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Li W, Tian W, Wu Y, Guo S. A Novel Magnetic Manipulation Promotes Directional Growth of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:620-632. [PMID: 37603495 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontium is the rally of soft and hard tissues, which will be devastated continuously by the compromise of periodontitis. Current periodontal therapeutic methods cannot effectively reconstruct periodontal ligament (PDL), which is oriented at an angle with tooth root and combined hard tissues to form cementum-PDL-alveolar bone complex. Hence, it is urgent to find new techniques for PDL reconstruction to achieve functional regeneration of periodontium. Herein, we developed a novel method to manipulate the distribution and growth of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) by utilizing highly paralleled static magnetic field (SMF) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). PDLSCs were incubated with MNPs in vitro to label with them. Meanwhile, CCK8 and live/dead cell staining assay were used to detect the impact of SMF and MNPs on cell viability. The directional migration and growth of PDLSCs were visualized under microscope. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were utilized to calculate the expression level of PDL-related genes. The results showed that PDLSCs could rapidly take up MNPs without compromising cell proliferation and viability, consequently endowed with the ability to respond via magnetic force. The cell migration analysis indicated that PDLSCs could move along the magnetic induction line, testifying that SMF exerted forces on PDLSCs that labeled with MNPs. It was demonstrated that collective application of SMF and MNPs not only induced PDLSCs organized and grew directionally, but also initiated elongation of cells and nucleus. Furthermore, the morphological alteration of the nucleus could also effectively enhance the gene and protein expression of Collagen Ⅰα2, Collagen Ⅲ, and Periostin, suggesting the capability of PDLSCs to differentiate into PDL. In conclusion, this study exhibits a new approach for directional reconstruction of PDL to obtain physiological and functional regeneration of periodontium. The Clinical Trial Registration number: WCHSIRB-D-2022-458.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Li
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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2
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Wang K, Man K, Liu J, Meckes B, Yang Y. Dissecting Physical and Biochemical Effects in Nanotopographical Regulation of Cell Behavior. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2124-2133. [PMID: 36668987 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulating cell behavior using nanotopography has been widely implemented. To facilitate cell adhesion, physical nanotopography is usually coated with adhesive proteins such as fibronectin (FN). However, the confounding effects of physical and biochemical cues of nanotopography hinder the understanding of nanotopography in regulating cell behavior, which ultimately limits the biomedical applications of nanotopography. To delineate the roles of the physical and biochemical cues in cell regulation, we fabricate substrates that have either the same physical nanotopography but different biochemical (FN) nanopatterns or identical FN nanopatterns but different physical nanotopographies. We then examine the influences of physical and biochemical cues of nanotopography on spreading, nuclear deformation, mechanotransduction, and function of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results reveal that physical topographies, especially nanogratings, dominantly control cell spreading, YAP localization, proliferation, and differentiation of hMSCs. However, biochemical FN nanopatterns affect hMSC elongation, YAP intracellular localization, and lamin a/c (LAMAC) expression. Furthermore, we find that physical nanogratings induce nanoscale curvature of nuclei at the basal side, which attenuates the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Collectively, our study highlights the dominant effect of physical nanotopography in regulating stem cell functions, while suggesting that fine-tuning of cell behavior can be achieved through altering the presentation of biochemical cues on substrate surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Brian Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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3
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Li N, Jin K, Chen T, Li X. A static force model to analyze the nuclear deformation on cell adhesion to vertical nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6638-6644. [PMID: 36004571 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00971d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vertical nanostructures have been found to induce the deformation of the nuclear envelope during cell adhesion. However, there has been a lack of quantitative analysis of the influence of nanostructures morphology on the degree of nuclear deformation. Here, a theoretical model was proposed to investigate the mechanism of nuclear deformation by analyzing the mechanical force balance. Based on the established model, we analyzed the effects of the morphology of the nanopillar array on nuclear deformation and gave the quantitative relationship of the deformation depth of the nucleus with the pitch and radius of nanopillars. Our theoretical results seem to show broad agreements with experimental observations, which implies that the work can provide useful guidance to the design of nanostructures for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kun Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., South China Normal University, Qingyuan 511500, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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4
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Brun S, Kuo HC, Jeffree CE, Thomson DD, Read N. Courtship Ritual of Male and Female Nuclei during Fertilization in Neurospora crassa. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0033521. [PMID: 34612669 PMCID: PMC8509652 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00335-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a key process influencing the evolution and adaptation of animals, plants, and many eukaryotic microorganisms, such as fungi. However, the sequential cell biology of fertilization and the associated nuclear dynamics after plasmogamy are poorly understood in filamentous fungi. Using histone-fluorescent parental isolates, we tracked male and female nuclei during fertilization in the model ascomycete Neurospora crassa using live-cell imaging. This study unravels the behavior of trichogyne resident female nuclei and the extraordinary manner in which male nuclei migrate up the trichogyne to the protoperithecium. Our observations raise new fundamental questions about the modus operandi of nucleus movements during sexual reproduction, male and female nuclear identity, guidance of nuclei within the trichogyne and, unexpectedly, the avoidance of "polyspermy" in fungi. The spatiotemporal dynamics of male nuclei within the trichogyne following plasmogamy are also described, where the speed and the deformation of male nuclei are of the most dramatic observed to date in a living organism. IMPORTANCE Using live-cell fluorescence imaging, for the first time we have observed live male and female nuclei during sexual reproduction in the model fungus Neurospora crassa. This study reveals the specific behavior of resident female nuclei within the trichogyne (the female organ) after fertilization and the extraordinary manner in which male nuclei migrate across the trichogyne toward their final destination, the protoperithecium, where karyogamy takes place. Importantly, the speed and deformation of male nuclei were found to be among the most dramatic ever observed in a living organism. Furthermore, we observed that entry of male nuclei into protoperithecia may block the entry of other male nuclei, suggesting that a process analogous to polyspermy avoidance could exist in fungi. Our live-cell imaging approach opens new opportunities for novel research on cell-signaling during sexual reproduction in fungi and, on a broader scale, nuclear dynamics in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Brun
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, CNRS UMR 8236, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris E. Jeffree
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Darren D. Thomson
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Read
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kumar R, Gulia K. The convergence of nanotechnology‐stem cell, nanotopography‐mechanobiology, and biotic‐abiotic interfaces: Nanoscale tools for tackling the top killer, arteriosclerosis, strokes, and heart attacks. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- NIET National Institute of Medical Science Rajasthan India
| | - Kiran Gulia
- Materials and Manufacturing School of Engineering University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton England, UK
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Kang SM, Kim D, Lee JH, Takayama S, Park JY. Engineered Microsystems for Spheroid and Organoid Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001284. [PMID: 33185040 PMCID: PMC7855453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic physiological characteristics of in vivo microenvironments. Unlike 2D systems, 3D in vitro systems can bridge the gap between inadequate 2D cultures and the in vivo environments, providing novel insights on complex physiological mechanisms at various scales of organization, ranging from the cellular, tissue-, to organ-levels. To satisfy the ever-increasing need for highly complex and sophisticated systems, many 3D in vitro models with advanced microengineering techniques have been developed to answer diverse physiological questions. This review summarizes recent advances in engineered microsystems for the development of 3D in vitro model systems. The relationship between the underlying physics behind the microengineering techniques, and their ability to recapitulate distinct 3D cellular structures and functions of diverse types of tissues and organs are highlighted and discussed in detail. A number of 3D in vitro models and their engineering principles are also introduced. Finally, current limitations are summarized, and perspectives for future directions in guiding the development of 3D in vitro model systems using microengineering techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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7
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Salvatore M, Oscurato SL, D’Albore M, Guarino V, Zeppetelli S, Maddalena P, Ambrosio A, Ambrosio L. Quantitative Study of Morphological Features of Stem Cells onto Photopatterned Azopolymer Films. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E8. [PMID: 32075063 PMCID: PMC7151610 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of photolithography for the fabrication of structured substrates with controlled morphological patterns that are able to interact with cells at micrometric and nanometric size scales is strongly growing. A promising simple and versatile microfabrication method is based on the physical mass transport induced by visible light in photosensitive azobenzene-containing polymers (or azopolymers). Such light-driven material transport produces a modulation of the surface of the azopolymer film, whose geometry is controlled by the intensity and the polarization distributions of the irradiated light. Herein, two anisotropic structured azopolymer films have been used as substrates to evaluate the effects of topological signals on the in vitro response of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The light-induced substrate patterns consist of parallel microgrooves, which are produced in a spatially confined or over large-scale areas of the samples, respectively. The analysis of confocal optical images of the in vitro hMSC cells grown on the patterned films offered relevant information about cell morphology-i.e., nuclei deformation and actin filaments elongation-in relation to the geometry and the spatial extent of the structured area of substrates. The results, together with the possibility of simple, versatile, and cost-effective light-induced structuration of azopolymers, promise the successful use of these materials as anisotropic platforms to study the cell guidance mechanisms governing in vitro tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Salvatore
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefano Luigi Oscurato
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Marietta D’Albore
- Former Temporary Researcher at Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Viale Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
| | - Stefania Zeppetelli
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (S.L.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- CNST@POLIMI—Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra D’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.A.)
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Antmen E, Demirci U, Hasirci V. Amplification of nuclear deformation of breast cancer cells by seeding on micropatterned surfaces to better distinguish their malignancies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Sikorski P, Leach JK. Bio-instructive materials for musculoskeletal regeneration. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:20-34. [PMID: 31302298 PMCID: PMC6717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and cost of disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system are predicted to rise significantly in the coming years due to the aging global population and the increase of associated risk factors. Despite being the second largest cause of disability, the clinical options for therapeutic intervention remain limited. The clinical translation of cell-based therapies for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders faces many challenges including maintenance of cell survival in the harsh in vivo environment and the lack of control over regulating cell phenotype upon implantation. In order to address these challenges, the development of bio-instructive materials to modulate cell behavior has taken center stage as a strategy to increase the therapeutic potential of various cell populations. However, the determination of the necessary cues for a specific application and how these signals should be presented from a biomaterial remains elusive. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. There is a particular emphasis on emerging efforts such as the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials, as well as the incorporation of these strategies into biofabrication and organ-on-a-chip approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system affect individuals across the lifespan and have a profound effect on mobility and quality of life. While small defects in many tissues can heal successfully, larger defects are often unable to heal or instead heal with inferior quality fibrous tissue and require clinical intervention. Cell-based therapies are a promising option for clinical translation, yet challenges related to maintaining cell survival and instructing cell phenotype upon implantation have limited the success of this approach. Bio-instructive materials provide an exciting opportunity to modulate cell behavior and enhance the efficacy of cell-based approaches for musculoskeletal repair. However, the identification of critical instructive cues and how to present these stimuli is a focus of intense investigation. This review highlights recent biochemical and physical strategies used to engineer bio-instructive materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues, while also considering exciting progress in the engineering of immunomodulatory and antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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10
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Liu R, Liu Q, Pan Z, Liu X, Ding J. Cell Type and Nuclear Size Dependence of the Nuclear Deformation of Cells on a Micropillar Array. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7469-7477. [PMID: 30226387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While various cellular responses to materials have been published, little concerns the deformation of cell nuclei. Herein we fabricated a polymeric micropillar array of appropriate dimensions to trigger the significant self-deformation of cell nuclei and examined six cell types, which could be classified into cancerous cells (Hela and HepG2) versus healthy cells (HCvEpC, MC3T3-E1, NIH3T3, and hMSC) or epithelial-like cells (Hela, HepG2, and HCvEpC) versus fibroblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1, NIH3T3, and hMSC). While all of the cell types exhibited severe nuclear deformation on the poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) micropillar array, the difference between the epithelial-like and fibroblast-like cells was much more significant than that between the cancerous and healthy cells. We also examined the statistics of nuclear shape indexes of cells with an inevitable dispersity of nuclear sizes. It was found that larger nuclei favored more significant deformation on the micropillar array for each cell type. In the same region of nuclear size, the parts of the epithelial-like cells exhibited more significant nuclear deformation than those of the fibroblast-like cells. Hence, this article reports the nuclear size dependence of the self-deformation of cell nuclei on micropillar arrays for the first time and meanwhile strengthens the cell-type dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Zhen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Luo J, Meng J, Gu Z, Wang L, Zhang F, Wang S. Topography-Induced Cell Self-Organization from Simple to Complex Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900030. [PMID: 30740887 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization is a fundamental and indispensable process in a living system. To understand cell behavior in vivo such as tumorigenesis, 3D cellular aggregates, instead of 2D cellular sheets, have been employed as a vivid in vitro model for self-organization. However, most focus on the macroscale wetting and fusion of cellular aggregates. In this study, it is reported that self-organization of cells from simple to complex aggregates can be induced by multiscale topography through confined templates at the macroscale and cell interactions at the nanoscale. On the one hand, macroscale templates are beneficial for the organization of individual cells into simple and complex cellular aggregates with various shapes. On the other hand, the realization of these macro-organizations also depends on cell interactions at the nanoscale, as demonstrated by the intimate contact between nanoscale pseudopodia stretched by adjacent frontier cells, much like holding hands and by the variation in the intermolecular interactions based on E-cadherin. Therefore, these findings may be very meaningful for clarifying the organizational mechanism of tumor development, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Luying Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
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12
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Jang YH, Park YS, Nam JS, Yang Y, Lee JE, Lee KH, Kang M, Chialastri A, Noh H, Park J, Lee JS, Lim KI. Nanotopography-based engineering of retroviral DNA integration patterns. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5693-5704. [PMID: 30865198 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the interactions between cells and viruses is critical for treating infected patients, preventing viral infections, and improving virus-based therapeutics. Chemical methods using small molecules and biological methods using proteins and nucleic acids are employed for achieving this control, albeit with limitations. We found, for the first time, that retroviral DNA integration patterns in the human genome, the result of complicated interactions between cells and viruses, can be engineered by adapting cells to the defined nanotopography of silica bead monolayers. Compared with cells on a flat glass surface, cells on beads with the highest curvature harbored retroviral DNAs at genomic sites near transcriptional start sites and CpG islands during infections at more than 50% higher frequencies. Furthermore, cells on the same type of bead layers contained retroviral DNAs in the genomic regions near cis-regulatory elements at frequencies that were 2.6-fold higher than that of cells on flat glass surfaces. Systems-level genetic network analysis showed that for cells on nanobeads with the highest curvature, the genes that would be affected by cis-regulatory elements near the retroviral integration sites perform biological functions related to chromatin structure and antiviral activities. Our unexpected observations suggest that novel engineering approaches based on materials with specific nanotopography can improve control over viral events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ha Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea.
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Mantz A, Pannier AK. Biomaterial substrate modifications that influence cell-material interactions to prime cellular responses to nonviral gene delivery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:100-113. [PMID: 30621454 PMCID: PMC6405826 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218821060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This review summarizes how biomaterial substrate modifications (e.g. chemical modifications like natural coatings, ligands, or functional side groups, and/or physical modifications such as topography or stiffness) can prime the cellular response to nonviral gene delivery (e.g. affecting integrin binding and focal adhesion formation, cytoskeletal remodeling, endocytic mechanisms, and intracellular trafficking), to aid in improving gene delivery for applications where a cell-material interface might exist (e.g. tissue engineering scaffolds, medical implants and devices, sensors and diagnostics, wound dressings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mantz
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583,
USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering,
University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583,
USA
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14
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Ozguldez HO, Cha J, Hong Y, Koh I, Kim P. Nanoengineered, cell-derived extracellular matrix influences ECM-related gene expression of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Res 2018; 22:32. [PMID: 30323947 PMCID: PMC6173882 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are, due to their pluripotency, useful sources of cells for stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration. The phenotypes of hMSCs are strongly influenced by their microenvironment, in particular the extracellular matrix (ECM), the composition and structure of which are important in regulating stem cell fate. In reciprocal manner, the properties of ECM are remodeled by the hMSCs, but the mechanism involved in ECM remodeling by hMSCs under topographical stimulus is unclear. In this study, we therefore examined the effect of nanotopography on the expression of ECM proteins by hMSCs by analyzing the quantity and structure of the ECM on a nanogrooved surface. Methods To develop the nanoengineered, hMSC-derived ECM, we fabricated the nanogrooves on a coverglass using a UV-curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA). Then, hMSCs were cultivated on the nanogrooves, and the cells at the full confluency were decellularized. To analyze the effect of nanotopography on the hMSCs, the hMSCs were re-seeded on the nanoengineered, hMSC-derived ECM. Results hMSCs cultured within the nano-engineered hMSC-derived ECM sheet showed a different pattern of expression of ECM proteins from those cultured on ECM-free, nanogrooved surface. Moreover, hMSCs on the nano-engineered ECM sheet had a shorter vinculin length and were less well-aligned than those on the other surface. In addition, the expression pattern of ECM-related genes by hMSCs on the nanoengineered ECM sheet was altered. Interestingly, the expression of genes for osteogenesis-related ECM proteins was downregulated, while that of genes for chondrogenesis-related ECM proteins was upregulated, on the nanoengineered ECM sheet. Conclusions The nanoengineered ECM influenced the phenotypic features of hMSCs, and that hMSCs can remodel their ECM microenvironment in the presence of a nanostructured ECM to guide differentiation into a specific lineage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40824-018-0141-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice O Ozguldez
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Junghwa Cha
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Yoonmi Hong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Ilkyoo Koh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
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15
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Collective cell polarization and alignment on curved surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:330-339. [PMID: 30196189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Curvature as an important topological parameter of 3D extra-cellular matrix has drawn growing attention in recent years. But the underlying mechanism that curvature influences cell behaviors has remained unknown. In this study, we seeded cells on semi-cylindrical and hemispheric surfaces and tested cell alignment and polarization. We found that the surface curvature has profound effect on cell behaviors. With the decrease of diameter of the cylinder/sphere (i.e. increase of curvature), the cells would more preferentially align and polarize with large aspect ratio in the axial/peripheral direction. And the behaviors of the alignment and polarization were position-dependent. For example, at the end of the cylinder, the cells preferred to align circumferentially; while in the interior region, the cells preferred to align in the axial direction. We showed that the cell polarization and alignment were closely correlated with the in-plane stresses in cell layer. That is, the cell polarization and alignment were controlled by the maximum shear stress, which drove cells to align and polarize along the maximum principal stress. The curvature could influence the magnitude of the maximum shear stress and thus regulate cell behaviors. This study provided important insights into the mechanisms of surface curvature influencing cell behaviors in tissue morphogenesis. In addition, our theory of the stress dependent cellular polarity provides a generalized interpretation of the curvature and edge effects which might be extended to understand other steric effects in cell behaviors.
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16
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Prévôt ME, Ustunel S, Hegmann E. Liquid Crystal Elastomers-A Path to Biocompatible and Biodegradable 3D-LCE Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E377. [PMID: 29510523 PMCID: PMC5872956 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of appropriate materials that can make breakthroughs in tissue engineering has long been pursued by the scientific community. Several types of material have been long tested and re-designed for this purpose. At the same time, liquid crystals (LCs) have captivated the scientific community since their discovery in 1888 and soon after were thought to be, in combination with polymers, artificial muscles. Within the past decade liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) have been attracting increasing interest for their use as smart advanced materials for biological applications. Here, we examine how LCEs can potentially be used as dynamic substrates for culturing cells, moving away from the classical two-dimensional cell-culture nature. We also briefly discuss the integration of a few technologies for the preparation of more sophisticated LCE-composite scaffolds for more dynamic biomaterials. The anisotropic properties of LCEs can be used not only to promote cell attachment and the proliferation of cells, but also to promote cell alignment under LCE-stimulated deformation. 3D LCEs are ideal materials for new insights to simulate and study the development of tissues and the complex interplay between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Prévôt
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Senay Ustunel
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program (CPIP), Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program (CPIP), Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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17
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Wang PY, Lian YS, Chang R, Liao WH, Chen WS, Tsai WB. Modulation of PEI-Mediated Gene Transfection through Controlling Cytoskeleton Organization and Nuclear Morphology via Nanogrooved Topographies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3283-3291. [PMID: 33445370 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nanotopographies on cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and/or apoptosis have been studied over the last two decades. However, the effect of nanotopography on gene transfection of adhered cells is far from understood. One key phenomenon of using nanotopography is mimicry of native cell morphology in vitro such as in alignment of skeletal myoblasts on nanogrooves. The formation of focal adhesions, the cytoskeleton, and the morphology of cell nuclei are altered by underlying nanogrooves, but the role of these changes in gene transfection are not well understood. In this study, C2C12 skeletal myoblasts were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA complexes on nanogrooved patterns of two groove widths (400 and 800 nm) at three depths (50 nm and 400 or 500 nm). The results showed that the deep nanogrooved surfaces (i.e., 400/400 and 800/500) induced formation of aligned, parallel F-actin and elongated nucleus morphology. Gene transfection was also reduced on the deep nanogrooved surfaces. Disruption of F-actin organization using Cytochalasin D (Cyto-D) restored the nuclear morphology accompanied by higher transfection efficiency, demonstrating that the reduction in gene expression on deep nanogrooves was due to cytoskeletal stretching and nucleus elongation. Spatiotemporal images of fluorescent-labeled PEI/DNA complexes showed that endocytosis of PEI/DNA complexes was retarded and DNA trafficking into the cell nucleus was reduced. This study demonstrates for the first time the important role of cytoskeletal organization and nuclear morphology in PEI-mediated gene transfection to skeletal myoblasts using nanogrooved patterns. These findings are informative for in vitro studies and could potentially be useful in in vivo intramuscular (IM) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shiang Lian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Völker J, Kohm F, Jürgens L, Scherzad A, Schendzielorz P, Schraven SP, Mlynski R, Radeloff A, Hagen R, Rak K. Patterned semiconductor structures modulate neuronal outgrowth: Implication for the development of a neurobionic interface. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:65-72. [PMID: 28884492 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Auditory implants stimulate the neurons by broad electrical fields, which leads to a low number of spectral channels. A reduction in the distance between the electrode and the neuronal structures might lead to better electrical transduction. The use of microstructured semiconductors offers a large number of contacts, which could attract neurons and stimulate them individually. To investigate the interaction between neurons and semiconductors, differentiated neuronal precursor cells were cultured on silicon wafers. Different structures were added on the wafers by electron beam lithography, and deep reactive ion etching in different depths (2 and 7 µm). Grooved surfaces guided the neurons and resulted in straight oriented axons, but neuronal outgrowth was impaired by the 7 µm grooves. Within the 7 µm structures, the neuronal cell body was totally encased and the nuclei were deformed from a round to an elliptical shape. On both square and cylindrical structures neuronal bridging could be detected in different forms, either between the tops of the structures or between the bottom and the top. Furthermore, neuronal bridges were established on the lateral part of the structures, and change in direction of neuronal growth was induced by the structure. Finally, it could be shown that neuronal growth cones were particularly attracted by the top of the cylinders, which might allow for the stimulation of neurons via this structure. In conclusion, study results indicate that structured semiconductors can modulate neuronal growth and its direction, offering a novel method for the development of new implants with improved neuronal stimulation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 65-72, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Völker
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kohm
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Jürgens
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schendzielorz
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Schraven
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mlynski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Koerner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Radeloff
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Related to Their Intrinsic Mechanical Properties. Int Neurourol J 2017; 21:S24-31. [PMID: 28446012 PMCID: PMC5426435 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1734856.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The differentiation properties of stem cells are not yet fully understood due to their close association with multiple environmental and extrinsic factors. This study investigates the differentiation properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and correlates them with their intrinsic mechanical properties. METHODS A total of 3 different types of MSCs, namely bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs), umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCSCs), and adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) were evaluated. These 3 MSCs were individually differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts for 3 weeks. The mechanical properties of the MSCs and differentiated cells were determined by atomic force microscopy. RESULTS ADSCs showed the greatest ability to differentiate into adipocytes, followed by BMSCs and UCSCs. While UCSCs differentiated readily into osteoblasts, BMSCs and ADSCs were less likely to undergo this differentiation. UCSCs were the "hardest" cells, while ADSCs were the "softest." The cells differentiated from "hard" MSCs were stiffer than the cells differentiated from "soft" MSCs, irrespective of lineage specification. CONCLUSIONS The differentiation ability of MSCs and the mechanical properties of the differentiated cells were closely linked. However, there were no significant correlations regarding changes in the mechanical properties between the nuclear region and the cytoplasm during differentiation.
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20
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Yang Y, Wang K, Gu X, Leong KW. Biophysical Regulation of Cell Behavior-Cross Talk between Substrate Stiffness and Nanotopography. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2017; 3:36-54. [PMID: 29071164 PMCID: PMC5653318 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The stiffness and nanotopographical characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence numerous developmental, physiological, and pathological processes in vivo. These biophysical cues have therefore been applied to modulate almost all aspects of cell behavior, from cell adhesion and spreading to proliferation and differentiation. Delineation of the biophysical modulation of cell behavior is critical to the rational design of new biomaterials, implants, and medical devices. The effects of stiffness and topographical cues on cell behavior have previously been reviewed, respectively; however, the interwoven effects of stiffness and nanotopographical cues on cell behavior have not been well described, despite similarities in phenotypic manifestations. Herein, we first review the effects of substrate stiffness and nanotopography on cell behavior, and then focus on intracellular transmission of the biophysical signals from integrins to nucleus. Attempts are made to connect extracellular regulation of cell behavior with the biophysical cues. We then discuss the challenges in dissecting the biophysical regulation of cell behavior and in translating the mechanistic understanding of these cues to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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21
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Prévôt M, Hegmann E. From Biomaterial, Biomimetic, and Polymer to Biodegradable and Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Cell Scaffolds. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1253.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Prévôt
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - E. Hegmann
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
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22
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Liu X, Liu R, Cao B, Ye K, Li S, Gu Y, Pan Z, Ding J. Subcellular cell geometry on micropillars regulates stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2016; 111:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Jung AR, Kim RY, Kim HW, Shrestha KR, Jeon SH, Cha KJ, Park YH, Kim DS, Lee JY. Nanoengineered Polystyrene Surfaces with Nanopore Array Pattern Alters Cytoskeleton Organization and Enhances Induction of Neural Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 21:2115-24. [PMID: 25919423 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) can differentiate into various cell types depending on chemical and topographical cues. One topographical cue recently noted to be successful in inducing differentiation is the nanoengineered polystyrene surface containing nanopore array-patterned substrate (NP substrate), which is designed to mimic the nanoscale topographical features of the extracellular matrix. In this study, efficacies of NP and flat substrates in inducing neural differentiation of hADSCs were examined by comparing their substrate-cell adhesion rates, filopodia growth, nuclei elongation, and expression of neural-specific markers. The polystyrene nano Petri dishes containing NP substrates were fabricated by a nano injection molding process using a nickel electroformed nano-mold insert (Diameter: 200 nm. Depth of pore: 500 nm. Center-to-center distance: 500 nm). Cytoskeleton and filopodia structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy and F-actin staining, while cell adhesion was tested by vinculin staining after 24 and 48 h of seeding. Expression of neural specific markers was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Results showed that NP substrates lead to greater substrate-cell adhesion, filopodia growth, nuclei elongation, and expression of neural specific markers compared to flat substrates. These results not only show the advantages of NP substrates, but they also suggest that further study into cell-substrate interactions may yield great benefits for biomaterial engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ryang Jung
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Richard Y Kim
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Woo Kim
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Korea
| | - Kshitiz Raj Shrestha
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Je Cha
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Park
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- 1 Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea
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24
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Lozoya OA, Gilchrist CL, Guilak F. Universally Conserved Relationships between Nuclear Shape and Cytoplasmic Mechanical Properties in Human Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23047. [PMID: 26976044 PMCID: PMC4792134 DOI: 10.1038/srep23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to proliferate, differentiate, transduce extracellular signals and assemble tissues involves structural connections between nucleus and cytoskeleton. Yet, how the mechanics of these connections vary inside stem cells is not fully understood. To address those questions, we combined two-dimensional particle-tracking microrheology and morphological measures using variable reduction techniques to measure whether cytoplasmic mechanics allow for discrimination between different human adherent stem cell types and across different culture conditions. Here we show that nuclear shape is a quantifiable discriminant of mechanical properties in the perinuclear cytoskeleton (pnCSK) of various stem cell types. Also, we find the pnCSK is a region with different mechanical properties than elsewhere in the cytoskeleton, with heterogeneously distributed locations exhibiting subdiffusive features, and which obeys physical relations conserved among various stem cell types. Finally, we offer a prospective basis to discriminate between stem cell types by coupling perinuclear mechanical properties to nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo A Lozoya
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, and Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Wang K, Bruce A, Mezan R, Kadiyala A, Wang L, Dawson J, Rojanasakul Y, Yang Y. Nanotopographical Modulation of Cell Function through Nuclear Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5082-92. [PMID: 26844365 PMCID: PMC4804753 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although nanotopography has been shown to be a potent modulator of cell behavior, it is unclear how the nanotopographical cue, through focal adhesions, affects the nucleus, eventually influencing cell phenotype and function. Thus, current methods to apply nanotopography to regulate cell behavior are basically empirical. We, herein, engineered nanotopographies of various shapes (gratings and pillars) and dimensions (feature size, spacing and height), and thoroughly investigated cell spreading, focal adhesion organization and nuclear deformation of human primary fibroblasts as the model cell grown on the nanotopographies. We examined the correlation between nuclear deformation and cell functions such as cell proliferation, transfection and extracellular matrix protein type I collagen production. It was found that the nanoscale gratings and pillars could facilitate focal adhesion elongation by providing anchoring sites, and the nanogratings could orient focal adhesions and nuclei along the nanograting direction, depending on not only the feature size but also the spacing of the nanogratings. Compared with continuous nanogratings, discrete nanopillars tended to disrupt the formation and growth of focal adhesions and thus had less profound effects on nuclear deformation. Notably, nuclear volume could be effectively modulated by the height of nanotopography. Further, we demonstrated that cell proliferation, transfection, and type I collagen production were strongly associated with the nuclear volume, indicating that the nucleus serves as a critical mechanosensor for cell regulation. Our study delineated the relationships between focal adhesions, nucleus and cell function and highlighted that the nanotopography could regulate cell phenotype and function by modulating nuclear deformation. This study provides insight into the rational design of nanotopography for new biomaterials and the cell-substrate interfaces of implants and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Allison Bruce
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Ryan Mezan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Anand Kadiyala
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Jeremy Dawson
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Corresponding Author Y. Yang.
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26
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Zhang Y, Gordon A, Qian W, Chen W. Engineering nanoscale stem cell niche: direct stem cell behavior at cell-matrix interface. Adv Healthc Mater 2015. [PMID: 26222885 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical cues on the extracellular matrix (ECM) have proven to be significant regulators of stem cell behavior and evolution. Understanding the interplay of these cells and their extracellular microenvironment is critical to future tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, both of which require a means of controlled differentiation. Research suggests that nanotopography, which mimics the local, nanoscale, topographic cues within the stem cell niche, could be a way to achieve large-scale proliferation and control of stem cells in vitro. This Progress Report reviews the history and contemporary advancements of this technology, and pays special attention to nanotopographic fabrication methods and the effect of different nanoscale patterns on stem cell response. Finally, it outlines potential intracellular mechanisms behind this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; New York University; Brooklyn NY 11201 USA
| | - Andrew Gordon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; New York University; Brooklyn NY 11201 USA
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; New York University; Brooklyn NY 11201 USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; New York University; Brooklyn NY 11201 USA
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Yang K, Park E, Lee JS, Kim IS, Hong K, Park KI, Cho SW, Yang HS. Biodegradable Nanotopography Combined with Neurotrophic Signals Enhances Contact Guidance and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1348-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Yang
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Esther Park
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sun Kim
- Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Kook In Park
- Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-750 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seok Yang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
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Nanogrooved substrate promotes direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts to functional induced dopaminergic neurons. Biomaterials 2015; 45:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kulangara K, Yang J, Chellappan M, Yang Y, Leong KW. Nanotopography alters nuclear protein expression, proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114698. [PMID: 25521962 PMCID: PMC4270691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells respond to physical cues present in their microenvironment such as substrate elasticity, geometry, or topography with respect to morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. Although studies have demonstrated the role of focal adhesions in topography-mediated changes of gene expression, information linking substrate topography to the nucleus remains scarce. Here we show by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and western blotting that A-type lamins and retinoblastoma protein are downregulated in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells cultured on 350 nm gratings compared to planar substrates; these changes lead to a decrease in proliferation and changes in differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kulangara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Malathi Chellappan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen W, Shao Y, Li X, Zhao G, Fu J. Nanotopographical Surfaces for Stem Cell Fate Control: Engineering Mechanobiology from the Bottom. NANO TODAY 2014; 9:759-784. [PMID: 25883674 PMCID: PMC4394389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis and tissue maintenance and repair in an adult organism, a myriad of stem cells are regulated by their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) enriched with tissue/organ-specific nanoscale topographical cues to adopt different fates and functions. Attributed to their capability of self-renewal and differentiation into most types of somatic cells, stem cells also hold tremendous promise for regenerative medicine and drug screening. However, a major challenge remains as to achieve fate control of stem cells in vitro with high specificity and yield. Recent exciting advances in nanotechnology and materials science have enabled versatile, robust, and large-scale stem cell engineering in vitro through developments of synthetic nanotopographical surfaces mimicking topological features of stem cell niches. In addition to generating new insights for stem cell biology and embryonic development, this effort opens up unlimited opportunities for innovations in stem cell-based applications. This review is therefore to provide a summary of recent progress along this research direction, with perspectives focusing on emerging methods for generating nanotopographical surfaces and their applications in stem cell research. Furthermore, we provide a review of classical as well as emerging cellular mechano-sensing and -transduction mechanisms underlying stem cell nanotopography sensitivity and also give some hypotheses in regard to how a multitude of signaling events in cellular mechanotransduction may converge and be integrated into core pathways controlling stem cell fate in response to extracellular nanotopography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Koch B, Sanchez S, Schmidt CK, Swiersy A, Jackson SP, Schmidt OG. Confinement and deformation of single cells and their nuclei inside size-adapted microtubes. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1753-8. [PMID: 24764273 PMCID: PMC4227890 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Koch
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20 Dresden D‐01069 Germany
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20 Dresden D‐01069 Germany
| | - Christine K. Schmidt
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QN UK
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20 Dresden D‐01069 Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral‐Thorax‐ und Gefäßchirurgie Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Fetscherstraße 74 Dresden D‐01307 Germany
| | - Stephen P. Jackson
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QN UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20 Dresden D‐01069 Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics Chemnitz University of Technology Reichenhainer Str. 70 Chemnitz D‐09107 Germany
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Chaterji S, Kim P, Choe SH, Tsui JH, Lam CH, Ho DS, Baker AB, Kim DH. Synergistic effects of matrix nanotopography and stiffness on vascular smooth muscle cell function. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2115-26. [PMID: 24694244 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) retain the ability to undergo modulation in their phenotypic continuum, ranging from a mature contractile state to a proliferative, secretory state. vSMC differentiation is modulated by a complex array of microenvironmental cues, which include the biochemical milieu of the cells and the architecture and stiffness of the extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that by using UV-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL) to engineer a polyurethane substratum of defined nanotopography and stiffness, we can facilitate the differentiation of cultured vSMCs, reduce their inflammatory signature, and potentially promote the optimal functioning of the vSMC contractile and cytoskeletal machinery. Specifically, we found that the combination of medial tissue-like stiffness (11 MPa) and anisotropic nanotopography (ridge width_groove width_ridge height of 800_800_600 nm) resulted in significant upregulation of calponin, desmin, and smoothelin, in addition to the downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tissue factor, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Further, our results allude to the mechanistic role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway and caveolin-1 in altered cellular mechanotransduction pathways via differential matrix nanotopography and stiffness. Notably, the nanopatterning of the stiffer substrata (1.1 GPa) resulted in the significant upregulation of RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2. This indicates that nanopatterning an 800_800_600 nm pattern on a stiff substratum may trigger the mechanical plasticity of vSMCs resulting in a hypercontractile vSMC phenotype, as observed in diabetes or hypertension. Given that matrix stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and that CFL can create different matrix nanotopographic patterns with high pattern fidelity, we are poised to create a combinatorial library of arterial test beds, whether they are healthy, diseased, injured, or aged. Such high-throughput testing environments will pave the way for the evolution of the next generation of vascular scaffolds that can effectively crosstalk with the scaffold microenvironment and result in improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somali Chaterji
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
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Nava MM, Raimondi MT, Pietrabissa R. Bio-chemo-mechanical models for nuclear deformation in adherent eukaryotic cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 13:929-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Elsayed M, Merkel OM. Nanoimprinting of topographical and 3D cell culture scaffolds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:349-66. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix exhibits several nanostructures such as fibers, filaments, nanopores and ridges that can be mimicked by topographical and 3D substrates for cell and tissue cultures for an environment closer to in vivo conditions. This review summarizes and discusses a growing number of reports employing nanoimprint lithography to obtain such scaffolds. The different nanoimprint lithography methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages are described and special attention is paid to cell culture applications. We discuss the impact of materials, nanotopography, size, geometry, fabrication method, and cell type on growth guidance and differentiation. We present examples of cell guidance, inhibition of cell growth, cell pinning and engineering of 3D cell sheets or spheroids. As current applications are limited and not systematically compared for various cell types, this review only suggests promising substrates for particular applications. Future possible directions are also proposed in which this field may proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Kim J, Kim HN, Lim KT, Kim Y, Seonwoo H, Park SH, Lim HJ, Kim DH, Suh KY, Choung PH, Choung YH, Chung JH. Designing nanotopographical density of extracellular matrix for controlled morphology and function of human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3552. [PMID: 24352057 PMCID: PMC6506445 DOI: 10.1038/srep03552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by ultrastructural analysis of ex vivo human tissues as well as the physiological importance of structural density, we fabricated nanogrooves with 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 spacing ratio (width:spacing, width = 550 nm). In response to the nanotopographical density, the adhesion, migration, and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were sensitively controlled, but the proliferation showed no significant difference. In particular, the osteo- or neurogenesis of hMSCs were enhanced at the 1:3 spacing ratio rather than 1:1 or 1:5 spacing ratio, implying an existence of potentially optimized nanotopographical density for stem cell function. Furthermore, such cellular behaviors were positively correlated with several cell morphological indexes as well as the expression of integrin β1 or N-cadherin. Our findings propose that nanotopographical density may be a key parameter for the design and manipulation of functional scaffolds for stem cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Kim
- 1] Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea [2]
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- 1] Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea [2]
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Seonwoo
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- 1] Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea [2]
| | - Pill-Hoon Choung
- Tooth Bioengineering National Research Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Chung
- 1] Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea [2] Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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36
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Yang K, Jung K, Ko E, Kim J, Park KI, Kim J, Cho SW. Nanotopographical manipulation of focal adhesion formation for enhanced differentiation of human neural stem cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10529-40. [PMID: 23899585 DOI: 10.1021/am402156f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating neural stem cell (NSC) fate is of great importance for improving the therapeutic efficacy of NSCs to treat neurodegenerative disorders. Biophysical cues, in addition to biochemical factors, regulate NSC phenotype and function. In this study, we assessed the extent to which surface nanotopography of culture substrates modulates human NSC (hNSC) differentiation. Fibronectin-coated polymer substrates with diverse nanoscale shapes (groove and pillar) and dimensions (ranging from 300 to 1500 nm groove width and pillar gap) were used to investigate the effects of topographical cues on hNSC morphology, alignment, focal adhesion, and differentiation. The majority of nanopatterned substrates induced substantial changes in cellular morphology and alignment along the patterned shapes, leading to alterations in focal adhesion and F-actin reorganization. Certain types of nanopatterned substrates, in particular the ones with small nanostructures (e.g., 300-300 nm groove ridges and 300-300 nm pillar diameter gaps), were found to effectively enhance focal adhesion complex development. Consequently, these substrates enhanced hNSC differentiation toward neurons and astrocytes. Nanotopographical-induced formation of focal adhesions in hNSCs activates integrin-mediated mechanotransduction and intracellular signaling pathways such as MEK-ERK, which may ultimately promote gene expression related to NSC differentiation. This strategy of manipulating matrix surface topography could be applied to develop culture substrates and tissue engineered scaffolds that improve the efficacy of NSC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and ‡Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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37
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Kim MJ, Lee B, Yang K, Park J, Jeon S, Um SH, Kim DI, Im SG, Cho SW. BMP-2 peptide-functionalized nanopatterned substrates for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kim J, Kim HN, Lim KT, Kim Y, Pandey S, Garg P, Choung YH, Choung PH, Suh KY, Chung JH. Synergistic effects of nanotopography and co-culture with endothelial cells on osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7257-68. [PMID: 23834896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the aligned nanostructures and co-existence of vascular cells and stem cells in human cancellous bone, we quantitatively investigated the relative contributions of nanotopography and co-culture with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) to the osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Although both nanotopography and co-culture independently enhanced the osteogenesis of hMSCs, osteogenesis was further enhanced by the two factors in combination, indicating the importance of synergistic cues in stem cell engineering. Interestingly, nanotopography provided a larger relative contribution to the osteogenesis of hMSCs than did co-culture with HUVECs. Furthermore, the osteogenesis of hMSCs was also affected by the density of parallel nanogrooves, exhibiting a maximum at a 1:3 spacing ratio, as defined as the ratio of ridge width to groove width. Analysis of (i) biochemical soluble factors, (ii) hMSC-substrate interaction and (iii) hMSC-HUVEC interaction suggests that (ii) and (iii) play a crucial role in mediating osteogenic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Haro-González P, Ramsay WT, Martinez Maestro L, del Rosal B, Santacruz-Gomez K, Iglesias-de la Cruz MDC, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Chooi JY, Rodriguez Sevilla P, Bettinelli M, Choudhury D, Kar AK, Solé JG, Jaque D, Paterson L. Quantum dot-based thermal spectroscopy and imaging of optically trapped microspheres and single cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2162-70. [PMID: 23401166 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced thermal effects in optically trapped microspheres and single cells are investigated by quantum dot luminescence thermometry. Thermal spectroscopy has revealed a non-localized temperature distribution around the trap that extends over tens of micrometers, in agreement with previous theoretical models besides identifying water absorption as the most important heating source. The experimental results of thermal loading at a variety of wavelengths reveal that an optimum trapping wavelength exists for biological applications close to 820 nm. This is corroborated by a simultaneous analysis of the spectral dependence of cellular heating and damage in human lymphocytes during optical trapping. This quantum dot luminescence thermometry demonstrates that optical trapping with 820 nm laser radiation produces minimum intracellular heating, well below the cytotoxic level (43 °C), thus, avoiding cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Haro-González
- Laboratorio di Chimica dello Stato Solido, DB, Università di Verona and INSTM, UdR Verona, Ca' Vignal, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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Chalut KJ, Höpfler M, Lautenschläger F, Boyde L, Chan CJ, Ekpenyong A, Martinez-Arias A, Guck J. Chromatin decondensation and nuclear softening accompany Nanog downregulation in embryonic stem cells. Biophys J 2012. [PMID: 23200040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between epigenetic modification and chromatin compaction is implicated in the regulation of gene expression, and it comprises one of the most fascinating frontiers in cell biology. Although a complete picture is still lacking, it is generally accepted that the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells is accompanied by a selective condensation into heterochromatin with concomitant gene silencing, leaving access only to lineage-specific genes in the euchromatin. ES cells have been reported to have less condensed chromatin, as they are capable of differentiating into any cell type. However, pluripotency itself-even prior to differentiation-is a split state comprising a naïve state and a state in which ES cells prime for differentiation. Here, we show that naïve ES cells decondense their chromatin in the course of downregulating the pluripotency marker Nanog before they initiate lineage commitment. We used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and histone modification analysis paired with a novel, to our knowledge, optical stretching method, to show that ES cells in the naïve state have a significantly stiffer nucleus that is coupled to a globally more condensed chromatin state. We link this biophysical phenotype to coinciding epigenetic differences, including histone methylation, and show a strong correlation of chromatin condensation and nuclear stiffness with the expression of Nanog. Besides having implications for transcriptional regulation and embryonic cell sorting and suggesting a putative mechanosensing mechanism, the physical differences point to a system-level regulatory role of chromatin in maintaining pluripotency in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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41
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Physical non-viral gene delivery methods for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:446-68. [PMID: 23099792 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of gene therapy into tissue engineering to control differentiation and direct tissue formation is not a new concept; however, successful delivery of nucleic acids into primary cells, progenitor cells, and stem cells has proven exceptionally challenging. Viral vectors are generally highly effective at delivering nucleic acids to a variety of cell populations, both dividing and non-dividing, yet these viral vectors are marred by significant safety concerns. Non-viral vectors are preferred for gene therapy, despite lower transfection efficiencies, and possess many customizable attributes that are desirable for tissue engineering applications. However, there is no single non-viral gene delivery strategy that "fits-all" cell types and tissues. Thus, there is a compelling opportunity to examine different non-viral vectors, especially physical vectors, and compare their relative degrees of success. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special emphasis on Nucleofection™. In addition, attributes of cellular character that can be used to improve differentiation strategies are examined for tissue engineering applications. Ultimately, electroporation exhibits a high transfection efficiency in many cell types, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications, but electroporation and other physical non-viral gene delivery methods are still limited by poor cell viability. Overcoming the challenge of poor cell viability in highly efficient physical non-viral techniques is the key to using gene delivery to enhance tissue engineering applications.
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Mathieu PS, Loboa EG. Cytoskeletal and focal adhesion influences on mesenchymal stem cell shape, mechanical properties, and differentiation down osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic pathways. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:436-44. [PMID: 22741572 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine and tissue-engineering applications. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and have been shown to differentiate down various lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and possibly neurons. The majority of approaches to control the MSC fate have been via the use of chemical factors in the form of growth factors within the culture medium. More recently, it has been understood that mechanical forces play a significant role in regulating MSC fate. We and others have shown that mechanical stimuli can control MSC lineage specification. The cytoskeleton is known to play a large role in mechanotransduction, and a growing number of studies are showing that it can also contribute to MSC differentiation. This review analyzes the significant contribution of actin and integrin distribution, and the smaller role of microtubules, in regulating MSC fate. Osteogenic differentiation is more prevalent in MSCs with a stiff, spread actin cytoskeleton and greater numbers of focal adhesions. Both adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation are encouraged when MSCs have a spherical morphology associated with a dispersed actin cytoskeleton with few focal adhesions. Different mechanical stimuli can be implemented to alter these cytoskeletal patterns and encourage MSC differentiation to the desired lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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43
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Dumas V, Rattner A, Vico L, Audouard E, Dumas JC, Naisson P, Bertrand P. Multiscale grooved titanium processed with femtosecond laser influences mesenchymal stem cell morphology, adhesion, and matrix organization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3108-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Martins RP, Finan JD, Guilak F, Lee DA. Mechanical regulation of nuclear structure and function. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 14:431-55. [PMID: 22655599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading induces both nuclear distortion and alterations in gene expression in a variety of cell types. Mechanotransduction is the process by which extracellular mechanical forces can activate a number of well-studied cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Inevitably, such signals are transduced to the nucleus and induce transcription factor-mediated changes in gene expression. However, gene expression also can be regulated through alterations in nuclear architecture, providing direct control of genome function. One putative transduction mechanism for this phenomenon involves alterations in nuclear architecture that result from the mechanical perturbation of the cell. This perturbation is associated with direct mechanical strain or osmotic stress, which is transferred to the nucleus. This review describes the current state of knowledge relating the nuclear architecture and the transfer of mechanical forces to the nucleus mediated by the cytoskeleton, the nucleoskeleton, and the LINC (linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex. Moreover, remodeling of the nucleus induces alterations in nuclear stiffness, which may be associated with cell differentiation. These phenomena are discussed in relation to the potential influence of nuclear architecture-mediated mechanoregulation of transcription and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P Martins
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Kulangara K, Yang Y, Yang J, Leong KW. Nanotopography as modulator of human mesenchymal stem cell function. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4998-5003. [PMID: 22516607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanotopography changes human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) from their shape to their differentiation potential; however little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we study the culture of hMSC on polydimethylsiloxane substrates with 350 nm grating topography and investigate the focal adhesion composition and dynamics using biochemical and imaging techniques. Our results show that zyxin protein plays a key role in the hMSC response to nanotopography. Zyxin expression is downregulated on 350 nm gratings, leading to smaller and more dynamic focal adhesion. Since the association of zyxin with focal adhesions is force-dependent, smaller zyxin-positive adhesion as well as its higher turnover rate suggests that the traction force in focal adhesion on 350 nm topography is decreased. These changes lead to faster and more directional migration on 350 nm gratings. These findings demonstrate that nanotopography decreases the mechanical forces acting on focal adhesions in hMSC and suggest that force-dependent changes in zyxin protein expression and kinetics underlie the focal adhesion remodeling in response to 350 nm grating topography, resulting in modulation of hMSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kulangara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Modulation of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis in a tunable hyaluronic acid hydrogel microenvironment. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3835-45. [PMID: 22369963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An injectable and biodegradable hydrogel system comprising hyaluronic acid-tyramine (HA-Tyr) conjugates can safely undergo covalent cross-linking in vivo by the addition of small amounts of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), with the independent tuning of the gelation rate and degree of cross-linking. Such hydrogel networks with tunable mechanical and degradation properties may provide the additional level of control needed to enhance chondrogenesis and overall cartilage tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. In this study, HA-Tyr hydrogels were explored as biomimetic matrices for caprine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering. The compressive modulus, equilibrium swelling and degradation rate could be controlled by varying the concentration of H(2)O(2) as the oxidant in the oxidative coupling reaction. Cellular condensation reflected by the increase in effective number density of rounded cells in lacunae was greater in softer hydrogel matrices with lower cross-linking that displayed enhanced scaffold contracture. Conversely, within higher cross-linked matrices, cells adopted a more elongated morphology, with a reduced degree of cellular condensation. Furthermore, the degree of hydrogel cross-linking also modulated matrix biosynthesis and cartilage tissue histogenesis. Lower cross-linked matrix enhanced chondrogenesis with increases in the percentage of cells with chondrocytic morphology; biosynthetic rates of glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen; and hyaline cartilage tissue formation. With increasing cross-linking degree and matrix stiffness, a shift in MSC differentiation toward fibrous phenotypes with the formation of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissues was observed. These findings suggest that the tunable three-dimensional microenvironment of the HA-Tyr hydrogels modulates cellular condensation during chondrogenesis and has a dramatic impact on spatial organization of cells, matrix biosynthesis, and overall cartilage tissue histogenesis.
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Control of cell nucleus shapes via micropillar patterns. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1730-5. [PMID: 22133552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a material technique to control the shapes of cell nuclei by the design of the microtopography of substrates to which the cells adhere. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) micropillars or micropits of a series of height or depth were fabricated, and some surprising self deformation of the nuclei of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was found in the case of micropillars with a sufficient height. Despite severe nucleus deformation, BMSCs kept the ability of proliferation and differentiation. We further demonstrated that the shapes of cell nuclei could be regulated by the appropriate micropillar patterns. Besides circular and elliptoid shapes, some unusual nucleus shapes of BMSCs have been achieved, such as square, cross, dumbbell, and asymmetric sphere-protrusion.
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Chalut KJ, Kulangara K, Wax A, Leong KW. Stem cell differentiation indicated by noninvasive photonic characterization and fractal analysis of subcellular architecture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:863-7. [PMID: 21695342 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that global structural changes in stem cells would manifest with differentiation, and that these changes would be observable with light scattering microscopy. Analysed with a fractal dimension formalism, we observed significant structural changes in differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells within one day after induction, earlier than could be detected by gene expression profiling. Moreover, light scattering microscopy is entirely non-perturbative, so the same sample could be monitored throughout the differentiation process. We explored one possible mechanism, chromatin remodelling, to account for the changes we observed. Correlating with the staining of HP1α, a heterochromatin protein, we applied novel microscopy methods and fractal analysis to monitor the plastic dynamics of chromatin within stem cell nuclei. We showed that the level of chromatin condensation changed during differentiation, and provide one possible explanation for the changes seen with the light scattering method. These results lend physical insight into stem cell differentiation while providing physics-based methods for non-invasive detection of the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Adler AF, Speidel AT, Christoforou N, Kolind K, Foss M, Leong KW. High-throughput screening of microscale pitted substrate topographies for enhanced nonviral transfection efficiency in primary human fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3611-9. [PMID: 21334062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of nonviral gene delivery typically focuses on the design of particulate carriers that are endowed with desirable membrane targeting, internalization, and endosomal escape properties. Topographical control of cell transfectability, however, remains a largely unexplored parameter. Emerging literature has highlighted the influence of cell-topography interactions on modulation of many cell phenotypes, including protein expression and cytoskeletal behaviors implicated in endocytosis. Using high-throughput screening of primary human dermal fibroblasts cultured on a combinatorial library of microscale topographies, we have demonstrated an improvement in nonviral transfection efficiency for cells cultured on dense micropit patterns compared to smooth substrates, as verified with flow cytometry. A 25% increase in GFP(+) cells was observed independent of proliferation rate, accompanied by SEM and confocal microscopy characterization to help explain the phenomenon qualitatively. This finding encourages researchers to investigate substrate topography as a new design consideration for the optimization of nonviral transfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Adler AF, Leong KW. Emerging links between surface nanotechnology and endocytosis: impact on nonviral gene delivery. NANO TODAY 2010; 5:553-569. [PMID: 21383869 PMCID: PMC3048656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Significant effort continues to be exerted toward the improvement of transfection mediated by nonviral vectors. These endeavors are often focused on the design of particulate carriers with properties that encourage efficient accumulation at the membrane surface, particle uptake, and endosomal escape. Despite its demonstrated importance in successful nonviral transfection, relatively little investigation has been done to understand the pressures driving internalized vectors into favorable nondegradative endocytic pathways. Improvements in transfection efficiency have been noted for complexes delivered with a substrate-mediated approach, but the reasons behind such enhancements remain unclear. The phenotypic changes exhibited by cells interacting with nano- and micro-featured substrates offer hints that may explain these effects. This review describes nanoscale particulate and substrate parameters that influence both the uptake of nonviral gene carriers and the endocytic phenotype of interacting cells, and explores the molecular links that may mediate these interactions. Substrate-mediated control of endocytosis represents an exciting new design parameter that will guide the creation of efficient transgene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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