1
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Haufe G. Selective Synthesis of Monofluorinated Compounds Applying Amine/HF Reagents. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300140. [PMID: 37229773 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For nucleophilic monofluorination, amine/HF reagents such as Et3 N⋅3HF, Pyr⋅9HF (Olah's reagent) and similar combinations belong to the most frequently used fluoride sources, whereupon the selectivity of these reagents can be very different depending of its acidity, the nucleophilicity of the fluoride equivalent, and the structure of the particular substrate. These reagents can be used safely in ordinary chemistry laboratories for nucleophilic substitution reactions by fluoride at sp3 -hybridized carbon centers. For ring opening reactions of epoxides, the regio- and stereoselectivity is very much depending of the nature of the epoxide and the acidity of the HF reagent favoring either SN 1 or SN 2 type reactions. Similarly, the outcome of halofluorination and similar reactions with sulfur or seleno electrophiles can be controlled by the particular combination of the electrophile and the fluoride source. Examples for the application of these reaction types for the synthesis of fluorine-containing analogues of natural products or biologically relevant compounds are in the focus of this personal account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Wang Y, Lee W, Chen YC, Zhou Y, Plise E, Migliozzi M, Crawford JJ. Turning the Other Cheek: Influence of the cis-Tetrafluorocyclohexyl Motif on Physicochemical and Metabolic Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1517-1523. [PMID: 36105337 PMCID: PMC9465827 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
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The targeted introduction of substituents in order to
tailor a
molecule’s pharmacologic, physicochemical, and metabolic properties
has long been of interest to medicinal chemists. The all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl motif—dubbed Janus face, due to its
electrostatically polarized cyclohexyl ring—represents one
such example where chemists might incorporate a metabolically stable,
polar, lipocompatible motif. To better understand its potential utility,
we have synthesized three series of matched molecular pairs (MMPs)
where each MMP differs only in the cyclohexane unit, i.e., with a
tetrafluorocyclohexyl or a standard cyclohexyl motif. With the introduction
of the facially polarized all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl
ring, the resulting compounds have significantly modified physicochemical
properties (e.g., kinetic solubility, lipophilicity and permeability)
and metabolic stabilities. These results further speak to the promise
of this substituent as a tactic to improve the drug-like properties
of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuhui Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Madyson Migliozzi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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4
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Theodoridis A, Papamokos G, Wiesenfeldt MP, Wollenburg M, Müllen K, Glorius F, Floudas G. Polarity Matters: Dielectric Relaxation in All- cis-Multifluorinated Cycloalkanes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3700-3709. [PMID: 33818098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polarity of all-cis-multifluorinated cyclohexanes can be fine-tuned by the number and relative orientation of fluoro substituents, giving rise to a series of compounds with strong dipole moments. Simulations provided the energetics, the dipole moments, and the respective molecular polarizabilities, while dielectric spectroscopy gave information on the dielectric permittivities and the molecular dynamics. In special cases, dipole moments in excess of 6 D and dielectric permittivities of over 300 were obtained by simulation and experiment. Melting temperatures within a given family of multifluorinated cyclohexanes were found to scale with the molecular volume. The less-symmetric all-cis-octafluorotetrahydronaphthalene did not readily crystallize, permitting an investigation of the molecular dynamics in an energetically unfavorable yet rigid and facially polarized isomer. The resulting dynamics above the glass temperature conform to the structural α-relaxation and to the celebrated Johari-Goldstein β-relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Papamokos
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mario P Wiesenfeldt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Wollenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece.,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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5
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Nairoukh Z, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Bergander K, Glorius F. Understanding the Conformational Behavior of Fluorinated Piperidines: The Origin of the Axial-F Preference. Chemistry 2020; 26:6141-6146. [PMID: 32270524 PMCID: PMC7317880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gaining an understanding of the conformational behavior of fluorinated compounds would allow for expansion of the current molecular design toolbox. In order to facilitate drug discovery efforts, a systematic survey of a series of diversely substituted and protected fluorinated piperidine derivatives has been carried out using NMR spectroscopy. Computational investigations reveal that, in addition to established delocalization forces such as charge–dipole interactions and hyperconjugation, solvation and solvent polarity play a major role. This work codifies a new design principle for conformationally rigid molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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6
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O'Hagan D. Polar Organofluorine Substituents: Multivicinal Fluorines on Alkyl Chains and Alicyclic Rings. Chemistry 2020; 26:7981-7997. [PMID: 32083392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Review outlines the progression, primarily of our own work, but with important contributions from other labs, on the synthesis and properties of multiple vicinally fluorinated alkyl chains and rings. Chain conformations of individual diastereoisomers with -CHF- at adjacent carbons are influenced by stereoelectronic factors associated with the polar C-F bond and the polarised geminal hydrogens. Generally, the chain will prefer a conformation which acts to minimise overall molecular polarity, and where the C-F bonds orient away from each other. However, when vicinal fluorine atoms are positioned on a ring then conformations are more constrained. The ring will adopt optimal conformations such as a chair in cyclohexane and then C-F bonds can be introduced with a stereochemistry that forces parallel (axial) orientations. In the case of cyclohexane, 1,3-diaxial arrangements of C-F bonds impart considerable polarity to the ring, resulting in an electronegative 'fluorine face' and an electropositive 'hydrogen face'. For all-syn 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane, this arrangement generates an unusually polar aliphatic ring system. Most recently the concept has been extended to the preparation of all-syn 1,2,3-trifluorocyclopropanes, a rigid ring system with fluorine atoms on one face and hydrogens on the other. Lipophilicity Log P values of such compounds indicate that they are significantly more polar than their parent alicyclic hydrocarbons and give some positive indication for a future role of such substituents in medicinal chemistry. Expanding to such a role will require access to improved synthesis methods to these motifs and consequently access to a broader a range of building blocks, however some exciting new methods have emerged recently and these are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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7
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Karanfil A, Şahin E, Kelebekli L. Synthesis of novel tetrols from syn-bisepoxide: Preparation of halogenated bicyclo[4.2.0] inositols. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Fang Z, Gillatt RZ, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, Carpenter-Warren CL, O'Hagan D. Unexpected α,α'-difluoroethers from Ag(i)F and N-bromosuccinimide reactions of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14295-14298. [PMID: 31712787 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An unexpected and highly efficient reaction of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene with Ag(i)F and N-bromosuccinamide in dichloromethane results in a sequential ring contraction pathway to generate bridged bicyclic α,α'-difluoroether isomers 10 and 11 where the ether oxygen is isotopically labelled from oxygen-18 water. In diethyl ether the same reaction generates the more classical vicinal difluoride isomers 13 and 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Fang
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY15 5EA, UK.
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9
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Remete AM, Kiss L. Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Molecular Entities Through Fluoride Ring Opening of Oxiranes and Aziridines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Márió Remete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
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10
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Nairoukh Z, Dalton T, Glorius F. Selective Arene Hydrogenation for Direct Access to Saturated Carbo- and Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10460-10476. [PMID: 30701650 PMCID: PMC6697539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arene hydrogenation provides direct access to saturated carbo- and heterocycles and thus its strategic application may be used to shorten synthetic routes. This powerful transformation is widely applied in industry and is expected to facilitate major breakthroughs in the applied sciences. The ability to overcome aromaticity while controlling diastereo-, enantio-, and chemoselectivity is central to the use of hydrogenation in the preparation of complex molecules. In general, the hydrogenation of multisubstituted arenes yields predominantly the cis isomer. Enantiocontrol is imparted by chiral auxiliaries, Brønsted acids, or transition-metal catalysts. Recent studies have demonstrated that highly chemoselective transformations are possible. Such methods and the underlying strategies are reviewed herein, with an emphasis on synthetically useful examples that employ readily available catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario P. Wiesenfeldt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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11
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Nairoukh Z, Dalton T, Glorius F. Die selektive Arenhydrierung bietet einen direkten Zugang zu gesättigten Carbo‐ und Heterocyclen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario P. Wiesenfeldt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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12
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Quiquempoix L, Wang Z, Graton J, Latchem PG, Light M, Le Questel JY, Linclau B. Synthesis of 2,3,4-Trideoxy-2,3,4-trifluoroglucose. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5899-5906. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Quiquempoix
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière−BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Peter G. Latchem
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Light
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière−BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Al-Maharik N, Kirsch P, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, O'Hagan D. Fluorinated liquid crystals: evaluation of selectively fluorinated facially polarised cyclohexyl motifs for liquid crystal applications. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9974-9980. [PMID: 27722421 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the synthesis of a series of prototype negative dielectric liquid crystalline (LC) compounds which contain fluorinated cyclohexane motifs. The series are analogues and differ only in that they contain between one to four fluorine atoms. The stereochemistry is such that all of the fluorines/C-F bonds are on one face of the cyclohexane ring. This follows from the recent recognition that cyclohexanes with fluorines orientated in one direction, perpendicular to the ring have a strong molecular dipole, a characteristic that might be an advantage in the design of negative dielectric materials. However it is found that the increased polarity, particularly with two or more oriented C-F bonds, leads to higher melting points and poorer solubility in test matrix formulations, relative to hydrocarbon liquid crystals. This arises due to electrostatic intermolecular interactions between the polarised cyclohexyl and aryl rings. The study highlights that in order to take advantage of these polar cyclohexane motifs for liquid crystal design, appropriate scaffolds are required which are free of aromatic rings and contain peripheral solubilising motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Al-Maharik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Peer Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystals R&D Chemistry, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David O'Hagan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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14
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Nairoukh Z, Li W, Glorius F. Hydrogenation of fluoroarenes: Direct access to all-cis-(multi)fluorinated cycloalkanes. Science 2017; 357:908-912. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Bykova T, Al-Maharik N, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Fluorinated cyclohexanes: Synthesis of amine building blocks of the all- cis 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexylamine motif. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:728-733. [PMID: 28503208 PMCID: PMC5405691 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of three amine stereoisomers 5a–c of the tetrafluorocyclohexyl ring system, as building blocks for discovery chemistry programmes. The synthesis starts from a Birch reduction of benzonitrile, followed by an in situ methyl iodide quench. The resultant 2,5-cyclohexadiene was progressed via double epoxidations and then hydrofluorination ring opening reactions. The resultant fluorohydrin moieties were then converted to different stereoisomers of the tetrafluorocyclohexyl ring system, and then reductive hydrogenation of the nitrile delivered three amine stereoisomers. It proved necessary to place a methyl group on the cyclohexane ring in order to stabilise the compound against subsequent HF elimination. The two all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl isomers 5a and 5b constitute facially polarized cyclohexane rings, with fluorines on the electronegative face and hydrogens on the electropositive face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Bykova
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Nawaf Al-Maharik
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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16
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Kerr S, Naumkin FY. Noncovalently bound complexes of polar molecules: dipole-inside-of-dipole vs. dipole–dipole systems. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02753b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of polar molecules framed by counter-ions exhibit significant stabilities, huge dipole moments, prominent IR-spectral signatures and feasible anion-mediated formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kerr
- Faculty of Science UOIT Oshawa
- L1H 7K4 Canada
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17
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Yaremenko IA, Vil’ VA, Demchuk DV, Terent’ev AO. Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1647-748. [PMID: 27559418 PMCID: PMC4979652 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is the first to collate and summarize main data on named and unnamed rearrangement reactions of peroxides. It should be noted, that in the chemistry of peroxides two types of processes are considered under the term rearrangements. These are conventional rearrangements occurring with the retention of the molecular weight and transformations of one of the peroxide moieties after O-O-bond cleavage. Detailed information about the Baeyer-Villiger, Criegee, Hock, Kornblum-DeLaMare, Dakin, Elbs, Schenck, Smith, Wieland, and Story reactions is given. Unnamed rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes are also analyzed. The rearrangements and related processes of important natural and synthetic peroxides are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Demchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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18
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Pratik SM, Nijamudheen A, Datta A. Janus all-cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexafluorocyclohexane: A Molecular Motif for Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Polarization. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2373-81. [PMID: 27124861 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Spectroscopy; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur-700032 West Bengal India
| | - Abdulrahiman Nijamudheen
- Department of Spectroscopy; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur-700032 West Bengal India
| | - Ayan Datta
- Department of Spectroscopy; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur-700032 West Bengal India
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19
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Fang Z, Al-Maharik N, Slawin AMZ, Bühl M, O'Hagan D. Polar alicyclic rings: synthesis and structure of all cis-1,2,3,4-tetrafluorocyclopentane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5116-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-cis-1,2,3,4-tetrafluorocyclopentane is synthesised and experiment and theory data reveal a very highly polar aliphatic with Janus like electropositive and electronegative faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Fang
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences
- North Haugh
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Nawaf Al-Maharik
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences
- North Haugh
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences
- North Haugh
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences
- North Haugh
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- University of St Andrews
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences
- North Haugh
- St Andrews
- UK
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20
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Abraham RJ, Cooper MA. A re-investigation of 4JFF and 5JFF nuclear spin–spin couplings in substituted benzenes, a novel conformational tool. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15822-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01975g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The FF couplings in fluorobenzenes are separated into their σ and π components and this provides a novel method of determining the conformation of the C-1 substituent in 2,6-difluorobenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Ashley Cooper
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
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21
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Ayoup MS, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Selectively fluorinated cyclohexane building blocks: Derivatives of carbonylated all-cis-3-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexane. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2671-6. [PMID: 26877788 PMCID: PMC4734450 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladium catalysed carbonylation reactions using the meta- and para-iodo derivatives of all-cis-3-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexane (4) are illustrated as the start point for a variety of functional group interconversions. The resultant benzaldehyde and benzoic acids offer novel building blocks for further derivatisation and facilitate the incorporation of the facially polarised all-cis-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexane motif into more advanced molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.B 426 Ibrahimia, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - David B Cordes
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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22
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Synthesis of selectively fluorinated cyclohexanes: The observation of phenonium rearrangements during deoxyfluorination reactions on cyclohexane rings with a vicinal phenyl substituent. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Keddie NS, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Philp D, O'Hagan D. All-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane is a facially polarized cyclohexane. Nat Chem 2015; 7:483-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Ayoup MS, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Fluorine containing amino acids: synthesis and peptide coupling of amino acids containing the all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl motif. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5621-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of amino acids carrying the all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl ring moiety is demonstrated and protection/deprotection elaborations are illustrated which show that this facially polarised ring motif may be incorporated into peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
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25
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Cormanich RA, Keddie NS, Rittner R, O'Hagan D, Bühl M. Particularly strong C–H⋯π interactions between benzene and all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29475-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to high-level ab initio results (SCS-MP2/CBS), the interaction energy between all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane and a benzene molecule is at least −6 kcal mol−1, remarkably large for C–H⋯π interactions between hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil S. Keddie
- EastChem School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- North Haugh
- Fife
- UK
| | | | - David O'Hagan
- EastChem School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- North Haugh
- Fife
- UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- EastChem School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- North Haugh
- Fife
- UK
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26
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Cormanich RA, Rittner R, O’Hagan D, Bühl M. Analysis of CF···FC Interactions on Cyclohexane and Naphthalene Frameworks. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7901-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Cormanich
- School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rittner
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - David O’Hagan
- School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Michael Bühl
- School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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27
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Durie AJ, Fujiwara T, Al-Maharik N, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Stepwise preparation of all-cis 1,3,4-trifluoro-2-phenylcyclohexane, avoiding a phenonium intermediate. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8228-33. [PMID: 25102142 DOI: 10.1021/jo501432x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The original synthesis of all-cis 1,2,4,5,-tetrafluoro-2-phenylcyclohexane resulted in a trifluorocyclohexene as a significant co-product of the final fluorination step. This product was notable in that an elimination reaction was accompanied by C-F bond formation that had occurred with a retention of configuration. In order to deconvolute this reaction, the two isomers of the ditriflate diol precursor were separated, and they were each treated independently with Et3N·3HF. One gave the original all-cis 1,2,4,5,-tetrafluoro-2-phenylcyclohexane and the other the trifluorocyclohexene. A deuterium labeling experiment was carried out, resulting in a distribution of the isotope in the trifluorocyclohexene consistent with an intermediate (symmetrical) phenonium intermediate. Cognisant of this, a controlled elimination reaction of one of the diastereoisomers with DBU, followed by hydrogenation, gave a cyclohexane triflate, which, on fluorination, gave the all-cis 1,2,3-trifluoro-2-phenylcyclohexane now with an inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Durie
- University of St. Andrews , EastChem School of Chemistry, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
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28
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Cormanich RA, Durie A, Bjornsson R, Rittner R, O'Hagan D, Bühl M. Density Functional Study of Interactions between Fluorinated Cyclohexanes and Arenes. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Luo Q, Randall KR, Schaefer HF. Easy chairs: the conformational preferences of polyfluorocyclohexanes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40538a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Durie AJ, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Kirsch P, O'Hagan D. Fluorocyclohexanes: synthesis and structure of all-syn-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9643-5. [PMID: 22911247 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The all-syn isomer of 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexane is prepared and characterised by NMR and X-ray crystallography. It emerges to be a particularly polar cyclohexane analogue with differentially polarised faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Durie
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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31
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Durie AJ, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, O'Hagan D. The Synthesis of η-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexafluorocyclohexane (Benzene Hexafluoride) from Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Durie AJ, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, O'Hagan D. The Synthesis of η-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexafluorocyclohexane (Benzene Hexafluoride) from Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10086-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Wang Y, Kirsch P, Lebl T, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. The preferred conformation of erythro- and threo-1,2-difluorocyclododecanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1271-8. [PMID: 23019458 PMCID: PMC3458748 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclododecane adopts a square-like structure with corner and edge CH2 groups. In this study erythro- and threo-1,2-difluorocyclododecanes were prepared to explore whether the two vicinal C–F bonds, with different relative configurations, preferably locate at corner/edge or edge/edge locations. Conformational analysis comparing the diastereoisomers was explored by using a combination of 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy, computational studies and, in the case of the threo isomer, X-ray structural analysis. In the lowest energy conformers for both diastereoisomers the vicinal C–F bonds are located corner/edge, rather than edge/edge. These structures avoid placing a C–F bond endo into the ring, and appear to benefit from C–CHF–C angle widening, which relaxes 1,4-H,H transannular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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34
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O’Hagan D. Organofluorine Chemistry: Synthesis and Conformation of Vicinal Fluoromethylene Motifs. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3689-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300044q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David O’Hagan
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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