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Fan XY, Yu Y, Yao Y, Li WD, Tao FY, Wang N. Applications of Ene-Reductases in the Synthesis of Flavors and Fragrances. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18305-18320. [PMID: 38966982 PMCID: PMC11342376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Flavors and fragrances (F&F) are interesting organic compounds in chemistry. These compounds are widely used in the food, cosmetic, and medical industries. Enzymatic synthesis exhibits several advantages over natural extraction and chemical preparation, including a high yield, stable quality, mildness, and environmental friendliness. To date, many oxidoreductases and hydrolases have been used to biosynthesize F&F. Ene-reductases (ERs) are a class of biocatalysts that can catalyze the asymmetric reduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds and offer superior specificity and selectivity; therefore, ERs have been increasingly considered an ideal alternative to their chemical counterparts. This review summarizes the research progress on the use of ERs in F&F synthesis over the past 20 years, including the achievements of various scholars, the differences and similarities among the findings, and the discussions of future research trends related to ERs. We hope this review can inspire researchers to promote the development of biotechnology in the F&F industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Fan
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Wen-Dian Li
- Harmful
Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial
Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan
Sanlian New Material Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Fei-Yan Tao
- Harmful
Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial
Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan
Sanlian New Material Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Na Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s
Republic of China
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Cancellieri MC, Nobbio C, Gatti FG, Brenna E, Parmeggiani F. Applications of biocatalytic CC bond reductions in the synthesis of flavours and fragrances. J Biotechnol 2024; 390:13-27. [PMID: 38761886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Industrial biotechnology and biocatalysis can provide very effective synthetic tools to increase the sustainability of the production of fine chemicals, especially flavour and fragrance (F&F) ingredients, the market demand of which has been constantly increasing in the last years. One of the most important transformations in F&F chemistry is the reduction of CC bonds, typically carried out with metal-catalysed hydrogenations or hydride-based reagents. Its biocatalytic counterpart is a competitive alternative, showcasing a range of advantages such as excellent chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity, ease of implementation, mild reaction conditions and modest environmental impact. In the present review, the application of biocatalysed alkene reductions (from microbial fermentations with wild-type strains to engineered isolated ene-reductase enzymes) to synthetic processes useful for the F&F industry will be described, highlighting not only the exquisite stereoselectivity achieved, but also the overall improvement when chirality is not involved. Multi-enzymatic cascades involving CC bioreductions are also examined, which allow much greater chemical complexity to be built in one-pot biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cancellieri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Celeste Nobbio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
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3
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Kumar R, Maurya V, Avinash A, Appayee C. Nonsilyl Bicyclic Secondary Amine Catalysts for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8586-8600. [PMID: 38836633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The first chiral synthesis of nonsilyl bicyclic secondary amine organocatalysts and their application to the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are disclosed. A lower catalytic loading (5 mol %) is demonstrated for the reduction of a wide range of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (up to 97% yield and up to 99% ee). The application of this scalable methodology is showcased for the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive molecules such as phenoxanol, citronellol, ramelteon, and terikalant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohtash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Vidyasagar Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Avinash Avinash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Chandrakumar Appayee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
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Wu S, Ma X, Yan H. Identification and characterization of an ene-reductase from Corynebacterium casei. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130427. [PMID: 38428763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of α, β-unsaturated compounds conjugated with electron-withdrawing group by ene-reductases (ERs) is a valuable method for the synthesis of enantiopure chiral compounds. This study introduced an ER from Corynebacterium casei (CcER) which was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the purified recombinant CcER was characterized for its biocatalytic properties. CcER exhibited the highest specific activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5, and showcased appreciable stability below 40 °C over a pH range of 6.0-7.0. The enzyme displayed high resistance to methanol. CcER accepted NADH or NADPH as a cofactor and exhibited a broad substrate spectrum towards α, β-unsaturated compounds. It achieved complete conversion of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and good performance for stereoselective reduction of (R)-carvone (conversion 98 %, diastereoselectivity 96 %). This study highlights the robustness and potential of CcER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongde Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, China.
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Ribeaucourt D, Höfler GT, Yemloul M, Bissaro B, Lambert F, Berrin JG, Lafond M, Paul CE. Tunable Production of ( R)- or ( S)-Citronellal from Geraniol via a Bienzymatic Cascade Using a Copper Radical Alcohol Oxidase and Old Yellow Enzyme. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1111-1116. [PMID: 35096467 PMCID: PMC8787751 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic pathways for the synthesis of (-)-menthol, the most sold flavor worldwide, are highly sought-after. To access the key intermediate (R)-citronellal used in current major industrial production routes, we established a one-pot bienzymatic cascade from inexpensive geraniol, overcoming the problematic biocatalytic reduction of the mixture of (E/Z)-isomers in citral by harnessing a copper radical oxidase (CgrAlcOx) and an old yellow enzyme (OYE). The cascade using OYE2 delivered 95.1% conversion to (R)-citronellal with 95.9% ee, a 62 mg scale-up affording high yield and similar optical purity. An alternative OYE, GluER, gave (S)-citronellal from geraniol with 95.3% conversion and 99.2% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Georg T. Höfler
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Yemloul
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Zhang B, Du H, Zheng Y, Sun J, Shen Y, Lin J, Wei D. Design and engineering of whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient synthesis of (R)-citronellal. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1486-1498. [PMID: 34729922 PMCID: PMC9049607 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioproduction of optical pure (R)‐citronellal from (E/Z)‐citral at high substrate loading remains challenging. Low catalytic efficiency of (R)‐stereoselective ene reductases towards crude citral mixture is one of the major bottlenecks. Herein, a structure‐based engineering strategy was adopted to enhance the catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity of an ene reductase (OYE2p) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM1341 towards (E/Z)‐citral. On basis of homologous modelling, molecular docking analysis and alanine scanning at the binding pocket of OYE2p, a mutant Y84A was obtained with simultaneous increase in catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, site‐saturation mutagenesis of Y84 yielded seven mutants with improved activity and stereoselectivity in the (E/Z)‐citral reduction. Among them, the variant Y84V exhibited an 18.3% and 71.3% rise in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for (Z)‐citral and (E)‐citral respectively. Meanwhile, the stereoselectivity of Y84V was improved from 89.2% to 98.0% in the reduction in (E/Z)‐citral. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation of OYE2p and its variants revealed that the substitution Y84V enabled (E)‐citral and (Z)‐citral to bind with a smaller distance to the key hydrogen donors at a modified (R)‐selective binding mode. The variant Y84V was then co‐expressed with glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium in E. coli D4, in which competing prim‐alcohol dehydrogenase genes were deleted to prevent the undesired reduction in the aldehyde moiety of citral and citronellal. Employing this biocatalyst, 106 g l−1 (E/Z)‐citral was completely converted into (R)‐citronellal with 95.4% ee value and a high space‐time yield of 121.6 g l−1 day−1. The work highlights the synthetic potential of Y84V, which enabled the highest productivity of (R)‐citronellal from (E/Z)‐citral in high enantiopurity so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Han Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanqiu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiale Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Engineering of Yeast Old Yellow Enzyme OYE3 Enables Its Capability Discriminating of ( E)-Citral and ( Z)-Citral. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165040. [PMID: 34443627 PMCID: PMC8399149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of yeast old yellow enzymes is increasingly recognized for direct asymmetric reduction of (E/Z)-citral to (R)-citronellal. As one of the most performing old yellow enzymes, the enzyme OYE3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C exhibited complementary enantioselectivity for the reduction of (E)-citral and (Z)-citral, resulting in lower e.e. value of (R)-citronellal in the reduction of (E/Z)-citral. To develop a novel approach for the direct synthesis of enantio-pure (R)-citronellal from the reduction of (E/Z)-citral, the enzyme OYE3 was firstly modified by semi-rational design to improve its (R)-enantioselectivity. The OYE3 variants W116A and S296F showed strict (R)-enantioselectivity in the reduction of (E)-citral, and significantly reversed the (S)-enantioselectivity in the reduction of (Z)-citral. Next, the double substitution of OYE3 led to the unique variant S296F/W116G, which exhibited strict (R)-enantioselectivity in the reduction of (E)-citral and (E/Z)-citral, but was not active on (Z)-citral. Relying on its capability discriminating (E)-citral and (Z)-citral, a new cascade reaction catalyzed by the OYE3 variant S296F/W116G and glucose dehydrogenase was developed, providing the enantio-pure (R)-citronellal and the retained (Z)-citral after complete reduction of (E)-citral.
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Cascading Old Yellow Enzyme, Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Glucose Dehydrogenase for Selective Reduction of (E/Z)-Citral to (S)-Citronellol. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citronellol is a kind of unsaturated alcohol with rose-like smell and its (S)-enantiomer serves as an important intermediate for organic synthesis of (-)-cis-rose oxide. Chemical methods are commonly used for the synthesis of citronellol and its (S)-enantiomer, which suffers from severe reaction conditions and poor selectivity. Here, the first one-pot double reduction of (E/Z)-citral to (S)-citronellol was achieved in a multi-enzymatic cascade system: N-ethylmaleimide reductase from Providencia stuartii (NemR-PS) was selected to catalyze the selective reduction of (E/Z)-citral to (S)-citronellal, alcohol dehydrogenase from Yokenella sp. WZY002 (YsADH) performed the further reduction of (S)-citronellal to (S)-citronellol, meanwhile a variant of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium (BmGDHM6), together with glucose, drove efficient NADPH regeneration. The Escherichia coli strain co-expressing NemR-PS, YsADH, and BmGDHM6 was successfully constructed and used as the whole-cell catalyst. Various factors were investigated for achieving high conversion and reducing the accumulation of the intermediate (S)-citronellal and by-products. 0.4 mM NADP+ was essential for maintaining high catalytic activity, while the feeding of the cells expressing BmGDHM6 effectively eliminated the intermediate and by-products and shortened the reaction time. Under optimized conditions, the bio-transformation of 400 mM citral caused nearly complete conversion (>99.5%) to enantio-pure (S)-citronellol within 36 h, demonstrating promise for industrial application.
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Orban A, Weber A, Herzog R, Hennicke F, Rühl M. Transcriptome of different fruiting stages in the cultivated mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita suggests a complex regulation of fruiting and reveals enzymes putatively involved in fungal oxylipin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:324. [PMID: 33947322 PMCID: PMC8097960 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita) is a commercially cultivated mushroom. Its archetypal agaric morphology and its ability to undergo its whole life cycle under laboratory conditions makes this fungus a well-suited model for studying fruiting body (basidiome, basidiocarp) development. To elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal volatiles, alterations in the transcriptome during different developmental stages of C. aegerita were analyzed and combined with changes in the volatile profile during its different fruiting stages. RESULTS A transcriptomic study at seven points in time during fruiting body development of C. aegerita with seven mycelial and five fruiting body stages was conducted. Differential gene expression was observed for genes involved in fungal fruiting body formation showing interesting transcriptional patterns and correlations of these fruiting-related genes with the developmental stages. Combining transcriptome and volatilome data, enzymes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C8 oxylipins in C. aegerita including lipoxygenases (LOXs), dioxygenases (DOXs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and ene-reductases could be identified. Furthermore, we were able to localize the mycelium as the main source for sesquiterpenes predominant during sporulation in the headspace of C. aegerita cultures. In contrast, changes in the C8 profile detected in late stages of development are probably due to the activity of enzymes located in the fruiting bodies. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the combination of volatilome and transcriptome data of C. aegerita revealed interesting candidates both for functional genetics-based analysis of fruiting-related genes and for prospective enzyme characterization studies to further elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal C8 oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Annsophie Weber
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Robert Herzog
- International Institute Zittau, Technical University Dresden, 02763, Zittau, Saxony, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany.
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A robust and stereocomplementary panel of ene-reductase variants for gram-scale asymmetric hydrogenation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Rauch MCR, Gallou Y, Delorme L, Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Metals in Biotechnology: Cr-Driven Stereoselective Reduction of Conjugated C=C Double Bonds. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1112-1115. [PMID: 31713969 PMCID: PMC7217005 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elemental metals are shown to be suitable sacrificial electron donors to drive the stereoselective reduction of conjugated C=C double bonds using Old Yellow Enzymes as catalysts. Both direct electron transfer from the metal to the enzyme as well as mediated electron transfer is feasible, although the latter excels by higher reaction rates. The general applicability of this new chemoenzymatic reduction method is demonstrated, and current limitations are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine C. R. Rauch
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Yann Gallou
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Léna Delorme
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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12
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Peters C, Frasson D, Sievers M, Buller R. Novel Old Yellow Enzyme Subclasses. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1569-1577. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peters
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - David Frasson
- Molecular BiologyInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Martin Sievers
- Molecular BiologyInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
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13
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Crotti M, Parmeggiani F, Ferrandi EE, Gatti FG, Sacchetti A, Riva S, Brenna E, Monti D. Stereoselectivity Switch in the Reduction of α-Alkyl-β-Arylenones by Structure-Guided Designed Variants of the Ene Reductase OYE1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:89. [PMID: 31080798 PMCID: PMC6497740 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family are industrially interesting enzymes for the biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of alkenes. To access both enantiomers of the target reduced products, stereocomplementary pairs of OYE enzymes are necessary, but their natural occurrence is quite limited. A library of wild type ene reductases from different sources was screened in the stereoselective reduction of a set of representative α-alkyl-β-arylenones to investigate the naturally available biodiversity. As far as the bioreduction of the ethyl ketone derivatives concerns, the results confirmed the distinctiveness of the OYE3 enzyme in affording the reduced product in the (S) configuration, while all the other tested ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzymes family showed the same stereoselectivity toward the formation of corresponding (R) enantiomer. A possible determinant role of the "hot spot" residue in position 296 for the stereoselectivity control of these reactions was confirmed by the replacement of Phe296 of OYE1 with Ser as found in OYE3. Further investigations showed that the same stereoselectivity switch in OYE1 could be achieved also by the replacement of Trp116 with Ala and Val, these experimental results being rationalized by structural and docking studies. Moreover, an additive effect on the stereoselectivity of OYE1 was observed when coupling the selected mutations in position 296 and 116, thus providing two extremely enantioselective variants of OYE1 (W116A-F296S, W116V-F296S) showing the opposite stereoselectivity of the wild type enzyme. Lastly, the effects of the mutations on the bioreduction of carvone enantiomers were investigated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Milan, Italy
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14
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Ying X, Yu S, Huang M, Wei R, Meng S, Cheng F, Yu M, Ying M, Zhao M, Wang Z. Engineering the Enantioselectivity of Yeast Old Yellow Enzyme OYE2y in Asymmetric Reduction of ( E/ Z)-Citral to ( R)-Citronellal. Molecules 2019; 24:E1057. [PMID: 30889828 PMCID: PMC6470962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family are capable of catalyzing the asymmetric reduction of (E/Z)-citral to (R)-citronellal-a key intermediate in the synthesis of L-menthol. The applications of OYE-mediated biotransformation are usually hampered by its insufficient enantioselectivity and low activity. Here, the (R)-enantioselectivity of Old Yellow Enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CICC1060 (OYE2y) was enhanced through protein engineering. The single mutations of OYE2y revealed that the sites R330 and P76 could act as the enantioselectivity switch of OYE2y. Site-saturation mutagenesis was conducted to generate all possible replacements for the sites R330 and P76, yielding 17 and five variants with improved (R)-enantioselectivity in the (E/Z)-citral reduction, respectively. Among them, the variants R330H and P76C partly reversed the neral derived enantioselectivity from 32.66% e.e. (S) to 71.92% e.e. (R) and 37.50% e.e. (R), respectively. The docking analysis of OYE2y and its variants revealed that the substitutions R330H and P76C enabled neral to bind with a flipped orientation in the active site and thus reverse the enantioselectivity. Remarkably, the double substitutions of R330H/P76M, P76G/R330H, or P76S/R330H further improved (R)-enantioselectivity to >99% e.e. in the reduction of (E)-citral or (E/Z)-citral. The results demonstrated that it was feasible to alter the enantioselectivity of OYEs through engineering key residue distant from active sites, e.g., R330 in OYE2y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxian Ying
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shihua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shumin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Meilan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univeristy, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Meirong Ying
- Grain and Oil Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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15
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Zheng L, Lin J, Zhang B, Kuang Y, Wei D. Identification of a yeast old yellow enzyme for highly enantioselective reduction of citral isomers to (R)-citronellal. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Pesic M, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F. Characterization of the Old Yellow Enzyme Homolog fromBacillus subtilis(YqjM). ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Old Yellow Enzyme-Catalysed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Linking Family Roots with Improved Catalysis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Kress N, Rapp J, Hauer B. Enantioselective Reduction of Citral Isomers in NCR Ene Reductase: Analysis of an Active-Site Mutant Library. Chembiochem 2017; 18:717-720. [PMID: 28176464 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the >99 % S-selective reduction of both isomers of citral catalyzed by NCR ene reductase was achieved by active-site mutational studies and docking simulation. Though structurally similar, the E/Z isomers of citral showed a significantly varying selectivity response to introduced mutations. Although it was possible to invert (E)-citral reduction enantioselectivity to ee 46 % (R) by introducing mutation W66A, for (Z)-citral it remained ≥88 % (S) for all single-residue variants. Residue 66 seems to act as a lever for opposite binding modes. This was underlined by a W66A-based double-mutant library that enhanced the (E)-citral derived enantioselectivity to 63 % (R) and significantly lowered the S selectivity for (Z)-citral to 44 % (S). Formation of (R)-citronellal from an (E/Z)-citral mixture is a desire in industrial (-)-menthol synthesis. Our findings pave the way for a rational enzyme engineering solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Kress
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johanna Rapp
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Nett N, Duewel S, Richter AA, Hoebenreich S. Revealing Additional Stereocomplementary Pairs of Old Yellow Enzymes by Rational Transfer of Engineered Residues. Chembiochem 2017; 18:685-691. [PMID: 28107586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Every year numerous protein engineering and directed evolution studies are published, increasing the knowledge that could be used by protein engineers. Here we test a protein engineering strategy that allows quick access to improved biocatalysts with very little screening effort. Conceptually it is assumed that engineered residues previously identified by rational and random methods induce similar improvements when transferred to family members. In an application to ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family, the newly created variants were tested with three compounds, revealing more stereocomplementary OYE pairs with potent turnover frequencies (up to 660 h-1 ) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to >99 %). Although systematic prediction of absolute enantioselectivity of OYE variants remains a challenge, "scaffold sampling" was confirmed as a promising addition to protein engineers' collection of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Nett
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Duewel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Annelis Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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20
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Castiglione K, Fu Y, Polte I, Leupold S, Meo A, Weuster-Botz D. Asymmetric whole-cell bioreduction of ( R )-carvone by recombinant Escherichia coli with in situ substrate supply and product removal. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Zhang B, Zheng L, Lin J, Wei D. Characterization of an ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii for asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1527-34. [PMID: 27193896 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii and achieve the ene-reductase-mediated reduction of activated C=C bonds. RESULTS The gene encoding an ene-reductase was cloned from M. guilliermondii. Sequence homology analysis showed that MgER shared the maximal amino acid sequence identity of 57 % with OYE2.6 from Scheffersomyces stipitis. MgER showed the highest specific activity at 30 °C and pH 7 (100 mM sodium phosphate buffer), and excellent stereoselectivities were achieved for the reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone. Under the reaction conditions (30 °C and pH 7.0), 150 mM (R)-carvone could be completely converted to (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone within 22 h employing purified MgER as catalyst, resulting in a yield of 98.9 % and an optical purity of >99 % d.e. CONCLUSION MgER was characterized as a novel ene-reductase from yeast and showed great potential for the asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds of α,β-unsaturated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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22
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Kelly PP, Lipscomb D, Quinn DJ, Lemon K, Caswell J, Spratt J, Kosjek B, Truppo M, Moody TS. Ene Reductase Enzymes for the Aromatisation of Tetralones and Cyclohexenones to Naphthols and Phenols. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Monti D, Forchin MC, Crotti M, Parmeggiani F, Gatti FG, Brenna E, Riva S. Cascade Coupling of Ene-Reductases and ω-Transaminases for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Diastereomerically Enriched Amines. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; CNR; Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Forchin
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; CNR; Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; CNR; Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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24
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Knaus T, Mutti FG, Humphreys LD, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Systematic methodology for the development of biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing cascades: application to the synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids from α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 25372591 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are flavin dependent enzymes that catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bonds. In particular, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. enals and enones) as well as nitroalkenes are rapidly reduced. Conversely, α,β-unsaturated esters are poorly accepted substrates whereas free carboxylic acids are not converted at all. The only exceptions are α,β-unsaturated diacids, diesters as well as esters bearing an electron-withdrawing group in α- or β-position. Here, we present an alternative approach that has a general applicability for directly obtaining diverse chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids. This approach combines two enzyme classes, namely ERs and aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ald-DHs), in a concurrent reductive-oxidative biocatalytic cascade. This strategy has several advantages as the starting material is an α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, a class of compounds extremely reactive for the reduction of the alkene moiety. Furthermore no external hydride source from a sacrificial substrate (e.g. glucose, formate) is required since the hydride for the first reductive step is liberated in the second oxidative step. Such a process is defined as a hydrogen-borrowing cascade. This methodology has wide applicability as it was successfully applied to the synthesis of chiral substituted hydrocinnamic acids, aliphatic acids, heterocycles and even acetylated amino acids with elevated yield, chemo- and stereo-selectivity. A systematic methodology for optimizing the hydrogen-borrowing two-enzyme synthesis of α-chiral substituted carboxylic acids was developed. This systematic methodology has general applicability for the development of diverse hydrogen-borrowing processes that possess the highest atom efficiency and the lowest environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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25
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Forchin MC, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Parmeggiani F, Brenna E, Monti D. A Rapid and High-Throughput Assay for the Estimation of Conversions of Ene-Reductase-Catalysed Reactions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1571-3. [PMID: 26033160 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive colorimetric assay (FRED, fast and reliable ene-reductases detection) that allows the estimation of levels of conversion of ene-reductase (ER)-catalysed reactions has been developed. The activated olefin is reduced by ER at the expense of NAD(P)H cofactor, whose regeneration is carried out in situ by the glucose/glucose dehydrogenase system. Subsequently, the consumption of the co-substrate glucose is determined colorimetrically by a multienzymatic system. The FRED assay offers a wide range of possible applications, from enzyme fingerprinting and kinetic analysis, to primary screening of enzyme libraries and optimisation of ERs' performances under different reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Forchin
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano (Italy)
| | - Michele Crotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano (Italy)
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano (Italy)
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano (Italy).
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano (Italy)
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano (Italy).
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26
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Powell RW, Santangelo S, Stewart JD. Opposite Enantioselectivity in the Bioreduction of (Z
)-β-Aryl-β-cyanoacrylates Mediated by the Tryptophan 116 Mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1: Synthetic Approach to (R
)- and (S
)-β-Aryl-γ-lactams. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Applications of protein engineering to members of the old yellow enzyme family. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:624-31. [PMID: 25940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the "other" product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6.
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28
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Walton AZ, Sullivan B, Patterson-Orazem AC, Stewart JD. Residues Controlling Facial Selectivity in an Alkene Reductase and Semirational Alterations to Create Stereocomplementary Variants. ACS Catal 2014; 4:2307-2318. [PMID: 25068071 PMCID: PMC4105185 DOI: 10.1021/cs500429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A systematic
saturation mutagenesis campaign was carried out on
an alkene reductase from Pichia stipitis (OYE 2.6) to develop variants with reversed stereoselectivities.
Wild-type OYE 2.6 reduces three representative Baylis–Hillman
adducts to the corresponding S products with almost
complete stereoselectivities and good catalytic efficiencies. We created
and screened 13 first-generation, site-saturation mutagenesis libraries,
targeting residues found near the bound substrate. One variant (Tyr78Trp)
showed high R selectivity
toward one of the three substrates, but no change (cyclohexenone derivative)
and no catalytic activity (acrylate derivative) for the other two.
Subsequent rounds of mutagenesis retained the Tyr78Trp mutation and
explored other residues that impacted stereoselectivity when altered
in a wild-type background. These efforts yielded double and triple
mutants that possessed inverted stereoselectivities for two of the
three substrates (conversions >99% and at least 91% ee (R)). To understand the reasons underlying the stereochemical
changes,
we solved crystal structures of two key mutants: Tyr78Trp and Tyr78Trp/Ile113Cys,
the latter with substrate partially occupying the active site. By
combining these experimental data with modeling studies, we have proposed
a rationale that explains the impacts of the most useful mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Athéna C. Patterson-Orazem
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
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29
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Clay D, Winkler CK, Tasnádi G, Faber K. Bioreduction and disproportionation of cyclohex-2-enone catalyzed by ene-reductase OYE-1 in 'micro-aqueous' organic solvents. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1329-33. [PMID: 24563324 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioreduction and disproportionation of cyclohex-2-enone catalyzed by Old Yellow Enzyme 1 was investigated in presence of organic (co)solvents. Whereas the NADH-dependent bioreduction activity strongly decreased at elevated co-solvent concentrations due to the insolubility of the nicotinamide-cofactor, the NADH-free disproportionation was significantly improved in water-immiscible organic co-solvents at 90 % (v/v) with near-quantitative conversion. This positive effect was attributed to removal of the inhibiting co-product, phenol, from the enzyme's active site. The best co-solvents show high lipophilicity (logP) and a high potential to solubilize phenol (Kphenol). As a predictive parameter, the ratio of logP/Kphenol should be preferably ≥100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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30
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Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. New generation of biocatalysts for organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3070-95. [PMID: 24520044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes as catalysts for the preparation of novel compounds has received steadily increasing attention over the past few years. High demands are placed on the identification of new biocatalysts for organic synthesis. The catalysis of more ambitious reactions reflects the high expectations of this field of research. Enzymes play an increasingly important role as biocatalysts in the synthesis of key intermediates for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, and new enzymatic technologies and processes have been established. Enzymes are an important part of the spectrum of catalysts available for synthetic chemistry. The advantages and applications of the most recent and attractive biocatalysts--reductases, transaminases, ammonia lyases, epoxide hydrolases, and dehalogenases--will be discussed herein and exemplified by the syntheses of interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Nestl
- Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart (Germany)
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31
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Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese - die neue Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Michaelakis A, Vidali VP, Papachristos DP, Pitsinos EN, Koliopoulos G, Couladouros EA, Polissiou MG, Kimbaris AC. Bioefficacy of acyclic monoterpenes and their saturated derivatives against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:74-80. [PMID: 23938144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty acyclic monoterpenes with different functional groups (acetoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl) bearing a variable number of carbon double bonds were assayed as repellent and larvicidal agents against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Seven of them were derivatives that were synthesized through either hydrogenation or oxidation procedures. All repellent compounds were tested at the dose of 1mgcm(-2) and only neral and geranial were also tested at a 4-fold lower dose (0.25mgcm(-2)). Repellency results revealed that geranial, neral, nerol, citronellol, geranyl acetate and three more derivatives dihydrolinalool (3), dihydrocitronellol (5) and dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) resulted in no landings. Based on the LC50 values the derivative dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) was the most active of all, resulting in an LC50 value of 17.9mgL(-1). Linalyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, dihydrocitronellol (5), dihydrocitronellal (7), citronellol, dihydrolinalyl acetate (2), citronellic acid and tetrahydrolinalyl acetate (1) were also toxic with LC50 values ranging from 23 to 45mgL(-1). Factors modulating toxicity have been identified, thus providing information on structural requirements for the selected acyclic monoterpenes. The acetoxy group enhanced toxicity, without being significantly affected by the unsaturation degree. Within esters, reduction of the vinyl group appears to decrease potency. Presence of a hydroxyl or carbonyl group resulted in increased activity but only in correlation to saturation degree. Branched alcohols proved ineffective compared to the corresponding linear isomers. Finally, as it concerns acids, data do not allow generalizations or correlations to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Greece
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Ni Y, Yu HL, Lin GQ, Xu JH. An ene reductase from Clavispora lusitaniae for asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 56:40-5. [PMID: 24564901 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A putative ene reductase gene from Clavispora lusitaniae was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded protein (ClER) was purified and characterized for its biocatalytic properties. This NADPH-dependent flavoprotein was identified with reduction activities toward a diverse range of activated alkenes including conjugated enones, enals, maleimide derivative and α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters. The purified ClER exhibited a relatively high activity of 7.3 U mg(prot)⁻¹ for ketoisophorone while a remarkable catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)=810 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹) was obtained for 2-methyl-cinnamaldehyde due to the high affinity. A series of prochiral activated alkenes were stereoselectively reduced by ClER furnishing the corresponding saturated products in up to 99% ee. The practical applicability of ClER was further evaluated for the production of (R)-levodione, a valuable chiral compound, from ketoisophorone. Using the crude enzyme of ClER and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), 500 mM of ketoisophorone was efficiently converted to (R)-levodione with excellent stereoselectivity (98% ee) within 1h. All these positive features demonstrate a high synthetic potential of ClER in the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Malpezzi L, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Sacchetti A. Synthesis of robalzotan, ebalzotan, and rotigotine precursors via the stereoselective multienzymatic cascade reduction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4811-22. [PMID: 23611252 DOI: 10.1021/jo4003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of bicyclic primary or secondary amines, based on tetralin or chroman structural moieties, is reported. These amines are precursors of important active pharmaceutical ingredients such as rotigotine (Neupro), robalzotan, and ebalzotan. The key step is based on a multienzymatic reduction of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone to give the saturated primary or secondary alcohol, in a high yield and with a high ee. The catalytic system consists of the combination of an ene-reductase (ER; i.e., OYE2 or OYE3 belonging to the Old Yellow Enzyme family) with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), applying the in situ substrate feeding product removal technology. By this system the formation of the allylic alcohol side product and the racemization of the chirally unstable α-substituted aldehyde intermediate are minimized. The primary alcohols were elaborated via a Curtius rearrangement. The combination of OYE2 with a Prelog or an anti-Prelog ADH allowed the preparation of the secondary alcohols with ee > 99% and de > 87%. The absolute configuration of the primary amines was unambiguously assigned by comparison with authentic samples. The stereochemistry of secondary alcohols was assigned by X-ray crystal structure and NMR analysis of Mosher esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Pompeu YA, Sullivan B, Walton AZ, Stewart JD. Structural and Catalytic Characterization of Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6, a Useful Biocatalyst for Asymmetric Alkene Reductions. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Winkler CK, Tasnádi G, Clay D, Hall M, Faber K. Asymmetric bioreduction of activated alkenes to industrially relevant optically active compounds. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:381-9. [PMID: 22498437 PMCID: PMC3521962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases from the ‘Old Yellow Enzyme’ family of flavoproteins catalyze the asymmetric reduction of various α,β-unsaturated compounds at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. They have been applied to the synthesis of valuable enantiopure products, including chiral building blocks with broad industrial applications, terpenoids, amino acid derivatives and fragrances. The combination of these highly stereoselective biocatalysts with a cofactor recycling system has allowed the development of cost-effective methods for the generation of optically active molecules, which is strengthened by the availability of stereo-complementary enzyme homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Sacchetti A. Cascade Coupling of Ene Reductases with Alcohol Dehydrogenases: Enantioselective Reduction of Prochiral Unsaturated Aldehydes. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mundle SOC, Johnson T, Lacrampe-Couloume G, Pérez-de-Mora A, Duhamel M, Edwards EA, McMaster ML, Cox E, Révész K, Sherwood Lollar B. Monitoring biodegradation of ethene and bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes at a contaminated site using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1731-1738. [PMID: 22201221 DOI: 10.1021/es202792x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethenes are commonly found in contaminated groundwater. Remediation strategies focus on transformation processes that will ultimately lead to nontoxic products. A major concern with these strategies is the possibility of incomplete dechlorination and accumulation of toxic daughter products (cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), vinyl chloride (VC)). Ethene mass balance can be used as a direct indicator to assess the effectiveness of dechlorination. However, the microbial processes that affect ethene are not well characterized and poor mass balance may reflect biotransformation of ethene rather than incomplete dechlorination. Microbial degradation of ethene is commonly observed in aerobic systems but fewer cases have been reported in anaerobic systems. Limited information is available on the isotope enrichment factors associated with these processes. Using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) we determined the enrichment factors associated with microbial degradation of ethene in anaerobic microcosms (ε = -6.7‰ ± 0.4‰, and -4.0‰ ± 0.8‰) from cultures collected from the Twin Lakes wetland area at the Savannah River site in Georgia (United States), and in aerobic microcosms (ε = -3.0‰ ± 0.3‰) from Mycobacterium sp. strain JS60. Under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, CSIA can be used to determine whether biotransformation of ethene is occurring in addition to biodegradation of the chlorinated ethenes. Using δ(13)C values determined for ethene and for chlorinated ethenes at a contaminated field site undergoing bioremediation, this study demonstrates how CSIA of ethene can be used to reduce uncertainty and risk at a site by distinguishing between actual mass balance deficits during reductive dechlorination and apparent lack of mass balance that is related to biotransformation of ethene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott O C Mundle
- Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Sacchetti A. Productivity enhancement of CC bioreductions by coupling the in situ substrate feeding product removal technology with isolated enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:79-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bernard J, van Heerden E, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. Chemoenzymatic Reduction of Conjugated CC Double Bonds. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walton AZ, Conerly WC, Pompeu Y, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. Biocatalytic Reductions of Baylis–Hillman Adducts. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - W. Colin Conerly
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yuri Pompeu
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Yanto Y, Winkler CK, Lohr S, Hall M, Faber K, Bommarius AS. Asymmetric Bioreduction of Alkenes Using Ene–Reductases YersER and KYE1 and Effects of Organic Solvents. Org Lett 2011; 13:2540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200394p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanto Yanto
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephanie Lohr
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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