5.8-8.5 where 90-96% of cytochrome c was assembled on ZnO-MAA nanoparticles. The interaction of proteins with nanoparticles often results in denaturation or loss of protein function. Our observations from UV-vis spectroscopy and circular dichroism performed preserved protein structure after the interaction with modified nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Simšíková
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Technická 10, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
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Beclin 1 Influences Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer CaSki Cells by Mitochondrial Dependent Pathway. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:1118-24. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31825e0caa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo investigate the role of Beclin 1 expression on the cisplatin-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer CaSki cells and to explore the potential mechanism underlying this effect.Materials and MethodsAfter overexpression or partial silencing of Beclin 1 in cervical cancer CaSki cells, the transfected group and the control group were treated with cisplatin for 24 hours. The percentage of apoptotic cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The mitochondrial membrane potential and activities of caspase-8/9/3 were detected by JC-1 fluorescence staining and colorimetry. The expression of cytochrome c was measured using a Western blot. The messenger RNA expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsExpression of Beclin 1 protein was up-regulated in overexpressed transfectants of CaSki cells. After treatment with cisplatin, the Beclin 1 overexpression group led to the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and showed a greater increase in apoptosis than did the nontransfected group. Furthermore, Beclin 1 overexpression resulted in increased cytoplasmic cytochrome c and Bax expression and decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c and Bcl-2 expression.ConclusionOverexpression of Beclin 1 in CaSki cells may influence cisplatin-induced apoptosis by mitochondrial dependent pathway.
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Ariga K, Ito H, Hill JP, Tsukube H. Molecular recognition: from solution science to nano/materials technology. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5800-35. [PMID: 22773130 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the 25 years since its Nobel Prize in chemistry, supramolecular chemistry based on molecular recognition has been paid much attention in scientific and technological fields. Nanotechnology and the related areas seek breakthrough methods of nanofabrication based on rational organization through assembly of constituent molecules. Advanced biochemistry, medical applications, and environmental and energy technologies also depend on the importance of specific interactions between molecules. In those current fields, molecular recognition is now being re-evaluated. In this review, we re-examine current trends in molecular recognition from the viewpoint of the surrounding media, that is (i) the solution phase for development of basic science and molecular design advances; (ii) at nano/materials interfaces for emerging technologies and applications. The first section of this review includes molecular recognition frontiers, receptor design based on combinatorial approaches, organic capsule receptors, metallo-capsule receptors, helical receptors, dendrimer receptors, and the future design of receptor architectures. The following section summarizes topics related to molecular recognition at interfaces including fundamentals of molecular recognition, sensing and detection, structure formation, molecular machines, molecular recognition involving polymers and related materials, and molecular recognition processes in nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Go-bancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Yamaguchi Y, Kato N, Azuma H, Nagasaki T, Ohkanda J. Protein recognition of hetero-/homoleptic ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)s for α-chymotrypsin and cytochrome c. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:2354-8. [PMID: 22385827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between the structures of hetero-/homoleptic ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) metal complexes (Ru(II)(bpy)(3)) and their binding properties for α-chymotrypsin (ChT) and cytochrome c (cyt c). Heteroleptic compound 1a binds to both ChT and cyt c in 1:1 ratio, whereas homoleptic 2 forms 1:2 protein complex with ChT but 1:1 complex with cyt c. These results suggest that the structure of the recognition cavity in Ru(II)(bpy)(3) can be designed for shape complementarity to the targeted proteins. In addition, Ru(II)(bpy)(3) complexes were found to be potent inhibitors of cyt c reduction and to permeate A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Yamaguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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Shinoda S, Tsukube H. Molecular recognition of cytochrome c by designed receptors for generation of in vivo and in vitro functions. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Filby MH, Muldoon J, Dabb S, Fletcher NC, Ashcroft AE, Wilson AJ. Protein surface recognition using geometrically pure Ru(II) tris(bipyridine) derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:559-61. [PMID: 21103575 PMCID: PMC3172587 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript illustrates that the geometric arrangement of protein-binding groups around a ruthenium(II) core leads to dramatic differences in cytochrome c (cyt c) binding highlighting that it is possible to define synthetic receptors with shape complementarity to protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Muldoon
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Serin Dabb
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers and analogous dendrimeric structures and their biomedical applications. Amino Acids 2010; 40:301-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Muldoon J, Ashcroft AE, Wilson AJ. Selective protein-surface sensing using ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) complexes. Chemistry 2010; 16:100-3. [PMID: 19946912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Muldoon
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Wilson AJ. Inhibition of protein-protein interactions using designed molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:3289-300. [PMID: 20449049 DOI: 10.1039/b807197g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although many cellular processes depend upon enzymatic reactions, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) mediate a large number of important regulatory pathways and thus play a central role in disease development. In order to understand and selectively inhibit cellular signalling pathways, there is a pressing need for small molecules that target PPIs, particularly in the context of pharmaceutical development. This tutorial review will introduce the relevance of PPIs to chemical biology and highlight the key challenges in designing inhibitors. Some of the successes using conventional approaches to the identification of small-molecule PPI inhibitors will be highlighted, and also the reasons why these approaches have not always proven successful. Several general approaches tailored to particular protein topologies are emerging for the design of scaffolds that inhibit PPIs-these will form the major content of this review. Finally a summary of the challenges to be faced in developing inhibitors of PPIs into drug leads and how these challenges may differ from those encountered with enzyme-like targets will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Maes
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Fax: +32‐16‐327990
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Fax: +32‐16‐327990
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