1
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The functional importance of bacterial oxidative phosphonate pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:487-499. [PMID: 36892197 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphonates (Pns) are a unique class of natural products characterized by a highly stable C-P bond. Pns exhibit a wide array of interesting structures as well as useful bioactivities ranging from antibacterial to herbicidal. More structurally simple Pns are scavenged and catabolized by bacteria as a source of phosphorus. Despite their environmental and industrial importance, the pathways involved in the metabolism of Pns are far from being fully elucidated. Pathways that have been characterized often reveal unusual chemical transformations and new enzyme mechanisms. Among these, oxidative enzymes play an outstanding role during the biosynthesis and degradation of Pns. They are to a high extent responsible for the structural diversity of Pn secondary metabolites and for the break-down of both man-made and biogenic Pns. Here, we review our current understanding of the importance of oxidative enzymes for microbial Pn metabolism, discuss the underlying mechanistic principles, similarities, and differences between pathways. This review illustrates Pn biochemistry to involve a mix of classical redox biochemistry and unique oxidative reactions, including ring formations, rearrangements, and desaturations. Many of these reactions are mediated by specialized iron-dependent oxygenases and oxidases. Such enzymes are the key to both early pathway diversification and late-stage functionalization of complex Pns.
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2
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Gama SR, Stankovic T, Hupp K, Al Hejami A, McClean M, Evans A, Beauchemin D, Hammerschmidt F, Pallitsch K, Zechel DL. Biosynthesis of the Fungal Organophosphonate Fosfonochlorin Involves an Iron(II) and 2-(Oxo)glutarate Dependent Oxacyclase. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100352. [PMID: 34375042 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite Fosfonochlorin features a chloroacetyl moiety that is unusual within known phosphonate natural product biochemistry. Putative biosynthetic genes encoding Fosfonochlorin in Fusarium and Talaromyces spp. were investigated through reactions of encoded enzymes with synthetic substrates and isotope labelling studies. We show that early biosynthetic steps for Fosfonochlorin involves the reduction of phosphonoacetaldehyde to form 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, followed by oxidative intramolecular cyclization of the resulting alcohol to form ( S )-epoxyethylphosphonic acid. The latter reaction is catalyzed by FfnD, a rare example of a non-heme iron / 2-(oxo)glutarate dependent oxacyclase. In contrast, FfnD behaves as a more typical oxygenase with ethylphosphonic acid, producing ( S )-1-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid. FfnD thus represents a new example of a ferryl generating enzyme that can suppress the typical oxygen rebound reaction that follows abstraction of a substrate hydrogen by a ferryl oxygen, thereby directing the substrate radical towards a fate other than hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanga R Gama
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Toda Stankovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Kendall Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al Hejami
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mimi McClean
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alysa Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Diane Beauchemin
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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3
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Wang C, Xie F, Guo Q, Xie C, Zi G, Ye W, Zhou Z, Hou G, Zhang Z. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Phosphonates via Rh/f-spiroPhos Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β,β-Disubstituted Unsaturated Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12034-12045. [PMID: 34346217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric hydrogenation of β,β-diaryl unsaturated phosphonates has been realized for synthesis of β,β-diaryl chiral phosphonates with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.9% ee) catalyzed by the Rh-(R,R)-f-spiroPhos complex. Furthermore, this catalyst also exhibits comparably excellent performance for β-aryl-β-alkyl unsaturated phosphonates providing the corresponding chiral phosphonates with up to 99.9% ee values. This methodology provides a straightforward access to asymmetric synthesis of chiral phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qianling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chaochao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | | | - Guohua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,HwaGen Pharma, Shenzhen 518122, China
| | - Zhanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Wang X, Edwards RL, Ball H, Johnson C, Haymond A, Girma M, Manikkam M, Brothers RC, McKay KT, Arnett SD, Osbourn DM, Alvarez S, Boshoff HI, Meyers MJ, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. MEPicides: α,β-Unsaturated Fosmidomycin Analogues as DXR Inhibitors against Malaria. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8847-8858. [PMID: 30192536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum remains a significant global health threat. DXR, the second enzyme in the MEP pathway, plays an important role to synthesize building blocks for isoprenoids. This enzyme is a promising drug target for malaria due to its essentiality as well as its absence in humans. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of α,β-unsaturated analogues of fosmidomycin, a natural product that inhibits DXR in P. falciparum. All compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of P. falciparum. The most promising compound, 18a, displays on-target, potent inhibition against the growth of P. falciparum (IC50 = 13 nM) without significant inhibition of HepG2 cells (IC50 > 50 μM). 18a was also tested in a luciferase-based Plasmodium berghei mouse model of malaria and showed exceptional in vivo efficacy. Together, the data support MEPicide 18a as a novel, potent, and promising drug candidate for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Haley Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Michelle Manikkam
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Robert C Brothers
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Kyle T McKay
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Stacy D Arnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63103 , United States
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
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Abstract
Organophosphonic acids are unique as natural products in terms of stability and mimicry. The C-P bond that defines these compounds resists hydrolytic cleavage, while the phosphonyl group is a versatile mimic of transition-states, intermediates, and primary metabolites. This versatility may explain why a variety of organisms have extensively explored the use organophosphonic acids as bioactive secondary metabolites. Several of these compounds, such as fosfomycin and bialaphos, figure prominently in human health and agriculture. The enzyme reactions that create these molecules are an interesting mix of chemistry that has been adopted from primary metabolism as well as those with no chemical precedent. Additionally, the phosphonate moiety represents a source of inorganic phosphate to microorganisms that live in environments that lack this nutrient; thus, unusual enzyme reactions have also evolved to cleave the C-P bond. This review is a comprehensive summary of the occurrence and function of organophosphonic acids natural products along with the mechanisms of the enzymes that synthesize and catabolize these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff P Horsman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Li C, Junaid M, Almuqri EA, Hao S, Zhang H. Structural analysis of a phosphonate hydroxylase with an access tunnel at the back of the active site. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:362-8. [PMID: 27139827 PMCID: PMC4854563 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16004933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
FrbJ is a member of the Fe(2+)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family which hydroxylates the natural product FR-900098 of Streptomyces rubellomurinus, yielding the phosphonate antibiotic FR-33289. Here, the crystal structure of FrbJ, which shows structural homology to taurine dioxygenase (TauD), a key member of the same family, is reported. Unlike other members of the family, FrbJ has an unusual lid structure which consists of two β-strands with a long loop between them. To investigate the role of this lid motif, a molecular-dynamics simulation was performed with the FrbJ structure. The molecular-dynamics simulation analysis implies that the lid-loop region is highly flexible, which is consistent with the fact that FrbJ has a relatively broad spectrum of substrates with different lengths. Interestingly, an access tunnel is found at the back of the active site which connects the putative binding site of α-ketoglutarate to the solvent outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eman Abdullah Almuqri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Hao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Kimura M, Tada A, Tokoro Y, Fukuzawa SI. Silver-catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition of azomethine ylide to arylidene diphosphonates using ThioClickFerrophos ligand. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cioni JP, Doroghazi J, Ju KS, Yu X, Evans BS, Lee J, Metcalf WW. Cyanohydrin phosphonate natural product from Streptomyces regensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:243-249. [PMID: 24437999 PMCID: PMC3993929 DOI: 10.1021/np400722m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces regensis strain WC-3744 was identified as a potential phosphonic acid producer in a large-scale screen of microorganisms for the presence of the pepM gene, which encodes the key phosphonate biosynthetic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate phosphonomutase. (31)P NMR revealed the presence of several unidentified phosphonates in spent medium after growth of S. regensis. These compounds were purified and structurally characterized via extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Three new phosphonic acid metabolites, whose structures were confirmed by comparison to chemically synthesized standards, were observed: (2-acetamidoethyl)phosphonic acid (1), (2-acetamido-1-hydroxyethyl)phosphonic (3), and a novel cyanohydrin-containing phosphonate, (cyano(hydroxy)methyl)phosphonic acid (4). The gene cluster responsible for synthesis of these molecules was also identified from the draft genome sequence of S. regensis, laying the groundwork for future investigations into the metabolic pathway leading to this unusual natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P. Cioni
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - James
R. Doroghazi
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bradley S. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jaeheon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William W. Metcalf
- Department of Microbiology and The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Konno T, Shimizu K, Ogata K, Fukuzawa SI. Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Phosphonates by ClickFerrophos Ligands. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3318-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300129m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Konno
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Institute of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Institute of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Institute of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Fukuzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Institute of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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