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Gabrian L, Giurgi GI, Stroia I, Bogdan E, Crişan AP, Hădade ND, Grosu I, Terec A. Exploring the Optoelectronic Properties of D-A and A-D-A 2,2'-bi[3,2- b]thienothiophene Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:8463. [PMID: 36500565 PMCID: PMC9739722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of some novel donor-acceptor and acceptor-donor-acceptor systems containing a 2,2'-bi[3,2-b]thienothiophene donor block and various electron-accepting units is described alongside their photophysical properties studied using electrochemistry, optical spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The obtained results show that the energy levels can be modulated by changing the strength of the acceptor unit. Among the three investigated end-groups, 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone exhibited the largest bathochromic shift and the lowest band gap suggesting the strongest electron-withdrawing character. Moreover, the emissive properties of the investigated systems vary greatly with the nature of the terminal group and are generally lower compared to their precursor aldehyde derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andreea Petronela Crişan
- Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | - Anamaria Terec
- Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Czichy M, Janasik P, Wagner P, Officer DL, Lapkowski M. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies on the Reactivity of Perimidine-Carbazole-Thiophene Monomers towards the Formation of Multidimensional Macromolecules versus Stable π-Dimeric States. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092167. [PMID: 33922869 PMCID: PMC8122979 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During research on cross-linked conducting polymers, double-functionalized monomers were synthesized. Two subunits potentially able to undergo oxidative coupling were used—perimidine and, respectively, carbazole, 3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole or 3,6-di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole; alkyl and alkoxy chains as groups supporting molecular ordering and 14H-benzo[4,5]isoquinone[2,1-a]perimidin-14-one segment promoting CH⋯O interactions and π–π stacking. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT) studies have shown that potential-controlled oxidation enables polarization of a specific monomer subunit, thus allowing for simultaneous coupling via perimidine and/or carbazole, but mainly leading to dimer formation. The reason for this was the considerable stability of the dicationic and tetracationic π-dimers over covalent bonding. In the case of perimidine-3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole, the polymer was not obtained due to the steric hindrance of the alkyl substituents preventing the coupling of the monomer radical cations. The only linear π-conjugated polymer was obtained through di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole segment from perimidine-di(decyloxythiophene)-carbazole precursor. Due to the significant difference in potentials between subsequent oxidation states of monomer, it was impossible to polarize the entire molecule, so that both directions of coupling could be equally favored. Subsequent oxidation of this polymer to polarize the side perimidine groups did not allow further crosslinking, because rather the π–π interactions between these perimidine segments dominate in the solid product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Czichy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Roger M, Amro K, Rault-Berthelot J, Quiot M, Van der Lee A, Poriel C, Richeter S, Clément S, Gerbier P. Synthesis, photophysical and electropolymerization properties of thiophene-substituted 2,3-diphenylbuta-1,3-dienes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electropolymerizable diphenylbuta-1,3-diene derivatives with AIE or AEE properties were synthesized allowing low bandgap polymers to be obtained through electropolymerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arie Van der Lee
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- IEM – UMR 5635
- ENSCM
- CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ. Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
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Palma-Cando A, Rendón-Enríquez I, Tausch M, Scherf U. Thin Functional Polymer Films by Electropolymerization. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081125. [PMID: 31382661 PMCID: PMC6723103 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) have been widely utilized in organic electronics, actuators, electrochromic devices, and sensors. Many potential applications demand the formation of thin polymer films, which can be generated by electrochemical polymerization. Electrochemical methods are quite powerful and versatile and can be utilized for investigation of ICPs, both for educational purposes and materials chemistry research. In this study, we show that potentiodynamic and potentiostatic techniques can be utilized for generating and characterizing thin polymer films under the context of educational chemistry research and state-of-the-art polymer research. First, two well-known bifunctional monomers (with only two linking sites)-aniline and bithiophene-and their respective ICPs-polyaniline (PANI) and polybithiophene (PBTh)-were electrochemically generated and characterized. Tests with simple electrochromic devices based on PANI and PBTh were carried out at different doping levels, where changes in the UV-VIS absorption spectra and color were ascribed to changes in the polymer structures. These experiments may attract students' interest in the electrochemical polymerization of ICPs as doping/dedoping processes can be easily understood from observable color changes to the naked eye, as shown for the two polymers. Second, two new carbazole-based multifunctional monomers (with three or more linking sites)-tris(4-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)silanol (TPTCzSiOH) and tris(3,5-di(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)silanol (TPHxCzSiOH)-were synthesized to produce thin films of cross-linked polymer networks by electropolymerization. These thin polymer films were characterized by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) experiments and nitrogen sorption, and the results showed a microporous nature with high specific surface areas up to 930 m2g-1. PTPHxCzSiOH-modified glassy carbon electrodes showed an enhanced electrochemical response to nitrobenzene as prototypical nitroaromatic compound compared to unmodified glassy carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Palma-Cando
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Universidad Yachay Tech, EC100115 Urcuqui, Ecuador.
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ibeth Rendón-Enríquez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Education, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Tausch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Education, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Benincori T, Gámez-Valenzuela S, Goll M, Bruchlos K, Malacrida C, Arnaboldi S, Mussini PR, Panigati M, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Appoloni G, Ludwigs S. Electrochemical studies of a new, low-band gap inherently chiral ethylenedioxythiophene-based oligothiophene. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Palma-Cando A, Scherf U. Electrochemically Generated Thin Films of Microporous Polymer Networks: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Palma-Cando
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
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Palma-Cando A, Brunklaus G, Scherf U. Thiophene-Based Microporous Polymer Networks via Chemical or Electrochemical Oxidative Coupling. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Palma-Cando
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße
20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 46, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße
20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Goll M, Ruff A, Muks E, Goerigk F, Omiecienski B, Ruff I, González-Cano RC, Lopez Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ludwigs S. Functionalized branched EDOT-terthiophene copolymer films by electropolymerization and post-polymerization "click"-reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:335-47. [PMID: 25815088 PMCID: PMC4362086 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocopolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) with the branched thiophene building block 2,2':3',2″-terthiophene (3T) is presented as a versatile route to functional polymer films. Comparisons to blend systems of the respective homopolymers PEDOT and P3T by in situ spectroelectrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy prove the successful copolymer formation and the access to tailored redox properties and energy levels. The use of EDOT-N3 as co-monomer furthermore allows modifications of the films by polymer analogous reactions. Here, we exemplarily describe the post-functionalization with ionic moieties by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click"-chemistry) which allows to tune the surface polarity of the copolymer films from water contact angles of 140° down to 40°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Goll
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erna Muks
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Goerigk
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Beatrice Omiecienski
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Ruff
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Im Steingrund 4-6, 63303 Dreieich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Scheuble M, Goll M, Ludwigs S. Branched Terthiophenes in Organic Electronics: From Small Molecules to Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:115-37. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scheuble
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Miriam Goll
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Yassin A, Oçafrain M, Blanchard P, Mallet R, Roncali J. Synthesis of Hybrid Electroactive Materials by Low-Potential Electropolymerization of Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Tailored EDOT-Thiophene Precursor Units. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Yassin A, Mallet R, Leriche P, Roncali J. Production of Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers by Electropolymerization of Tailored Tetrahedral Precursors. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Gu C, Huang N, Gao J, Xu F, Xu Y, Jiang D. Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films: Versatile Platforms for Highly Sensitive and Label-Free Chemo- and Biosensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gu C, Huang N, Gao J, Xu F, Xu Y, Jiang D. Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films: Versatile Platforms for Highly Sensitive and Label-Free Chemo- and Biosensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4850-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Link SM, Scheuble M, Goll M, Muks E, Ruff A, Hoffmann A, Richter TV, Lopez Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ludwigs S. Electropolymerized three-dimensional randomly branched EDOT-containing copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15463-15473. [PMID: 24266499 DOI: 10.1021/la403050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential of 2,2';3,2″-terthiophene (3T) as branching units in 3D copolymers is presented with EDOT as an example comonomer. Branched EDOT/3T polythiophenes were prepared by electropolymerization, and their electrochemical and optical properties are discussed. Two different approaches were employed: (i) the direct electropolymerization of a novel branched thiophene monomer (3TE3) consisting of a 3T core that contains three outer EDOT end groups and (ii) the electrochemical copolymerization of a EDOT/3T mixture in different ratios from [1:1] to [1:10]. Cyclic voltammetric and vis spectrometric experiments show that the EDOT content within the polymer has a strong influence on the electronic properties of the material: with increasing EDOT content, the HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased. To prove copolymer formation of EDOT and 3T, chemically synthesized reference copolymers of EDOT and 3T were prepared by oxidative coupling using FeCl3, and their optical and electronic properties were compared to those of the electrodeposited films. In addition, the copolymer formation is indicated by the comparison of the electrochemical and spectroscopic results with those of the homopolymers P3T and PEDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M Link
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gu C, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Xue S, Sun S, Zhang K, Zhong C, Zhang H, Pan Y, Lv Y, Yang Y, Li F, Zhang S, Huang F, Ma Y. Electrochemical route to fabricate film-like conjugated microporous polymers and application for organic electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3443-8. [PMID: 23696222 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Film-like conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are fabricated by the novel strategy of carbazole-based electropolymerization. The CMP film storing a mass of counterions acting as an anode interlayer provides a significant power-conversion efficiency of 7.56% in polymer solar cells and 20.7 cd A(-1) in polymer light-emitting diodes, demonstrating its universality and potential as an electrode interlayer in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular, Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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de Silva KMN, Hwang E, Serem WK, Fronczek FR, Garno JC, Nesterov EE. Long-chain 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene oligomers and semiconducting thin films prepared by their electropolymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5430-5441. [PMID: 22970915 DOI: 10.1021/am301349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of soluble H-terminated conjugated oligomers incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) combined with a small number of thiophene units and ranging in length from four to eight EDOT/thiophene groups was prepared with the ultimate goal to investigate if facile formation of a reactive trication radical species would enable electrochemical polymerization of such long-chain oligomers. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the oligomers revealed some general dependencies of their electronic properties on the total number and position of EDOT groups. It was the number of consecutive EDOT units rather than total number of these units which was found to have the most profound effect on electronic energy gap and conjugation length. This influence originates from the especially strong planarization induced in the conjugated backbone by the incorporation of EDOT units. In contrast, incorporation of thiophene units was found to result in loss of the conformational stabilization. This phenomenon was analyzed using the natural bond orbital computational approach, which revealed the predominantly hyperconjugative nature of the EDOT-induced conformational stabilization. Whereas shorter oligomers, in agreement with the general consensus, were found to be inert toward electrochemical polymerization due to low reactivity of electrochemically generated cation radical and dication species, the longest oligomer showed an unprecedentedly efficient electropolymerization to yield a stable thin film of an electroactive polymer. The efficient electropolymerization of the long-chain oligomer was found to be in agreement with the formation of a reactive trication radical species. The electronic and spectral properties of the resulting semiconducting polymer film were studied by various electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods, as well as conductive probe AFM technique, and revealed a number of unusual features (such as electrical rectifying switching behavior) consistent with the possibility of increased molecular order in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nalin de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Montilla F, Huerta F, Salinas-Torres D, Morallón E, Cebrián C, Prieto P, Díaz-Ortiz Á, de la Hoz A, Carrillo J, Romero C. Electrochemical synthesis and spectroelectrochemical characterization of triazole/thiophene conjugated polymers. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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