1
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Bağda E. Insights into the G-quadruplex DNA interaction landscape: Comparative analysis of anionic Zn(II) and Co(II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonate complexes. J Mol Recognit 2024; 37:e3082. [PMID: 38471837 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes play a pivotal role in regulating various cellular processes, including gene expression and replication, making them essential structures in understanding, and manipulating cellular functions. The development of G-quadruplex ligands holds significant promise in therapeutic and research applications, offering targeted tools to modulate G-quadruplex structures and potentially influence critical biological pathways. An exciting frontier in G-quadruplex research lies in the exploration of anionic ligands, and their profound impact on stabilizing and modulating G-quadruplex DNA. In this study, the interaction of two anionic phthalocyanine compounds (Zinc (II) phthalocyanine 3,4',4″,4‴-tetrasulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt, ZnAPC; cobalt (II) phthalocyanine 3,4',4″,4‴-tetrasulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt, CoAPC) and three separate G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequences was investigated. Interactions were carried out by DNA polymerase stop studies along with spectroscopic studies. According to the results of experimental data, it was determined that ZnAPC actively interacts with the G-quadruplex DNA structures. On the other hand, it was thought that the interaction with CoAPC was less and even occurred in simple electrostatic interactions. KD constants and Bmax constants for the interaction with ZnAPC were calculated. The KD constants for ZnAPC were found to be (1.16 ± 0.07) × 10-5, (9.75 ± .24) × 10-6 and (1.00 ± 0.36) × 10-4 M for AS1411, Vegf, and Tel21, respectively. Accordingly, it was concluded that ZnAPC interacts with G-quadruplex DNA ligands effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efkan Bağda
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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2
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Gil-Martínez A, Hernández A, Galiana-Roselló C, López-Molina S, Ortiz J, Sastre-Santos Á, García-España E, González-García J. Development and application of metallo-phthalocyanines as potent G-quadruplex DNA binders and photosensitizers. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023:10.1007/s00775-023-02003-3. [PMID: 37452218 PMCID: PMC10368564 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-phthalocyanines (MPc) are common photosensitizers with ideal photophysical and photochemical properties. Also, these molecules have shown to interact with non-canonical nucleic acid structures, such as G-quadruplexes, and modulate oncogenic expression in cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterisation of two metallo-phthalocyanines containing either zinc (ZnPc) or nickel (NiPc) in the central aromatic core and four alkyl ammonium lateral chains. The interaction of both molecules with G-quadruplex DNA was assessed by UV-Vis, fluorescence and FRET melting experiments. Both molecules bind strongly to G-quadruplexes and stabilise these structures, being NiPc the most notable G-quadruplex stabiliser. In addition, the photosensitizing ability of both metal complexes was explored by the evaluation of the singlet oxygen generation and their photoactivation in cells. Only ZnPc showed a high singlet oxygen generation either by direct observation or by indirect evaluation using a DPBF dye. The cellular evaluation showed mainly cytoplasmic localization of ZnPc and a decrease of the IC50 values of the cell viability of ZnPc upon light activation of two orders of magnitude. Two metallo-phthalocyanines containing zinc and nickel within the aromatic core have been investigated as G-quadruplex stabilizers and photosensitizers. NiPc shows a high G4 binding but negligible photosensitizing ability while ZnPc exhibits a moderate binding to G-quadruplex together with a high potency to generate singlet oxygen and photocytotoxicity. The interaction with G4s and capacity to be photosensitized is associated with the geometry adopted by the central metal core of the phthalocyanine scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Gil-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C./Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Adrián Hernández
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Cristina Galiana-Roselló
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C./Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Sònia López-Molina
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C./Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Javier Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C./Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Jorge González-García
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C./Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
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3
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Sarkar S, Bisoi A, Singh PC. Spectroscopic and Molecular Dynamics Aspect of Antimalarial Drug Hydroxychloroquine Binding with Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5241-5249. [PMID: 35793709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important drug that is in the trial stage for different types of cancer diseases; however, insight about the mechanism of its action is almost unknown. G-quadruplex (Gq) has been considered one of the potential targets for the cure of cancer; hence, it is essential to understand the possibility of the binding of HCQ with Gq to get a better understanding of its action. In this study, the molecular insight into the possibility of the binding of HCQ with different topological forms of Gq of the human telomere (htel) has been investigated using spectroscopic, thermochemical, and molecular dynamics simulation techniques. The spectroscopic and thermochemical studies clearly suggest that HCQ has a topological preference in the binding with htel in the form of a hybrid structure rather than the antiparallel form and the binding of HCQ stabilizes preferably to the hybrid form. The molecular dynamics simulation study suggests that the interaction of HCQ in the groove and loop regions of the hybrid structure is more stable compared to the antiparallel form, which is the probable reason for the topological preference of HCQ. This study depicts that HCQ has a topological preference in the binding and stabilization of the Gq of htel, which makes it potentially an important drug for targeting the telomere region associated with cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunipa Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Asim Bisoi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prashant Chandra Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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4
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Pal S, Fatma K, Ravichandiran V, Dash J. Triazolyl Dibenzo[ a,c]phenazines Stabilize Telomeric G-quadruplex and Inhibit Telomerase. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021; 10:2921-2926. [PMID: 37823002 PMCID: PMC7614908 DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and biophysical evaluation of triazolyl dibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives as a novel class of G-quadruplex ligands. The aromatic core facilitates π-π interaction and the flexible, protonatable side chains interact with the phosphate backbone of DNA via electrostatic interactions. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assay and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies suggest that these ligands show binding preference for the hTELO G-quadruplex over G-quadruplexes found in the promoter region of various oncogenes and duplex DNA. The in vitro telomeric repeat amplification protocol (Q-TRAP) assay reveals that these ligands reduce telomerase activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, NIPER-KOLKATA, Chunilal Bhawan (Adjacent to BCPL), 168, Maniktala Main Road P.O. Bengal Chemicals, P.S. Phoolbagan, Kolkata – 700054, West Bengal
| | - Khushnood Fatma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, NIPER-KOLKATA, Chunilal Bhawan (Adjacent to BCPL), 168, Maniktala Main Road P.O. Bengal Chemicals, P.S. Phoolbagan, Kolkata – 700054, West Bengal
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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5
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Takahashi S, Kotar A, Tateishi-Karimata H, Bhowmik S, Wang ZF, Chang TC, Sato S, Takenaka S, Plavec J, Sugimoto N. Chemical Modulation of DNA Replication along G-Quadruplex Based on Topology-Dependent Ligand Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16458-16469. [PMID: 34554731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligands that bind to and stabilize guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures to regulate DNA replication have therapeutic potential for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Because there are several G4 topologies, ligands that bind to their specific types may have the ability to preferentially regulate the replication of only certain genes. Here, we demonstrated that binding ligands stalled the replication of template DNA at G4, depending on different topologies. For example, naphthalene diimide derivatives bound to the G-quartet of G4 with an additional interaction between the ligand and the loop region of a hybrid G4 type from human telomeres, which efficiently repressed the replication of the G4. Thus, these inhibitory effects were not only stability-dependent but also topology-selective based on the manner in which G4 structures interacted with G4 ligands. Our original method, referred to as a quantitative study of topology-dependent replication (QSTR), was developed to evaluate correlations between replication rate and G4 stability. QSTR enabled the systematic categorization of ligands based on topology-dependent binding. It also demonstrated accuracy in determining quantitatively how G4 ligands control the intermediate state of replication and the kinetics of G4 unwinding. Hence, the QSTR index would facilitate the design of new drugs capable of controlling the topology-dependent regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Takahashi
- FIBER (Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Anita Kotar
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hisae Tateishi-Karimata
- FIBER (Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sudipta Bhowmik
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chau Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shinobu Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeori Takenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- FIBER (Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- FIRST (Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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6
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Sugimoto N, Endoh T, Takahashi S, Tateishi-Karimata H. Chemical Biology of Double Helical and Non-Double Helical Nucleic Acids: “To B or Not To B, That Is the Question”. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tamaki Endoh
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Takahashi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisae Tateishi-Karimata
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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7
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Koç M, Kabay N. Synthesis and molecular docking studies of Zn(II)phthalocyanines containing anthraquinone moieties as selective ligands for G-quadruplex structures. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New zinc(II) phthalocyanines (p-ZnPc and np-ZnPc) containing peripheral and non-peripheral positioned four anthraquinone moieties were synthesized by cyclotetramerization of 4-((2-(2-((8-Chloro-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl) amino) ethoxy) ethyl) thio) phthalonitrile and 3-((2-(2-((8-Chloro-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl) amino) ethoxy) ethyl) thio) phthalonitrile. All compounds were characterized by using a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as 1H, [Formula: see text]C NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis and MS spectral data. Also, molecular docking studies were performed using different G-quadruplex and double stranded nucleic acid fragments as possible interaction sites to predict the binding ability of the newly synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Koç
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Kabay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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8
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Wickhorst PJ, Ihmels H. Berberrubine Phosphate: A Selective Fluorescent Probe for Quadruplex DNA. Molecules 2021; 26:2566. [PMID: 33924894 PMCID: PMC8124163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphate-substituted, zwitterionic berberine derivative was synthesized and its binding properties with duplex DNA and G4-DNA were studied using photometric, fluorimetric and polarimetric titrations and thermal DNA denaturation experiments. The ligand binds with high affinity toward both DNA forms (Kb = 2-7 × 105 M-1) and induces a slight stabilization of G4-DNA toward thermally induced unfolding, mostly pronounced for the telomeric quadruplex 22AG. The ligand likely binds by aggregation and intercalation with ct DNA and by terminal stacking with G4-DNA. Thus, this compound represents one of the rare examples of phosphate-substituted DNA binders. In an aqueous solution, the title compound has a very weak fluorescence intensity (Φfl < 0.01) that increases significantly upon binding to G4-DNA (Φfl = 0.01). In contrast, the association with duplex DNA was not accompanied by such a strong fluorescence light-up effect (Φfl < 0.01). These different fluorimetric responses upon binding to particular DNA forms are proposed to be caused by the different binding modes and may be used for the selective fluorimetric detection of G4-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany;
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9
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Long W, Zheng BX, Huang XH, She MT, Liu AL, Zhang K, Wong WL, Lu YJ. Molecular Recognition and Imaging of Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA in Live Cells: A Systematic Advancement of Thiazole Orange Scaffold To Enhance Binding Specificity and Inhibition of Gene Expression. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2125-2138. [PMID: 33559473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluorescent ligands, which were systematically constructed from thiazole orange scaffold, was investigated for their interactions with G-quadruplex structures and antitumor activity. Among the ligands, compound 3 was identified to exhibit excellent specificity toward telomere G4-DNA over other nucleic acids. The affinity of 3-Htg24 was almost 5 times higher than that of double-stranded DNA and promoter G4-DNA. Interaction studies showed that 3 may bind to both G-tetrad and the lateral loop near the 5'-end. The intracellular colocalization with BG4 and competition studies with BRACO19 reveal that 3 may interact with G4-structures. Moreover, 3 reduces the telomere length and downregulates hTERC and hTERT mRNA expression in HeLa cells. The cytotoxicity of 3 against cancer cells (IC50 = 12.7-16.2 μM) was found to be generally higher than noncancer cells (IC50 = 52.3 μM). The findings may support that the ligand is telomere G4-DNA specific and may provide meaningful insights for anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Xin Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-He Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ting She
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ao-Lu Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Academy of High Value Utilization of Green Plants, Meizhou 514779, P. R. China
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10
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Uchiyama M, Okamoto C, Momotake A, Ikeue T, Yamamoto Y. Stepwise binding of a cationic phthalocyanine derivative to an all parallel-stranded tetrameric G-quadruplex DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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DNA binding and cleavage studies of novel Betti base substituted quaternary Cu(II) and Zn(II) phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Uchiyama M, Momotake A, Kobayashi N, Yamamoto Y. Specific Binding of an Anionic Phthalocyanine Derivative to G-Quadruplex DNAs. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Uchiyama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Atsuya Momotake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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13
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Tateishi-Karimata H, Sugimoto N. Chemical biology of non-canonical structures of nucleic acids for therapeutic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2379-2390. [PMID: 32022004 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09771f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA forms not only the canonical duplex structure but also non-canonical structures. Most potential sequences that induce the formation of non-canonical structures are present in disease-related genes. Interestingly, biological reactions are inhibited or dysregulated by non-canonical structure formation in disease-related genes. To control biological reactions, methods for inducing the formation of non-canonical structures have been developed using small molecules and oligonucleotides. In this feature article, we review biological reactions such as replication, transcription, and reverse transcription controlled by non-canonical DNA structures formed by disease-related genes. Furthermore, we discuss recent studies aimed at developing methods for regulating these biological reactions using drugs targeting the DNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Tateishi-Karimata
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 17-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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14
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Wang Z, Li J, Liu J, Wang L, Lu Y, Liu JP. Molecular insight into the selective binding between human telomere G-quadruplex and a negatively charged stabilizer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:892-902. [PMID: 31894867 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The single-strand human telomere overhang forms intramolecular high-order structures named G-quadruplex (G4) under physiological conditions. Telomere G4 stabilization prevents telomere lengthening by telomerase in cancer cells representing a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, specific binding of the anionic phthalocyanine 3,4',4'',4'''-tetrasulfonic acid (APC) to the human hybrid (3 + 1) G4s was investigated at the atomic level. We found that APC preferred the end-stacking binding with the telomere hybrid type II (hybrid-II) G4 as compared to the groove binding with the hybrid type I (hybrid-I) G4 remarkable stabilizing effect and more favourable binding free energies. Analysis of non-covalent interaction and decomposition of the binding free energy revealed that van der Waals interaction played a leading role in the binding of APC and telomere hybrid G4s. These findings provide evidence for the first time to shed light on the designs of selective telomere G4 stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, Central Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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15
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Amitha G, Vasudevan S. DNA/BSA binding studies of peripherally tetra substituted neutral azophenoxy zinc phthalocyanine. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Kudrev AG. Scheme of the Complex Formation of DNA Telomeric Sequence with TMPyP4 Porphyrine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218120198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kawauchi K, Sugimoto W, Yasui T, Murata K, Itoh K, Takagi K, Tsuruoka T, Akamatsu K, Tateishi-Karimata H, Sugimoto N, Miyoshi D. An anionic phthalocyanine decreases NRAS expression by breaking down its RNA G-quadruplex. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2271. [PMID: 29891945 PMCID: PMC5995912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of RAS signalling pathways contributes to aggressive phenotypes of cancer cells. The RAS-targeted therapies for cancer, therefore, have been recognised to be effective; however, current developments on targeting RAS have not advanced due to structural features of the RAS protein. Here, we show that expression of NRAS, a major isoform of RAS, can be controlled by photo-irradiation with an anionic phthalocyanine, ZnAPC, targeting NRAS mRNA. In vitro experiments reveal that ZnAPC binds to a G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotide derived from the 5'-untranslated region of NRAS mRNA even in the presence of excess double-stranded RNA, which is abundant in cells, resulting in selective cleavage of the target RNA's G-quadruplex upon photo-irradiation. In line with these results, upon photo-irradiation, ZnAPC decreases NRAS mRNA and NRAS expression and thus viability of cancer cells. These results indicate that ZnAPC may be a prominent photosensitiser for a molecularly targeted photodynamic therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kawauchi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Wataru Sugimoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yasui
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohei Murata
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Itoh
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takagi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsuruoka
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kensuke Akamatsu
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisae Tateishi-Karimata
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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18
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Suseela YV, Narayanaswamy N, Pratihar S, Govindaraju T. Far-red fluorescent probes for canonical and non-canonical nucleic acid structures: current progress and future implications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1098-1131. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00774d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our review presents the recent progress on far-red fluorescent probes of canonical and non-canonical nucleic acid (NA) structures, critically discusses the design principles, applications, limitations and outline the future prospects of developing newer probes with target-specificity for different NA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. V. Suseela
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | - Nagarjun Narayanaswamy
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | - Sumon Pratihar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
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19
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Zheng T, Feng E, Wang Z, Gong X, Tian Y. Mechanism of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based on 3D Graphene-TiO 2 Nanocomposites and Application to Real-Time Monitoring of Telomerase Activity in Differentiation of Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36596-36605. [PMID: 28980796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With a burst development of new nanomaterials for plasmon-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the understanding of chemical mechanism (CM) and further applications have become more and more attractive. Herein, a novel SERS platform was specially designed through electrochemical deposition of graphene onto TiO2 nanoarrays (EG-TiO2). The developed EG-TiO2 nanocomposite SERS platform possessed remarkable Raman activity using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as a probe molecule. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement revealed that the chemical bond Ti-O-C was formed at the interface between graphene and TiO2 in EG-TiO2 nanocomposites. Both experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that the obvious Raman enhancement was attributed to TiO2-induced Fermi level shift of graphene, resulting in effective charge transfer between EG-TiO2 nanocomposites and molecules. Taking advantage of a marked Raman response of the CuPc molecule on the EG-TiO2 nanocomposite surface as well as specific recognition of CuPc toward multiple telomeric G-quadruplex, EG-TiO2 nanocomposites were tactfully employed as the SERS substrate for selective and ultrasensitive determination of telomerase activity, with a low detection limit down to 2.07 × 10-16 IU. Interestingly, the self-cleaning characteristic of EG-TiO2 nanocomposites under visible light irradiation successfully provided a recycling ability for this plasmon-free EG-TiO2 substrate. The present SERS biosensor with high analytical performance, such as high selectivity and sensitivity, has been further explored to determine telomerase activity in stem cells as well as to count the cell numbers. More importantly, using this useful tool, it was discovered that telomerase activity plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells to neural stem cells. This work has not only established an approach for gaining fundamental insights into the chemical mechanism (CM) of Raman enhancement but also has opened a new way in the investigation of long-term dynamics of stem cell differentiation and clinical drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Enduo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre or computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueqing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre or computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University , Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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20
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Abramczyk H, Brozek-Pluska B, Surmacki J, Tondusson M, Freysz E. Photostability of biological systems—Femtosecond dynamics of zinc tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine at cancerous and noncancerous human Breast tissues. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Qin JL, Qin QP, Wei ZZ, Yu YC, Meng T, Wu CX, Liang YL, Liang H, Chen ZF. Stabilization of c-myc G-Quadruplex DNA, inhibition of telomerase activity, disruption of mitochondrial functions and tumor cell apoptosis by platinum(II) complex with 9-amino-oxoisoaporphine. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:417-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Zhao A, Zhao C, Ren J, Qu X. Enantioselective targeting left-handed Z-G-quadruplex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1365-8. [PMID: 26616287 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example where an M-enantiomer of a chiral metal complex can selectively stabilize a left-handed G-quadruplex, but its P-enantiomer cannot. The interactions between the chiral metal complexes and the left-handed G-quadruplex were evaluated by UV melting, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, gel electrophoresis and NMR titrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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23
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24
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25
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Usui K, Okada A, Kobayashi K, Sugimoto N. Control of guanine-rich DNA secondary structures depending on the protease activity using a designed PNA peptide. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2022-5. [PMID: 25519192 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02535k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a regulation system for DNA secondary structure formation of G-rich sequences using a designed PNA peptide exhibiting an on-to-off switching functionality, depending on the protease activity. This study introduces the new concept of a simple and powerful system for regulating quadruplex-related important biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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26
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Yaku H, Murashima T, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. A mRNA-Responsive G-Quadruplex-Based Drug Release System. SENSORS 2015; 15:9388-403. [PMID: 25905703 PMCID: PMC4431183 DOI: 10.3390/s150409388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex-based drug delivery carriers (GDDCs) were designed to capture and release a telomerase inhibitor in response to a target mRNA. Hybridization between a loop on the GDDC structure and the mRNA should cause the G-quadruplex structure of the GDDC to unfold and release the bound inhibitor, anionic copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuAPC). As a proof of concept, GDDCs were designed with a 10-30-mer loop, which can hybridize with a target sequence in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA. Structural analysis using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the GDDCs form a (3 + 1) type G-quadruplex structure in 100 mM KCl and 10 mM MgCl2 in the absence of the target RNA. Visible absorbance titration experiments showed that the GDDCs bind to CuAPC with Ka values of 1.5 × 105 to 5.9 × 105 M−1 (Kd values of 6.7 to 1.7 μM) at 25 °C, depending on the loop length. Fluorescence titration further showed that the G-quadruplex structure unfolds upon binding to the target RNA with Ka values above 1.0 × 108 M−1 (Kd values below 0.01 μM) at 25 °C. These results suggest the carrier can sense and bind to the target RNA, which should result in release of the bound drug. Finally, visible absorbance titration experiments demonstrated that the GDDC release CuAPC in response to the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Yaku
- Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, 3-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan.
| | - Takashi Murashima
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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27
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Dhamodharan V, Harikrishna S, Bhasikuttan AC, Pradeepkumar PI. Topology specific stabilization of promoter over telomeric G-quadruplex DNAs by bisbenzimidazole carboxamide derivatives. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:821-33. [PMID: 25495750 DOI: 10.1021/cb5008597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various potential G-quadruplex forming sequences present in the genome offer a platform to modulate their function by means of stabilizing molecules. Though G-quadruplex structures exhibit diverse structural topologies, the presence of G-quartets as a common structural element makes the design of topology specific ligands a daunting task. To address this, the subtle structural variations of loops and grooves present in the quadruplex structures can be exploited. To this end, we report the design and synthesis of quadruplex stabilizing agents based on bisbenzimidazole carboxamide derivatives of pyridine, 1,8-naphthyridine, and 1,10-phenanthroline. The designed ligands specifically bind to and stabilize promoter quadruplexes having parallel topology over any of the human telomeric quadruplex topologies (parallel, hybrid, or antiparallel) and duplex DNAs. CD melting studies indicate that ligands could impart higher stabilization to c-MYC and c-KIT promoter quadruplexes (up to 21 °C increment in Tm) than telomeric and duplex DNAs (ΔTm ≤ 2.5 °C). Consistent with a CD melting study, ligands bind strongly (Kb = ∼10(4) to 10(5) M(-1)) to c-MYC quadruplex DNA. Molecular modeling and dynamics studies provide insight into how the specificity is achieved and underscore the importance of flexible N-alkyl side chains attached to the benzimidazole-scaffold in recognizing propeller loops of promoter quadruplexes. Overall, the results reported here demonstrate that the benzimidazole scaffold represents a potent and powerful side chain, which could judiciously be assembled with a suitable central core to achieve specific binding to a particular quadruplex topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Dhamodharan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - S. Harikrishna
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - P. I. Pradeepkumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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28
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Zheng KW, Wu RY, He YD, Xiao S, Zhang JY, Liu JQ, Hao YH, Tan Z. A competitive formation of DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplex is responsible to the mitochondrial transcription termination at the DNA replication priming site. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10832-44. [PMID: 25140009 PMCID: PMC4176368 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial DNA contains a distinctive guanine-rich motif denoted conserved sequence block II (CSB II) that stops RNA transcription, producing prematurely terminated transcripts to prime mitochondrial DNA replication. Recently, we reported a general phenomenon that DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplexes (HQs) readily form during transcription when the non-template DNA strand is guanine-rich and such HQs in turn regulate transcription. In this work, we show that transcription of mitochondrial DNA leads to the formation of a stable HQ or alternatively an unstable intramolecular DNA G-quadruplex (DQ) at the CSB II. The HQ is the dominant species and contributes to the majority of the premature transcription termination. Manipulating the stability of the DQ has little effect on the termination even in the absence of HQ; however, abolishing the formation of HQs by preventing the participation of either DNA or RNA abolishes the vast majority of the termination. These results demonstrate that the type of G-quadruplexes (HQ or DQ) is a crucial determinant in directing the transcription termination at the CSB II and suggest a potential functionality of the co-transcriptionally formed HQ in DNA replication initiation. They also suggest that the competition/conversion between an HQ and a DQ may regulate the function of a G-quadruplex-forming sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ren-yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yi-de He
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yu-hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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29
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Yaku H, Murashima T, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. In vitro assays predictive of telomerase inhibitory effect of G-quadruplex ligands in cell nuclei. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:2605-14. [PMID: 24328194 DOI: 10.1021/jp410669t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex-binding and telomerase-inhibiting capacities of G-quadruplex ligands were examined under a cell nuclei-mimicking condition including excess double-stranded DNA (λ DNA) and molecular crowding cosolute (PEG 200). Under the cell nuclei-mimicking condition, a cationic porphyrin (TMPyP4) did not bind to the G-quadruplex despite the high affinity (Ka = 3.6 × 10(6) M(-1)) under a diluted condition without λ DNA and PEG 200. Correspondingly, TMPyP4 inhibited telomerase activity under the diluted condition (IC50 = 1.6 μM) but not under the cell nuclei-mimicking condition. In contrast, the Ka and IC50 values of an anionic copper phthalocyanine (Cu-APC) under the diluted (2.8 × 10(4) M(-1) and 0.86 μM) and the cell nuclei-mimicking (2.8 × 10(4) M(-1) and 2.1 μM) conditions were similar. In accordance with these results, 10 μM TMPyP4 did not affect the proliferation of HeLa cells, while Cu-APC efficiently inhibited the proliferation (IC50 = 1.4 μM). These results show that the cell nuclei-mimicking condition is effective to predict capacities of G-quadruplex ligands in the cell. In addition, the antiproliferative effect of Cu-APC on normal cells was smaller than that on HeLa cells, indicating that the cell nuclei-mimicking condition is also useful to predict side effects of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Yaku
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Panasonic Corporation, 3-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
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30
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A highly sensitive telomerase activity assay that eliminates false-negative results caused by PCR inhibitors. Molecules 2013; 18:11751-67. [PMID: 24071983 PMCID: PMC6269933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An assay for telomerase activity based on asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (A-PCR) on magnetic beads (MBs) and subsequent application of cycling probe technology (CPT) is described. In this assay, the telomerase reaction products are immobilized on MBs, which are then washed to remove PCR inhibitors that are commonly found in clinical samples. The guanine-rich sequences (5'-(TTAGGG)n-3') of the telomerase reaction products are then preferentially amplified by A-PCR, and the amplified products are subsequently detected via CPT, where a probe RNA with a fluorophore at the 5' end and a quencher at the 3' end is hydrolyzed by RNase H in the presence of the target DNA. The catalyst-mediated cleavage of the probe RNA enhances fluorescence from the 5' end of the probe. The assay allowed us to successfully detect HeLa cells selectively over normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. Importantly, this selectivity produced identical results with regard to detection of HeLa cells in the absence and presence of excess NHDF cells; therefore, this assay can be used for practical clinical applications. The lower limit of detection for HeLa cells was 50 cells, which is lower than that achieved with a conventional telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Our assay also eliminated false-negative results caused by PCR inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that this assay is appropriate for screening among G-quadruplex ligands to find those that inhibit telomerase activity.
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31
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Gabelica V, Maeda R, Fujimoto T, Yaku H, Murashima T, Sugimoto N, Miyoshi D. Multiple and cooperative binding of fluorescence light-up probe thioflavin T with human telomere DNA G-quadruplex. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5620-8. [PMID: 23909872 DOI: 10.1021/bi4006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thioflavin T (ThT), a typical probe for protein fibrils, also binds human telomeric G-quadruplexes with a fluorescent light-up signal change and high specificity against DNA duplexes. Cell penetration and low cytotoxicity of fibril probes having been widely established, modifying ThT and other fibril probes is an attractive means of generating new G-quadruplex ligands. Thus, elucidating the binding mechanism is important for the design of new drugs and fluorescent probes based on ThT. Here, we investigated the binding mechanism of ThT with several variants of the human telomeric sequence in the presence of monovalent cations. Fluorescence titrations and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses demonstrated that each G-quadruplex unit cooperatively binds to several ThT molecules. ThT brightly fluoresces when a single ligand is bound to the G-quadruplex and is quenched as ligand binding stoichiometry increases. Both the light-up signal and the dissociation constants are exquisitely sensitive to the base sequence and to the G-quadruplex structure. These results are crucial for the sensible design and interpretation of G-quadruplex detection assays using fluorescent ligands in general and ThT in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gabelica
- Physical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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32
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Zheng KW, Xiao S, Liu JQ, Zhang JY, Hao YH, Tan Z. Co-transcriptional formation of DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplex and potential function as constitutional cis element for transcription control. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5533-41. [PMID: 23585281 PMCID: PMC3664831 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex formation in genomic DNA is considered to regulate transcription. Previous investigations almost exclusively focused on intramolecular G-quadruplexes formed by DNA carrying four or more G-tracts, and structure formation has rarely been studied in physiologically relevant processes. Here, we report an almost entirely neglected, but actually much more prevalent form of G-quadruplexes, DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplexes (HQ) that forms in transcription. HQ formation requires as few as two G-tracts instead of four on a non-template DNA strand. Potential HQ sequences (PHQS) are present in >97% of human genes, with an average of 73 PHQSs per gene. HQ modulates transcription under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Transcriptomal analysis of human tissues implies that maximal gene expression may be limited by the number of PHQS in genes. These features suggest that HQs may play fundamental roles in transcription regulation and other transcription-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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33
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Yaku H, Murashima T, Tateishi-Karimata H, Nakano SI, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. Study on effects of molecular crowding on G-quadruplex-ligand binding and ligand-mediated telomerase inhibition. Methods 2013; 64:19-27. [PMID: 23562626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The telomere G-quadruplex-binding and telomerase-inhibiting capacity of two cationic (TMPyP4 and PIPER) and two anionic (phthalocyanine and Hemin) G-quadruplex-ligands were examined under conditions of molecular crowding (MC). Osmotic experiments showed that binding of the anionic ligands, which bind to G-quadruplex DNA via π-π stacking interactions, caused some water molecules to be released from the G-quadruplex/ligand complex; in contrast, a substantial number of water molecules were taken up upon electrostatic binding of the cationic ligands to G-quadruplex DNA. These behaviors of water molecules maintained or reduced the binding affinity of the anionic and the cationic ligands, respectively, under MC conditions. Consequently, the anionic ligands (phthalocyanine and Hemin) robustly inhibited telomerase activity even with MC; in contrast, the inhibition of telomerase caused by cationic TMPyP4 was drastically reduced by MC. These results allow us to conclude that the binding of G-quadruplex-ligands to G-quadruplex via non-electrostatic interactions is preferable for telomerase inhibition under physiological conditions.
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Key Words
- 5,10,15,20-tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin
- Cancer
- Cu-APC
- EG
- Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX
- G-quadruplex-ligand
- Hemin
- MC
- Molecular crowding
- N,N′-bis[2-(1-piperidino)ethyl]-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide
- PEG
- PIPER
- TMPyP4
- Telomerase
- Water molecule
- copper(II) phthalocyanine 3,4′,4′′,4′′′-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt
- double-stranded DNA
- dsDNA
- ethylene glycol
- molecular crowding
- poly ethylene glycol
- tsTRAP assay
- two-step telomere repeat amplification protocol assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Yaku
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Panasonic Corporation, 3-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan; Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Fujimoto T, Nakano SI, Sugimoto N, Miyoshi D. Thermodynamics-hydration relationships within loops that affect G-quadruplexes under molecular crowding conditions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:963-72. [PMID: 23153339 DOI: 10.1021/jp308402v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the effects of loop length on the conformation, thermodynamic stability, and hydration of DNA G-quadruplexes under dilute and molecular crowding conditions in the presence of Na(+). Structural analysis showed that molecular crowding induced conformational switches of oligonucleotides with the longer guanine stretch and the shorter thymine loop. Thermodynamic parameters further demonstrated that the thermodynamic stability of G-quadruplexes increased by increasing the loop length from two to four, whereas it decreased by increasing the loop length from four to six. Interestingly, we found by osmotic pressure analysis that the number of water molecules released from the G-quadruplex decreased with increasing thermodynamic stability. We assumed that base-stacking interactions within the loops not only stabilized the whole G-quadruplex structure but also created hydration sites by accumulating nucleotide functional groups. The molecular crowding effects on the stability of G-quadruplexes composed of abasic sites, which reduce the stacking interactions at the loops, further demonstrated that G-quadruplexes with fewer stacking interactions within the loops released a larger number of water molecules upon folding. These results showed that the stacking interactions within the loops determined the thermodynamic stability and hydration of the whole G-quadruplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 7-1-20, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Specific binding of anionic porphyrin and phthalocyanine to the G-quadruplex with a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications. Molecules 2012; 17:10586-613. [PMID: 22951397 PMCID: PMC6268517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-quadruplex, a four-stranded DNA structure with stacked guanine tetrads (G-quartets), has recently been attracting attention because of its critical roles in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the G-quadruplex functions as ligands for metal ions and aptamers for various molecules. Interestingly, the G-quadruplex can show peroxidase-like activity with an anionic porphyrin, iron (III) protoporphyrin IX (hemin). Importantly, hemin binds to G-quadruplexes with high selectivity over single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which is attributable to an electrostatic repulsion of phosphate groups in ssDNA and dsDNA. The G-quadruplex and hemin-G-quadruplex complex allow development of sensing techniques to detect DNA, metal ions and proteins. In addition to hemin, anionic phthalocyanines also bind to the G-quadruplex formed by human telomere DNA, specifically over ssDNA and dsDNA. Since the binding of anionic phthalocyanines to the G-quadruplex causes an inhibition of telomerase activity, which plays a role in the immortal growth of cancer cells, anionic phthalocyanines are promising as novel anticancer drug candidates. This review focuses on the specific binding of hemin and anionic phthalocyanines to G-quadruplexes and the applications in vitro and in vivo of this binding property.
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Yaku H, Fujimoto T, Murashima T, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. Phthalocyanines: a new class of G-quadruplex-ligands with many potential applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6203-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Fujimoto T, Nakano SI, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. The effects of molecular crowding on the structure and stability of g-quadruplexes with an abasic site. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:857149. [PMID: 21949901 PMCID: PMC3178115 DOI: 10.4061/2011/857149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cellular environmental factors and chemical modifications critically affect the properties of nucleic acids. However, the structure and stability of DNA containing abasic sites under cell-mimicking molecular crowding conditions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the molecular crowding effects on the structure and stability of the G-quadruplexes including a single abasic site. Structural analysis by circular dichroism showed that molecular crowding by PEG200 did not affect the topology of the G-quadruplex structure with or without an abasic site. Thermodynamic analysis further demonstrated that the degree of stabilization of the G-quadruplex by molecular crowding decreased with substitution of an abasic site for a single guanine. Notably, we found that the molecular crowding effects on the enthalpy change for G-quadruplex formation had a linear relationship with the abasic site effects depending on its position. These results are useful for predicting the structure and stability of G-quadruplexes with abasic sites in the cell-mimicking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Matsui N, Usui K. Use of a designed Peptide library to screen for binders to a particular DNA g-quadruplex sequence. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:572873. [PMID: 21912736 PMCID: PMC3168274 DOI: 10.4061/2011/572873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated a method to screen for binders to a particular G-quadruplex sequence using easily designed short peptides consisting of naturally occurring amino acids and mining of binding data using statistical methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Despite the small size of the library used in this study, candidates of specific binders were identified. In addition, a selected peptide stabilized the G-quadruplex structure of a DNA oligonucleotide derived from the promoter region of the protooncogene c-MYC. This study illustrates how a peptide library can be designed and presents a screening guideline for construction of G-quadruplex binders. Such G-quadruplex peptide binders could be functionally modified to enable switching, cellular penetration, and organelle-targeting for cell and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kobayashi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Chen CY, Wang Q, Liu JQ, Hao YH, Tan Z. Contribution of Telomere G-Quadruplex Stabilization to the Inhibition of Telomerase-Mediated Telomere Extension by Chemical Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15036-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204326w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-yue Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jia-quan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu-hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
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Stefan L, Xu HJ, Gros CP, Denat F, Monchaud D. Harnessing Nature’s Insights: Synthetic Small Molecules with Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzyme Properties. Chemistry 2011; 17:10857-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Loop residues of thrombin-binding DNA aptamer impact G-quadruplex stability and thrombin binding. Biochimie 2011; 93:1231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Romera C, Bombarde O, Bonnet R, Gomez D, Dumy P, Calsou P, Gwan JF, Lin JH, Defrancq E, Pratviel G. Improvement of porphyrins for G-quadruplex DNA targeting. Biochimie 2011; 93:1310-7. [PMID: 21689723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex nucleic acids are emerging as therapeutic targets for small molecules referred to as small-molecule G-quadruplex ligands. The porphyrin H(2)-TMPyP4 was early reported to be a suitable motif for G-quadruplex DNA recognition. It probably binds to G-quadruplex nucleic acid through π-π stacking with the external G-quartets. We explored chemical modifications of this porphyrin such as insertion of various metal ions in the centre of the aromatic core and addition of bulky substituents that may improve the specificity of the compound toward G-quadruplex DNA. Porphyrin metallation, affording a G4-ligand with two symmetric faces, allowed the conclusion that the presence of an axial water molecule perpendicular to the aromatic plane lowered but did not hamper π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic parts of the ligand on the one hand and the external G-quartet on the other. The charge introduced in the centre of the porphyrin had little influence on binding. Thus, the ionic channel in the centre of G-quadruplex nucleic acids was not found to provide clear additional molecular clues for G-quadruplex nucleic acids targeting by porphyrins tested in the present study. Furthermore, we confirmed the unique G-quadruplex selectivity of a porphyrin modified with four bulky substituents at the meso positions and showed that although the compound is not "drug-like" it was capable of entering cells in culture and mediated some of the typical cellular effects of small-molecule G-quadruplex ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romera
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Brasch M, de la Escosura A, Ma Y, Uetrecht C, Heck AJR, Torres T, Cornelissen JJLM. Encapsulation of phthalocyanine supramolecular stacks into virus-like particles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6878-81. [PMID: 21506537 DOI: 10.1021/ja110752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the encapsulation of a water-soluble phthalocyanine (Pc) into virus-like particles (VLPs) of two different sizes, depending on the conditions. At neutral pH, the cooperative encapsulation/templated assembly of the particles induces the formation of Pc stacks instead of Pc dimers, due to an increased confinement concentration. The Pc-containing VLPs may potentially be used as photosensitizer/vehicle systems for biomedical applications such as photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Brasch
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Suntharalingam K, Vilar R. Interaction of metal complexes with nucleic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ic90027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Chen Z, Niu L, Cheng Y, Zhou X, Zhong C, Zhang F. Octathienyl/phenyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanines J-aggregated through conformational planarization. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:393-401. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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