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Benjamin I. Hydronium Ion Transport across the Liquid/Liquid Interface Assisted by a Phase-Transfer Catalyst: Structure and Thermodynamics Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39302249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the thermodynamic and structural aspects of the transfer of the classical hydronium ion (H3O+) across a water/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface assisted by the phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate anion (TPFB-). The free energy of transfer from water to DCE of the H3O+-TPFB- ion pair is calculated to be 6 ± 1 kcal/mol, significantly less than that of the free hydronium ion (17 ± 1 kcal/mol). The ion pair is relatively stable at the interface and in the organic phase when it is accompanied by three water molecules with a small barrier to dissociation that supports its utility as a PTC. An examination of the hydration structure that accompanies the transfer of the ion pair shows that the ion pair, like the free hydronium ion, is transferred with the assistance of a finger-like water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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2
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Dhibar S, Jana B. Optimized Collective Variable for Collapse Transition in Linear Hydrophobic Polymers: Importance of Hydration Water and End-to-End Distance. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:7404-7415. [PMID: 39252562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Choosing an appropriate collective variable (CV) for any biomolecular process is a challenging task. Researchers are developing methods to solve this issue using a variety of methodologies, most recently using machine learning (ML) methods. In this work, we investigate the mechanism of collapse transition across various lengths of polymer systems through adaptively sampled multiple short trajectories utilizing the Time Lagged Independent Component Analysis (TICA) framework. From TICA analysis, it is revealed that the radius of gyration (Rg) and end-to-end distance serve as good order parameters (OPs) for these systems describing overall energy landscapes. Markov state model (MSM) and mean first passage time (MFPT) analysis suggest that hydration water (Nw) plays a determining role in dictating the time scale and barrier for the collapsed transition for the C40 system. P-fold analysis on identifying transition state ensembles (TSE) identified by committor analysis also strengthens the role of Nw in such a transition. TICA, MSM, and committor analyses on the collapse transition for C45 reveal similarities with C40 systems in different aspects. Furthermore, we propose a pipeline integrating XGBoost regression along with an interpretable ML model, Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) to precisely elucidate the contribution of each OP locally at the TSE. Through this approach, we observe that the collapse transition is primarily driven by Nw for both polymer systems. A carefully designed protocol for the collapsed transition of C60 systems indirectly reiterates the above result. Overall, our results suggest that while the end-to-end distance should be considered for better resolution of metastable states in the landscape, Nw is the crucial coordinate to be used in enhanced sampling for the exploration of actual collapse transitions for linear hydrophobic polymer systems. The Python code for analyzing the contribution of different OPs in the TSE using an ML-aided protocol is available on GitHub (https://github.com/saikat-ai/linear_polymer_project).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dhibar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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3
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Kambhampati P. Unraveling the excitonics of light emission from metal-halide perovskite quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15033-15058. [PMID: 39052235 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Metal halide semicondictor perovskites have been under intense investigation for their promise in light absorptive applications like photovoltaics. They have more recently experienced interest for their promise in light emissive applications. A key aspect of perovskites is their glassy, ionic lattice that exhibits dynamical disorder. One possible result of this dynamical disorder is their strong coupling between electronic and lattice degrees of freedom which may confer remarkable properties for light emission such as defect tolerance. How does the system, comprised of excitons, couple to the bath, comprised of lattice modes? How does this system-bath interaction give rise to novel light emissive properties and how do these properties give insight into the nature of these materials? We review recent work from this group in which time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy is used to reveal such insights. Based upon a fast time resolution of 3 ps, energy resolution, and temperature dependence, a wide variety of insights are gleaned. These insights include: lattice contributions to the emission linewidths, multiexciton formation, hot carrier cooling, excitonic fine structure, single dot superradiance, and a breakdown of the Condon approximation, all due to complex structural dynamics in these materials.
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4
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Chawla S, Dhamija S, Bhutani G, De AK. On the nature of initial solvation in bulk polar liquids: Gaussian or exponential? J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064201. [PMID: 39132795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurement of time evolution of fluorescence of a probe solute has been a quintessential technique to quantify how dipolar solvent molecules dynamically minimize the free energy of an electronically excited probe. During such solvation dynamics in bulk liquids, a substantial part of relaxation was shown to complete within sub-100 fs from time-gated fluorescence measurements, as also predicted by molecular dynamics simulation studies. However, equivalent quantification of solvation timescales by femtosecond pump-probe and broadband fluorescence measurements revealed an exponential nature of this initial relaxation having quite different timescales. Here, we set out to unveil the reason behind these puzzling contradictions. We introduce a method for estimating probe wavelength-dependent instrument response and demonstrate that the observation of the Gaussian vs exponential nature of initial relaxation is indeed dependent on the method of data analysis. These findings call for further experimental investigation and parallel development of theoretical models to elucidate the molecular-level mechanism accounting for different types of early time solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Chawla
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Shaina Dhamija
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Garima Bhutani
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - Arijit Kumar De
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140 306, India
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5
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Shah NJ, Fang C, Osti NC, Mamontov E, Yu X, Lee J, Watanabe H, Wang R, Balsara NP. Nanosecond solvation dynamics in a polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:664-669. [PMID: 38413811 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Solvation dynamics critically affect charge transport. Spectroscopic experiments and computer simulations show that these dynamics in aqueous systems occur on a picosecond timescale. In the case of organic electrolytes, however, conflicting values ranging from 1 to several 100 picoseconds have been reported. We resolve this conflict by studying mixtures of an organic polymer and a lithium salt. Lithium ions coordinate with multiple polymer chains, resulting in temporary crosslinks. Relaxation of these crosslinks, detected by quasielastic neutron scattering, are directly related to solvation dynamics. Simulations reveal a broad spectrum of relaxation times. The average timescale for solvation dynamics in both experiment and simulation is one nanosecond. We present the direct measurement of ultraslow dynamics of solvation shell break-up in an electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel J Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naresh C Osti
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Eugene Mamontov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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6
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Kumar A, Renuka CG. Experimental and Theoretical Rotational Diffusion Studies of 7DM4M1M1,8, N-2(1H)-one and 7A4T2H1B-2-one in Series of Alcohol Solvents: Stoke's-Einstein-Debye and Alavi-Waldeck Models. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03707-8. [PMID: 38689202 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Rotational diffusion studies of two solutes 7-(dimethylamino)-4-methoxy-1-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (7DM4M1M1,8, N-2(1H)-one) and 7-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (7A4T2H1B-2-one) having equal volumes but different chemical natures are studied in series of alcohol solvents at 303 K using steady-state methods. HOMO-LUMO, Electron density, Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), etc., are obtained from computational calculations using Gaussian 09 software. Rotational reorientation times of 7DM4M1M1,8, N-2(1H)-one solute molecule is found to be less than 7A4T2H1B-2-one solute molecule indicates it rotates slowly in chosen solvents. Stoke's-Einstein-Debye (SED) model with stick boundary conditions for the 7A4T2H1B-2-one solute molecule is modeled to describe mechanical friction. Polar solutes along with mechanical friction also experience dielectric friction. Both these frictions being non-separable, the Alavi-Waldeck (AW) model is studied for dielectric friction contribution to the total friction solute experiences in solvents. AW model effectively explains the observed dielectric friction in alcohol solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Government First Grade College, Sindhanur, 584128, India
- P.G. Department of Physics, Shri Siddeshwar Government First Grade College, and P.G. Study Center, Nargund, 582207, India
| | - C G Renuka
- Department of Physics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
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7
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Okita K, Ito N, Morishita-Watanabe N, Umakoshi H, Kasahara K, Matubayasi N. Solvation dynamics on the diffusion timescale elucidated using energy-represented dynamics theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12852-12861. [PMID: 38623745 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of a solute alters the solute-solvent interaction, resulting in the nonequilibrium relaxation of the solvation structure, often called a dynamic Stokes shift or solvation dynamics. Thanks to the local nature of the solute-solvent interaction, the characteristics of the local solvent environment dissolving the solute can be captured by the observation of this process. Recently, we derived the energy-represented Smoluchowski-Vlasov (ERSV) equation, a diffusion equation for molecular liquids, which can be used to analyze the solvation dynamics on the diffusion timescale. This equation expresses the time development for the solvent distribution on the solute-solvent pair interaction energy (energy coordinate). Since the energy coordinate can effectively treat the solvent flexibility in addition to the position and orientation, the ERSV equation can be utilized in various solvent systems. Here, we apply the ERSV equation to the solvation dynamics of 6-propionyl-2-dimethylamino naphthalene (Prodan) in water and different alcohol solvents (methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol) for clarifying the differences of the relaxation processes among these solvents. Prodan is a solvent-sensitive fluorescent probe and is thus widely utilized for investigating heterogeneous environments. On the long timescale, the ERSV equation satisfactorily reproduces the relaxation time correlation functions obtained from the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for these solvents. We reveal that the relaxation time coefficient on the diffusion timescale linearly correlates with the inverse of the translational diffusion coefficients for the alcohol solvents because of the Prodan-solvent energy distributions among the alcohols. In the case of water, the time coefficient deviates from the linear relationship for the alcohols due to the difference in the extent of importance of the collective motion between the water and alcohol solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okita
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Natsuumi Ito
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Morishita-Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Kento Kasahara
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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8
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Rademacher MP, Rohn T, Haselbach W, Ott AT, Bringmann PW, Gilch P. Spectroscopic view on the interaction between the psoralen derivative amotosalen and DNA. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:693-709. [PMID: 38457118 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Psoralens are eponymous for PUVA (psoralen plus UV-A radiation) therapy, which inter alia can be used to treat various skin diseases. Based on the same underlying mechanism of action, the synthetic psoralen amotosalen (AMO) is utilized in the pathogen reduction technology of the INTERCEPT® Blood System to inactivate pathogens in plasma and platelet components. The photophysical behavior of AMO in the absence of DNA is remarkably similar to that of the recently studied psoralen 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT). By means of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, intercalation and photochemistry of AMO and synthetic DNA were studied. AMO intercalates with a higher affinity into A,T-only DNA (KD = 8.9 × 10-5 M) than into G,C-only DNA (KD = 6.9 × 10-4 M). AMO covalently photobinds to A,T-only DNA with a reaction quantum yield of ΦR = 0.11. Like AMT, it does not photoreact following intercalation into G,C-only DNA. Femto- and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveals the characteristic pattern of photobinding to A,T-only DNA. For AMO and G,C-only DNA, signatures of a photoinduced electron transfer are recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Rademacher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Rohn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Haselbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Theresa Ott
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Xiao T, Song X. A Gaussian field approach to the solvation of spherical ions in electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:034102. [PMID: 38226821 DOI: 10.1063/5.0187141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, the electrostatic response of an electrolyte solution to a spherical ion is studied with a Gaussian field theory. In order to capture the ionic correlation effect in concentrated solutions, the bulk dielectric response function is described by a two-Yukawa response function. The modified response function of the solution is solved analytically in the spherical geometry, from which the induced charge density and the electrostatic energy are also derived analytically. Comparisons with results for small ions in electrolyte solutions from the hyper-netted chain theory demonstrate the validity of the Gaussian field theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Xiao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Synergetic Innovation Center of Scientific Big Data for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Song
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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10
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Kwan V, Consta S, Malek SMA. Variation of Surface Propensity of Halides with Droplet Size and Temperature: The Planar Interface Limit. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:193-207. [PMID: 38127582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The radial number density profiles of halide and alkali ions in aqueous clusters with equimolar radius ≲1.4 nm, which correspond to ≲255 H2O molecules, have been extensively studied by computations. However, the surface abundance of Cl-, Br-, and I- relative to the bulk interior in these smaller clusters may not be representative of the larger systems. Indeed, here we show that the larger the cluster is, the lower the relative surface abundance of chaotropic halides is. In droplets with an equimolar radius of ≈2.45 nm, which corresponds to ≈2000 H2O molecules, the polarizable halides show a clear number density maximum in the droplet's bulk-like interior. A similar pattern is observed in simulations of the aqueous planar interface with halide salts at room temperature. At elevated temperature the surface propensity of Cl- decreases gradually, while that of I- is partially preserved. The change in the chaotropic halide location at higher temperatures than the room temperature may considerably affect photochemical reactivity in atmospheric aerosols, vapor-liquid nucleation and growth mechanisms, and salt crystallization via solvent evaporation. We argue that the commonly used approach of nullifying parameters in a force field in order to find the factors that determine the ion location does not provide transferable insight into other force fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Styliani Consta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Shahrazad M A Malek
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
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11
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Hoberg C, Talbot JJ, Shee J, Ockelmann T, Das Mahanta D, Novelli F, Head-Gordon M, Havenith M. Caught in the act: real-time observation of the solvent response that promotes excited-state proton transfer in pyranine. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4048-4058. [PMID: 37063810 PMCID: PMC10094129 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07126f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photo-induced excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) reactions are of central importance in many biological and chemical processes. Identifying mechanistic details of the solvent reorganizations that facilitate proton transfer however, is challenging for current experimental and theoretical approaches. Using optical pump THz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we were able to elucidate the ultrafast changes in the solvation environment for three derivatives of pyranine: the photoacid HPTS, the methoxy derivative MPTS, and the photobase OPTS. Experimentally, we find damped oscillations in the THz signal at short times and our simulations enable their assignment to vibrational energy transfer beatings between the photoexcited chromophore and nearby solvent molecules. The simulations of HPTS reveal strikingly efficient sub-ps energy transfer into a particular solvent mode, that is active near 4 THz, and which can provide the requisite energy required for solvent reorganization promoting proton transfer. Similar oscillations are present in the THz signal for all three derivatives, however the signal is damped rapidly for HPTS (within 0.4 ps) and more slowly for MPTS (within 1.4 ps) and OPTS (within 2.0 ps). For HPTS, we also characterize an additional phonon-like propagation of the proton into the bulk with a 140 ps period and an 83 ps damping time. Thermalization of the solvent occurs on a time scale exceeding 120 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Hoberg
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Justin J Talbot
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Thorsten Ockelmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Debasish Das Mahanta
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Fabio Novelli
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
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12
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Assessing the impact of increase in the number of hydroxyl groups on the microscopic behaviors of ammonium-based room temperature ionic liquids: A combined fluorescence up-conversion, fluorescence correlation and NMR spectroscopic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Haselbach W, Kaminski JM, Kloeters LN, Müller TJJ, Weingart O, Marian CM, Gilch P, Nogueira de Faria BE. A Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter Investigated by Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202809. [PMID: 36214291 PMCID: PMC10098753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) require small singlet (S1 )-triplet (T1 ) energy gaps as well as fast intersystem crossing (ISC) transitions. These transitions can be mediated by vibronic mixing with higher excited states Sn and Tn (n=2, 3, 4, …). For a prototypical TADF emitter consisting of a triarylamine and a dicyanobenzene moiety (TAA-DCN) it is shown that these higher states can be located energetically by time-resolved near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haselbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeremy M Kaminski
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura N Kloeters
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara E Nogueira de Faria
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Morshedi M, Nolden O, Janke P, Haselbach W, Schmitt M, Gilch P. The photophysics of 2-cyanoindole probed by femtosecond spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:745-759. [PMID: 36495408 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe photophysics of 2-cyanoindole (2-CI) in solution (water, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, acetonitrile‚ and tetrahydrofuran) was investigated by steady-state as well as time resolved fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The fluorescence quantum yield of 2-cyanoindole is strongly sensitive to the solvent. In water the quantum yield is as low as 4.4 × 10–4. In tetrahydrofuran, it amounts to a yield of 0.057. For 2-CI dissolved in water, a bi-exponential fluorescence decay with time constants of ∼1 ps and ∼8 ps is observed. For short wavelength excitation (266 nm) the initial fluorescence anisotropy is close to zero. For excitation with 310 nm it amounts to 0.2. In water, femtosecond transient absorption reveals that the fluorescence decay is solely due to internal conversion to the ground state. In aprotic solvents, the fluorescence decay takes much longer (acetonitrile: ∼900 ps, tetrahydrofuran: ∼2.6 ns) and intersystem crossing contributes.
Graphical abstract
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15
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Deng H, Guo Z, Wang Y, Li K, Zhou Q, Ge C, Xu Z, Sato S, Ma X, Sun Z. Modular synthesis, host-guest complexation and solvation-controlled relaxation of nanohoops with donor-acceptor structures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14080-14089. [PMID: 36540830 PMCID: PMC9728570 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanohoops with donor-acceptor (D-A) structures are attractive electronic materials and biological fluorophores, but their synthesis is usually challenging. Moreover, the preparation of D-A nanohoop fluorophores exhibiting high fluorescence quantum yields beyond 500 nm remains a key challenge. This study presents a modular synthetic approach based on an efficient metal-free cyclocondensation reaction that readily produced nine congeners with D-A or donor-acceptor-donor' (D-A-D') structures, one of which is water-soluble. The tailored molecular design of nanohoops enabled a systematic and detailed study of their host-guest complexation with fullerene, optical properties, and charge transfer (CT) dynamics using X-ray crystallography, fluorescence titration, steady and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The findings revealed intriguing physical properties associated with D-A motifs, such as tight binding with fullerene, moderate fluorescence quantum yields (37-67%) beyond 540 nm, and unique solvation-controlled CT relaxation of D-A-D' nanohoops, where two CT states (D-A and A-D') can be effectively tuned by solvation, resulting in dramatically changed relaxation pathways in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zilong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Integrated Molecular Structure Analysis Laboratory, Social Cooperation Program, The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300072 China
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16
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Temperature-dependent ultrafast solvation dynamics of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) and hydroxyl functionalized room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs): Exploring the difference in solvent response between DES and RTILs. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Hu K, Wang X, Li T. Explicit Projection of Stokes Shifts onto Solvent Motion in an Aqueous Liquid and Linear Response Theory. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9168-9175. [PMID: 36342144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the molecular origin of the fluorescence Stokes shift in an aqueous liquid. By examining the speed of energy change, the solvation response function is explicitly projected onto the translational and rotational motions of water molecules for both nonequilibrium relaxation and equilibrium fluctuations. Molecular dynamics simulations of a tryptophan solution show that these two processes have highly consistent dynamics, not only for the total response function but also for the decomposed components in terms of specific molecular movements. We found that the rotational mode governs the relaxation of the Stokes shift, whereas the translational mode contributes non-negligibly with slower dynamics. This consistency implies the similarity of the underlying translational and rotational movements of water molecules as the system is far away from and at equilibrium, supporting the validity of the linear response theory at the molecular level. The decomposition methodology is also applicable to a rigid solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanping Li
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China
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18
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Valverde D, Mai S, Canuto S, Borin AC, González L. Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of 6-Selenoguanine in Water. JACS AU 2022; 2:1699-1711. [PMID: 35911449 PMCID: PMC9327080 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rationalizing the photochemistry of nucleobases where an oxygen is replaced by a heavier atom is essential for applications that exploit near-unity triplet quantum yields. Herein, we report on the ultrafast excited-state deactivation mechanism of 6-selenoguanine (6SeGua) in water by combining nonadiabatic trajectory surface-hopping dynamics with an electrostatic embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme. We find that the predominant relaxation mechanism after irradiation starts on the bright singlet S2 state that converts internally to the dark S1 state, from which the population is transferred to the triplet T2 state via intersystem crossing and finally to the lowest T1 state. This S2 → S1 → T2 → T1 deactivation pathway is similar to that observed for the lighter 6-thioguanine (6tGua) analogue, but counterintuitively, the T1 lifetime of the heavier 6SeGua is shorter than that of 6tGua. This fact is explained by the smaller activation barrier to reach the T1/S0 crossing point and the larger spin-orbit couplings of 6SeGua compared to 6tGua. From the dynamical simulations, we also calculate transient absorption spectra (TAS), which provide two time constants (τ1 = 131 fs and τ2 = 191 fs) that are in excellent agreement with the experimentally reported value (τexp = 130 ± 50 fs) (Farrel et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 11214). Intersystem crossing itself is calculated to occur with a time scale of 452 ± 38 fs, highlighting that the TAS is the result of a complex average of signals coming from different nonradiative processes and not intersystem crossing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Department
of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
- Institute
of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Institute
of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department
of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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19
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Das S, Das S, Singh AK, Datta A. 3-aminoquinoline: a turn-on fluorescent probe for preferential solvation in binary solvent mixtures. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35697038 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac784d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3-Aminoquinoline (3AQ) has been used as a fluorescent probe for preferential solvation in hexane-ethanol solvent mixtures. Results of the present experiment have been put into context by comparison with prior observations with 5-aminoquinoline (5AQ) as the probe. 3AQ exhibits a relatively small change of dipole moment (Δμ= 2.2 D) upon photoexcitation, compared to 5AQ (Δμ= 6.1D), which might appear to be a hindrance in the way of its use as a solvation probe. Indeed, the values of parameters like spectral shifts are smaller for the present experiment with 3AQ. At the smallest concentration of alcohol used, its local mole fraction around the probe is significantly lower than in the previous experiments with 5AQ. However, these apparent disadvantages are outweighed by the significant increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime observed with increasing concentration of ethanol in the solvent mixture, as opposed to the drastic fluorescence quenching that occurs for 5AQ. This is a marked advantage in the use of 3AQ in studies like the present one. The local mole fraction of ethanol and preferential solvation index experienced by 3AQ are in line with those reported for 5AQ. The disadvantage of the smaller magnitude of Δμpersists in the time resolved fluorescence experiments, for solvent mixtures with very low ethanol content. Negligible wavelength dependence of fluorescence transients of 3AQ is observed forxp= 0.002,. However, this effect is outweighed at higher alcohol concentrations, for which nanosecond dynamics of preferential solvation is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shirsendu Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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20
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Ivanov DA, Svirida AD, Petrov NK. Inclusion Complexes of Styryl Dyes with Cucurbiturils: Ultrafast Relaxation of Electronically Excited States. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143922030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Pooventhiran T, Thomas R. Hydrogen bonds between valsartan and solvents (water and methanol): Evidences for solvation dynamics using local energy decomposition and abinitio molecular dynamics analysis. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Barik S, Chakraborty M, Mahapatra A, Sarkar M. Choline chloride and ethylene glycol based deep eutectic solvent (DES) versus hydroxyl functionalized room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs): assessing the differences in microscopic behaviour between the DES and RTILs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7093-7106. [PMID: 35262105 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of understanding the differences in the behavior of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in terms of their structure, dynamics, and intra- and intermolecular interactions, three different ILs and one DES having similar functionalities (hydroxyl) have been investigated by using both ensembled average and single-molecule spectroscopic techniques. Specifically, for this purpose, a choline chloride based DES (ethaline) and three hydroxyl functionalized ILs (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([OHEMIM][NTF2]), N-(2-hydroxyl ethyl)-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([OHEMPy][NTf2]), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([OHC3CH][NTf2])) are employed and investigated by EPR, time-resolved fluorescence, NMR and FCS studies. Estimation of polarity through EPR spectroscopy has revealed that the hydroxyl ILs employed in these studies are hyper-polar (close to water) in nature, whereas the polarity of the DES is found to be close to those of aliphatic polyhydroxy-alcohols. Interestingly, both time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy and FCS studies on these systems have suggested that the hydroxyl ILs are more dynamically heterogeneous than the DES. More interestingly, PFG-NMR measurements have indicated that the fluid structure of ethaline is relatively more associated as compared to those of the ILs despite the fact that all the cations have the same hydroxyl functionalities. All these investigations have essentially demonstrated that, despite having similar functionalities, both the DES and hydroxyl ILs employed in the present study exhibit microscopic behaviours that are significantly different from each other, indicating the interplay of various intermolecular interactions within the constituent species in governing the behaviours of these solvent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India. .,Centre of Interdisciplinary Science (CIS), NISER, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India. .,Centre of Interdisciplinary Science (CIS), NISER, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Amita Mahapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India. .,Centre of Interdisciplinary Science (CIS), NISER, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India. .,Centre of Interdisciplinary Science (CIS), NISER, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
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23
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Dighe AV, Coliaie P, Podupu PKR, Singh MR. Selective desolvation in two-step nucleation mechanism steers crystal structure formation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1723-1732. [PMID: 35018395 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The two-step nucleation (TSN) theory and crystal structure prediction (CSP) techniques are two disjointed yet popular methods to predict nucleation rate and crystal structure, respectively. The TSN theory is a well-established mechanism to describe the nucleation of a wide range of crystalline materials in different solvents. However, it has never been expanded to predict the crystal structure or polymorphism. On the contrary, the existing CSP techniques only empirically account for the solvent effects. As a result, the TSN theory and CSP techniques continue to evolve as separate methods to predict two essential attributes of nucleation - rate and structure. Here we bridge this gap and show for the first time how a crystal structure is formed within the framework of TSN theory. A sequential desolvation mechanism is proposed in TSN, where the first step involves partial desolvation to form dense clusters followed by selective desolvation of functional groups directing the formation of crystal structure. We investigate the effect of the specific interaction on the degree of solvation around different functional groups of glutamic acid molecules using molecular simulations. The simulated energy landscape and activation barriers at increasing supersaturations suggest sequential and selective desolvation. We validate computationally and experimentally that the crystal structure formation and polymorph selection are due to a previously unrecognized consequence of supersaturation-driven asymmetric desolvation of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish V Dighe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Paria Coliaie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Prem K R Podupu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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24
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Pospíšil P, Cwiklik L, Sýkora J, Hof M, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Vlček A. Solvent-Dependent Excited-State Evolution of Prodan Dyes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13858-13867. [PMID: 34914398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state character and dynamics of two 6-(dimethylamino)-2-acylnaphthalene dyes (Prodan and Badan-SCH2CH2OH) were studied by picosecond time-resolved IR spectroscopy (TRIR) in solvents of different polarity and relaxation times: hexane, CD3OD, and glycerol-d8. In all these solvents, near-UV excitation initially produced the same S1(ππ*) excited state characterized by a broad TRIR signal. A very fast decay (3, ∼100 ps) followed in hexane, whereas conversion to a distinct IR spectrum with a ν(C═O) band downshifted by 76 cm-1 occurred in polar/H-bonding solvents, slowing down on going from CD3OD (1, 23 ps) to glycerol-d8 (5.5, 51, 330 ps). The final relaxed excited state was assigned as planar Me2N → C═O intramolecular charge transfer S1(ICT) by comparing experimental and TDDFT-calculated spectra. TRIR conversion kinetics are comparable to those of early stages of multiexponential fluorescence decay and dynamic fluorescence red-shift. This work presents a strong evidence that Prodan-type dyes undergo solvation-driven charge separation in their S1 state, which is responsible for the dynamic fluorescence Stokes shift observed in polar/H-bonding solvents. The time evolution of the optically prepared S1(ππ*) state to the S1(ICT) final state reflects environment relaxation and solvation dynamics. This finding rationalizes the widespread use of Prodan-type dyes as probes of environment dynamics and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pospíšil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sýkora
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonín Vlček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
Photochemical reactions are increasingly being used for chemical and materials synthesis, for example, in photoredox catalysis, and generally involve photoexcitation of molecular chromophores dissolved in a liquid solvent. The choice of solvent influences the outcomes of the photochemistry because solute-solvent interactions modify the energies of and crossings between electronic states of the chromophores, and they affect the evolving structures of the photoexcited molecules. Ultrafast laser spectroscopy methods with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution can resolve the dynamics of these photoexcited molecules as they undergo structural and electronic changes, relax back to the ground state, dissipate their excess internal energy to the surrounding solvent, or undergo photochemical reactions. In this Account, we illustrate how experimental studies using ultrafast lasers can reveal the influences that different solvents or cosolutes exert on the photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of internal conversion and intersystem crossing in nonradiative relaxation pathways. Although the environment surrounding a solute molecule is rapidly changing, with fluctuations in the coordination to neighboring solvent molecules occurring on femtosecond or picosecond time scales, we show that it is possible to photoexcite selectively only those molecular chromophores transiently experiencing specific solute-solvent interactions such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding.The effects of different solvation environments on the photodynamics are illustrated using four selected examples of photochemical processes in which the solvent has a marked effect on the outcomes. We first consider two aromatic carbonyl compounds, benzophenone and acetophenone, which are known to undergo fast intersystem crossing to populate the first excited triplet state on time scales of a few picoseconds. We show that the nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics are modified by transient hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl group to a protic solvent or by coordination to a metal cation cosolute. We then examine how different solvents modify the competition between two alternative relaxation pathways in a photoexcited UVA-sunscreen molecule, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB). This relaxation back to the ground electronic state is an essential part of the effective operation of the sunscreen compound, but the dynamics are sensitive to the surrounding environment. Finally, we consider how solvents of different polarity affect the energies and lifetimes of excited states with locally excited or charge-transfer character in heterocyclic organic compounds used as excited-state electron donors for photoredox catalysis. With these and other examples, we seek to develop a molecular level understanding of how the choice of solution environment might be used to control the outcomes of photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Venkatraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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26
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Li Y, Qing L, Yu H, Peng Y, Xu X, Li P, Zhao S. Dynamical density functional theory for solvation dynamics in polar solvent: Heterogeneous effect of solvent orientation. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Petersen J, Møller KB, Hynes JT, Rey R. Ultrafast Rotational and Translational Energy Relaxation in Neat Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12806-12819. [PMID: 34762424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The excess energy flow pathways during rotational and translational relaxation induced by rotational or translational excitation of a single molecule of and within each of four different neat liquids (H2O, MeOH, CCl4, and CH4) are studied using classical molecular dynamics simulations and energy flux analysis. For all four liquids, the relaxation processes for both types of excitation are ultrafast, but the energy flow is significantly faster for the polar, hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) liquids H2O and MeOH. Whereas the majority of the initial excess energy is transferred into hindered rotations (librations) for rotational excitation in the H-bonded liquids, an almost equal efficiency for transfer to translational and rotational motions is observed in the nonpolar, non-H-bonded liquids CCl4 and CH4. For translational excitation, transfer to translational motions dominates for all liquids. In general, the energy flows are quite local; i.e., more than 70% of the energy flows directly to the first solvent shell molecules, reaching almost 100% for CCl4 and CH4. Finally, the determined validity of linear response theory for these nonequilibrium relaxation processes is quite solvent-dependent, with the deviation from linear response most marked for rotational excitation and for the nonpolar liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - James T Hynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rossend Rey
- Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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28
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Das S, Singha PK, Singh AK, Datta A. The Role of Hydrogen Bonding in the Preferential Solvation of 5-Aminoquinoline in Binary Solvent Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12763-12773. [PMID: 34709811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminoquinoline (5AQ) has been used as a fluorescent probe of preferential solvation (PS) in binary solvent mixtures in which the nonpolar component is diethyl ether and the polar component is protic (methanol) or aprotic (acetonitrile). Hence, the roles of solvent polarity and solute-solvent hydrogen bonding have been delineated. Positive deviations of spectral shifts from a linear dependence on the concentration of the polar component, signifying PS, are markedly more pronounced in case of the protic solvent. Solvation dynamics on a nanosecond time scale mark the formation of the solvation shell around the fluorescent probe. Time-resolved area-normalized emission spectra indicate the occurrence of the continuous solvation of the excited state when the polar component is acetonitrile. In contrast, two distinct states were observed when the polar component was methanol, the second state being the hydrogen bonded one. Translational diffusion is the rate-determining step for formation of the solvation shell. The time constant associated with it has been estimated from rise times observed in fluorescence transients monitored at the red end of the fluorescence spectra and also from the time evolution of the spectral width of time-resolved emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Prajit Kumar Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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29
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Jeon K, Jen M, Lee S, Jang T, Pang Y. Intramolecular Charge Transfer of 1-Aminoanthraquinone and Ultrafast Solvation Dynamics of Dimethylsulfoxide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111926. [PMID: 34769357 PMCID: PMC8584543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of 1-aminoanthraquinone (AAQ) in the excited state strongly depends on its solvent properties, and the twisted geometry of its amino group has been recommended for the twisted ICT (TICT) state by recent theoretical works. We report the transient Raman spectra of AAQ in a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution by femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy to provide clear experimental evidence for the TICT state of AAQ. The ultrafast (~110 fs) TICT dynamics of AAQ were observed from the major vibrational modes of AAQ including the νC-N + δCH and νC=O modes. The coherent oscillations in the vibrational bands of AAQ strongly coupled to the nuclear coordinate for the TICT process have been observed, which showed its anharmonic coupling to the low frequency out of the plane deformation modes. The vibrational mode of solvent DMSO, νS=O showed a decrease in intensity, especially in the hydrogen-bonded species of DMSO, which clearly shows that the solvation dynamics of DMSO, including hydrogen bonding, are crucial to understanding the reaction dynamics of AAQ with the ultrafast structural changes accompanying the TICT.
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30
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Smortsova Y, Miannay FA, Gustavsson T, Sauvage F, Ingrosso F, Kalugin O, Idrissi A. Interrogating the mechanism of the solvation dynamics in BmimBF4/PC mixtures: A cooperative study employing time-resolved fluorescence and molecular dynamics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Dasgupta S, Banerjee S, Das S, Datta A. From fluorogens to fluorophores by elucidation and suppression of ultrafast excited state processes of a Schiff base. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19494-19502. [PMID: 34524318 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Strategies have been explored for developing strongly fluorescent species out of a weakly fluorescent Schiff base, 2-(((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)imino)methyl)phenol (salampy). The locally excited enolic state of salampy undergoes an intramolecular proton transfer with a time constant of ca. 200 fs. The emissive cis keto state thus formed decays completely within 50 ps. Its fast decay and miniscule fluorescence quantum yield are attributed to efficient non-radiative channels associated with conformational relaxation. The anionic form, salampy-, has a significantly longer fluorescence lifetime of 800 ps. Its emissive state evolves in tens of picoseconds, from the locally excited state, by solvent and conformational relaxation. Both the neutral and anionic forms have a fluorescence lifetime of about 6 ns at 77 K, a temperature at which all activated nonradiative channels are blocked. This lifetime is similar to that obtained at room temperature, upon rigidification of the anion by complexation with Zn2+. Two such complexes have been studied. The first is binuclear, with acetate bridge between the two Zn2+ ions. The second, with ClO4- as the counterion, is mononuclear with two salampy ligands ligating the metal ion. Unlike a previous report on a different Schiff base, in which the ligands are π-stacked in its dimeric Zn2+ complex, no additional nonradiative deactivation pathway opens up in the Zn complexes of salampy, which are devoid of such stacking. The complex of salampy with Al3+ has an even longer fluorescence lifetime of 9 ns, indicating a greater degree of rigidification and consequent suppression of nonradiative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradip Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Shrobona Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Rd, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Sharmistha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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32
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Ki H, Choi S, Kim J, Choi EH, Lee S, Lee Y, Yoon K, Ahn CW, Ahn DS, Lee JH, Park J, Eom I, Kim M, Chun SH, Kim J, Ihee H, Kim J. Optical Kerr Effect of Liquid Acetonitrile Probed by Femtosecond Time-Resolved X-ray Liquidography. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14261-14273. [PMID: 34455778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical Kerr effect (OKE) spectroscopy is a method that measures the time-dependent change of the birefringence induced by an optical laser pulse using another optical laser pulse and has been used often to study the ultrafast dynamics of molecular liquids. Here we demonstrate an alternative method, femtosecond time-resolved X-ray liquidography (fs-TRXL), where the microscopic structural motions related to the OKE response can be monitored using a different type of probe, i.e., X-ray solution scattering. By applying fs-TRXL to acetonitrile and a dye solution in acetonitrile, we demonstrate that different types of molecular motions around photoaligned molecules can be resolved selectively, even without any theoretical modeling, based on the anisotropy of two-dimensional scattering patterns and extra structural information contained in the q-space scattering data. Specifically, the dynamics of reorientational (libration and orientational diffusion) and translational (interaction-induced motion) motions are captured separately by anisotropic and isotropic scattering signals, respectively. Furthermore, the two different types of reorientational motions are distinguished from each other by their own characteristic scattering patterns and time scales. The measured time-resolved scattering signals are in excellent agreement with the simulated scattering signals based on a molecular dynamics simulation for plausible molecular configurations, providing the detailed structural description of the OKE response in liquid acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosung Ki
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Woo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Chun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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33
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Bertling J, Thom KA, Geenen S, Jeuken H, Presser L, Müller TJJ, Gilch P. Synthesis and Photophysics of Water-Soluble Psoralens with Red-Shifted Absorption. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1534-1547. [PMID: 34181757 DOI: 10.1111/php.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) serves as a PUVA (psoralen + UV-A) agent in the treatment of certain skin diseases. Derivatives of 8-MOP with cationic aromatic substituents at the five positions were synthesized and characterized by steady-state, femtosecond and nanosecond spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. The aromatic substituents' positive charge increases the water solubility and the affinity toward intercalation into DNA. The aromatic substituents were supposed to lower the psoralen S1 energy and thereby suppress a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) with guanine-bearing DNA. Such a suppression of this PET is expected to increase the propensity of psoralens to photo-addition to DNA. For derivatives bearing methylpyridinium residues, femtosecond spectroscopy revealed an intramolecular PET occurring on the picosecond time scale. This PET precludes the population of the triplet state. As triplet states are the precursor state for the photo-addition to DNA, their intermolecular PET renders these derivatives ineffective in terms of PUVA. For two derivatives bearing trimethylphenylammonium moieties, such an intramolecular PET does not occur and the triplet state is populated. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit no PUVA activity. Based on these findings, implications for further optimization of PUVA agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bertling
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristoffer A Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Geenen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hannah Jeuken
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lysander Presser
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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34
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Thom KA, Wieser F, Diestelhorst K, Reiffers A, Czekelius C, Kleinschmidt M, Bracker M, Marian CM, Gilch P. Acridones: Strongly Emissive HIGHrISC Fluorophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5703-5709. [PMID: 34125550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An acridone derivative (N-methyl-difluoro-acridone, NMA-dF) is characterized with respect to its utility as an emitter in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy as well as quantum chemistry, its ability to convert singlet and triplet excitons into light was scrutinized. NMA-dF emits in the deep blue range of the visible spectrum. Its fluorescence emission occurs with quantum yields close to 1 and a radiative rate constant of ≈5 × 108 s-1. So, it processes singlet excitons very efficiently. Using 1,4-dichlorobenzene as a sensitizer, it is shown that NMA-dF also converts triplet excitons into light. With the aid of quantum chemistry, this is related to a reverse intersystem crossing starting from a higher triplet state (HIGHrISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Wieser
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Diestelhorst
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Reiffers
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mario Bracker
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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35
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Wu CH, Hua CC, Wang CI. Effects of solvation shell relaxation on chain association mechanisms in poly(3-hexylthiophene) solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12005-12014. [PMID: 34008625 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a model conjugated polymer and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with carefully verified force fields, we performed in-depth investigations of solvation shell properties of P3HT chains (15 repeating units per chain) in two representative groups of non-polar (or aprotic) organic solvents (better solvents: ortho-dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and chlorobenzene; poorer solvents: chloroform, para-xylene, and toluene). We demonstrated that solvation shell relaxation properties in P3HT solutions dictate the formation of regular π-π associations and, hence, crystallinity through the initial chain association and subsequent chain sliding. In contrast, the mean features of polymer-solvent interactions, including solvation free energy and radial distribution function, present little or no difference for all solvent media investigated. Better-solvent media were revealed to bear relatively large values of the first solvation shell relaxation time (τ1 ≫ 100 ps) as well as larger ratios of relaxation times for the first two solvation shells (τ1/τ2 > 2), and vice versa for poorer-solvent media (τ1 ≪ 100 ps and τ1/τ2 < 2). The linear hexyl side-chain unit was noted to substantially enlarge both quantities while notably reducing the solvation free energy as well. As discussed herein, these findings shed new light on the mechanistic features by which solvent quality impacts the degree of π-π association crucial for modern applications with crystalline conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching H Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Chi C Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Chun I Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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36
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Thom KA, Förster T, Weingart O, Goto S, Takeda Y, Minakata S, Gilch P. The Photophysics of Dibenzo[
a,j
]phenazine. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A. Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tom Förster
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Shimpei Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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37
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Park J, Sung J, Kim D. Strong Electronic Coupling-Induced Ultrafast Charge Transfer in Donor-Pyrene-Acceptor Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2226-2231. [PMID: 33635663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we decipher the charge transfer (CT) processes in donor-pyrene-acceptor (DPA) molecules via various time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. It has been challenging to unravel the ultrafast CT dynamics in DPA molecules because they exhibit an initial CT emission in the same spectral range as the locally excited (LE) emission. However, we finally observed the CT rate of ∼200 fs in DPA molecules from the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay profiles. Our measurements allow us to suggest that the LE and CT states of DPA systems have isoenergetic potential surfaces and that the introduction of the acceptor to the pyrene moiety gives rise to strong electronic coupling between the LE and CT states. Therefore, we determined that this solvent-independent ultrafast CT occurs through the adiabatic potential energy surface and that the CT characteristics are enhanced in DPA compared to the donor-pyrene-donor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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38
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Li Y, Zhao T, Qing L, Yu H, Xu X, Li P, Zhao S. Solvation dynamics in simple fluids: Effect of solute size and potential. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Wang F, Fu Y, Ziffer ME, Dai Y, Maehrlein SF, Zhu XY. Solvated Electrons in Solids-Ferroelectric Large Polarons in Lead Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5-16. [PMID: 33320656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvation plays a pivotal role in chemistry and biology. A solid-state analogy of solvation is polaron formation, but the magnitude of Coulomb screening is typically an order of magnitude weaker than that of solvation in aqueous solutions. Here, we describe a new class of polarons, the ferroelectric large polaron, proposed initially by Miyata and Zhu in 2018 (Miyata, K.; Zhu, X.-Y. Ferroelectric Large Polarons. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17 (5), 379-381). This type of polaron allows efficient Coulomb screening of an electron or hole by extended ordering of dipoles from symmetry-broken unit cells. The local ordering is reflected in the ferroelectric-like THz dielectric responses of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) and may be partially responsible for their exceptional optoelectronic performances. Despite the likely absence of long-range ferroelectricity in LHPs, a charge carrier may be localized to and/or induce the formation of nanoscale domain boundaries of locally ordered dipoles. Based on the known planar nature of energetically favorable domain boundaries in ferroelectric materials, we propose that a ferroelectric polaron localizes to planar boundaries of transient polar nanodomains. This proposal is supported by dynamic simulations showing sheet-like transient electron or hole wave functions in LHPs. Thus, the Belgian-waffle-shaped ferroelectric polaron in the three-dimensional LHP crystal structure is a large polaron in two dimensions and a small polaron in the perpendicular direction. The ferroelectric large polaron may form in other crystalline solids characterized by dynamic symmetry breaking and polar fluctuations. We suggest that the ability to form ferroelectric large polarons can be a general principle for the efficient screening of charge carriers from scattering with other charge carriers, with charged defects and with longitudinal optical phonons, thus contributing to enhanced optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yongping Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yanan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sebastian F Maehrlein
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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40
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Ghosh G, Patra A. Implications of relaxation dynamics of collapsed conjugated polymeric nanoparticles for light-harvesting applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14549-14563. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the formation of nanoparticles (collapsed state) from the extended state of polymers and their ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Srijon Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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41
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Ramakrishna TRB, Mathesh M, Liu Z, Zhang C, Du A, Liu J, Barrow CJ, Chen M, Biggs MJ, Yang W. Solvent Effect on Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Chlorophylls a on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13575-13582. [PMID: 33085489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solvent plays an important role in the surface interaction of molecules. In this study, we use "chlorophyll a", an archetypical molecule, to investigate its supramolecular self-assembly with chemically reduced graphene oxide in three different types of solvents: polar protic, polar aprotic, and non-polar. It was observed that only a polar protic solvent that can donate protons facilitates the hydrogen bonding between chlorophyll a and chemically reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in a hybrid system. The formation of hydrogen bonds further initiates the other non-covalent interactions such as π-π stacking and hydrophobic interaction, which altogether play a key driving force for supramolecular self-assembly of chlorophylls on chemically reduced graphene oxides. The experimental results are strongly supported by density functional theory calculations, which show robust electron coupling between chlorophylls and chemically reduced graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motilal Mathesh
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Du
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Colin J Barrow
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- School of Biological Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mark J Biggs
- Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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42
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Lu J, Lee Y, Anna JM. Extracting the Frequency-Dependent Dynamic Stokes Shift from Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectra with Prominent Vibrational Coherences. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8857-8867. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lu
- University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yumin Lee
- University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jessica M. Anna
- University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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43
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Rey R, Hynes JT. Solvation Dynamics in Water. 4. On the Initial Regime of Solvation Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7668-7681. [PMID: 32790403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is shown, by means of numerical and analytic work, that initial molecular momenta play little significant role in the initial fast solvation relaxation that follows electronic excitation of, and charge creation for, a standard model system of a solute in water. Instead, the nonequilibrium dynamics are predominantly described by noninertial "steering" by the torques directly generated by the newly created charge distribution. It is this process that largely overcomes inertia and drives the relaxation dynamics on a time scale of a few tens of femtoseconds in the key initial regime of the dynamics. These results are discussed in the context of commonly employed descriptions such as inertial, Gaussian, and underdamped dynamical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossend Rey
- Departament de Fı́sica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - James T Hynes
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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44
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Halder R, Jana B. On the Correlation between Pair Hydrophobicity and Mixing Enthalpies in Water–Alcohol Binary Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8023-8031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritaban Halder
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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45
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Kirchberg H, Thorwart M. Time-Resolved Probing of the Nonequilibrium Structural Solvation Dynamics by the Time-Dependent Stokes Shift. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5717-5722. [PMID: 32515195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The time-dependent fluorescence Stokes shift monitors the relaxation of the polarization of a polar solvent in the surroundings of a photoexcited solute molecule but also the structural variation of the solute following photoexcitation and the subsequent molecular charge redistribution. Here, we formulate a simple nonequilibrium quantum theory of solvation for an explicitly time-dependent continuous solvent. The time-dependent solvent induces nonequilibrium fluctuations on the solvent dynamics which are directly reflected in different time components in the time-dependent Stokes shift. We illustrate the structural dynamics in the presence of an explicitly time-dependent solvent by the example of a dynamically shrinking solute which leads to a bimodal Stokes shift. Interestingly, both contributions are mutually coupled. Furthermore, we can explain a prominent long-tail decay of the Stokes shift associated with slow structural dynamical variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Kirchberg
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Thorwart
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
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Åvall G, Johansson P. A novel approach to ligand-exchange rates applied to lithium-ion battery and sodium-ion battery electrolytes. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234104. [PMID: 32571038 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Åvall
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de I’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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Qin Y, Schnedermann C, Tasior M, Gryko DT, Nocera DG. Direct Observation of Different One- and Two-Photon Fluorescent States in a Pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrrole Fluorophore. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4866-4872. [PMID: 32441941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon fluorophores are frequently employed to obtain superior spatial resolution in optical microscopy applications. To guide the rational design of these molecules, a detailed understanding of their excited-state deactivation pathways after two-photon excitation is beneficial, especially to assess the often-assumed presumption that the one- and two-photon excited-state dynamics are similar after excitation. Here, we showcase the breakdown of this assumption for one- and two-photon excitation of a centrosymmetric pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole chromophore by combining time-resolved fluorescence and broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Compared to one-photon excitation, where radiative decay dominates the photodynamics, two-photon excitation leads to dynamics arising from increased nonradiative decay pathways. These different photodynamics are manifest to different quantum yields, thus highlighting the types of time-resolved studies described here to be valuable guideposts in the design of two-photon fluorophores for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christoph Schnedermann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Wang X, Guo J, Li T, Wei Z. To unravel the connection between the non-equilibrium and equilibrium solvation dynamics of tryptophan: success and failure of the linear response theory of fluorescence Stokes shift. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18348-18354. [PMID: 35517244 PMCID: PMC9053704 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The connections between the non-equilibrium solvation dynamics upon optical transitions and the system's equilibrium fluctuations are explored in aqueous liquid. Linear response theory correlates time-dependent fluorescence with the equilibrium time correlation functions. In the previous work [T. Li, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2017, 13, 1867], Stokes shift was explicitly decomposed into the contributions of various order time correlation functions on the excited state surface. Gaussian fluctuations of the solute-solvent interactions validate linear response theory. Correspondingly, the deviation of the Gaussian statistics causes the inefficiency of linear response evaluation. The above mechanism is thoroughly tested in this study. By employing molecular simulations, multiple non-equilibrium processes, not necessarily initiated from the ground state equilibrium minimum, were examined for tryptophan. Both the success and failure of linear response theory are found for this simple system and the mechanism is analyzed. These observations, assisted by the width dynamics, the initial state linear response approach, and the variation of the solvation structures, integrally verify the virtue of the excited state Gaussian statistics on the dynamics of Stokes shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University Xi'an 710071 People's Republic of China
| | - Jirui Guo
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University Xi'an 710071 People's Republic of China
| | - Tanping Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University Xi'an 710071 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Calero C, Sibert Iii EL, Rey R. Self-thermophoresis at the nanoscale using light induced solvation dynamics. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7557-7562. [PMID: 32227019 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Downsizing microswimmers to the nanoscale, and using light as an externally controlled fuel, are two important goals within the field of active matter. Here we demonstrate using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that solvation relaxation, the solvent dynamics induced after visible light electronic excitation of a fluorophore, can be used to propel nanoparticles immersed in polar solvents. We show that fullerenes functionalized with fluorophore molecules in liquid water exhibit substantial enhanced mobility under external excitation, with a propulsion speed proportional to the power dissipated into the system. We show that the propulsion mechanism is quantitatively consistent with a molecular scale instance of self-thermophoresis. Strategies to direct the motion of functionalized fullerenes in a given direction using confined environments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Calero
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwin L Sibert Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Rossend Rey
- Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
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Yagasaki T, Matsumoto M, Tanaka H. Lennard-Jones Parameters Determined to Reproduce the Solubility of NaCl and KCl in SPC/E, TIP3P, and TIP4P/2005 Water. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2460-2473. [PMID: 32207974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most classical nonpolarizable ion potential models underestimate the solubility values of NaCl and KCl in water significantly. We determine Lennard-Jones parameters of Na+, K+, and Cl- that reproduce the solubility as well as the hydration free energy in dilute aqueous solutions for three water potential models, SPC/E, TIP3P, and TIP4P/2005. The ion-oxygen distance in the solution and the cation-anion distance in salt are also considered in the parametrization. In addition to the target properties, the hydration enthalpy, hydration entropy, self-diffusion coefficient, coordination number, lattice energy, enthalpy of solution, density, viscosity, and number of contact ion pairs are calculated for comparison with 17 frequently used or recently developed ion potential models. The overall performance of each ion model is represented by a global score using a scheme that was originally developed for comparison of water potential models. The global score is better for our models than for the other 17 models not only because of the quite good prediction for the solubility but also because of the relatively small deviation from the experimental value for many of the other properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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