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Masternak J, Okła K, Kubas A, Voller J, Kozlanská K, Zienkiewicz-Machnik M, Gilewska A, Sitkowski J, Kamecka A, Kazimierczuk K, Barszcz B. Synthesis, photophysical characterisation, quantum-chemical study and in vitro antiproliferative activity of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes based on 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole and N,N-donor ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14438-14450. [PMID: 39143927 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the synthesis of four new complexes: the dimeric precursor [Ir(dmppz)2(μ-Cl)]2 (1) (Hdmppz - 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole) and heteroleptic bis-cyclometalated complexes: [Ir(dmppz)2(Py2CO)]PF6·½CH2Cl2 (2), [Ir(dmppz)2(H2biim)]PF6·H2O (3), and [Ir(dmppz)2(PyBIm)]PF6 (4), with auxiliary N,N-donor ligands: 2-di(pyridyl)ketone (Py2CO), 2,2'-biimidazole (H2biim) and 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (PyBIm). In the obtained complexes, SC-X-ray analysis revealed that Ir(III) has an octahedral coordination sphere with chromophores of the type {IrN2C2Cl2} (1) or {IrN4C2} (2-4). The complexes obtained, which have been fully characterised by physicochemical methods (CHN, TG, FTIR, UV-Vis, PL and 1H, 13C, 15N NMR), were used to continue our studies on the factors influencing the cytotoxic properties of potential chemotherapeutic agents (in vitro). To this end, the following studies are presented: (i) comparative analysis of the effects on the biological properties of N,N-donor ligands and C,N-donor ligands in the studied complexes, (ii) studies of the interactions of the compounds with the selected molecular target: DNA and BSA (UV-Vis, CD and PL methods), (iii) and the reactivity towards redox molecules: GSH, NADH (UV-Vis and/or ESI-MS methods), (iv) cytotoxic activity (IC50) of potential chemotherapeutics against MCF-7, K-562 and CCRF-CEM cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Masternak
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Karol Okła
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Kozlanská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Agnieszka Gilewska
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kamecka
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Siedlce, 3-Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kazimierczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Barszcz
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Volpi G, Laurenti E, Rabezzana R. Imidazopyridine Family: Versatile and Promising Heterocyclic Skeletons for Different Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:2668. [PMID: 38893542 PMCID: PMC11173518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing attention focused on various products belonging to the imidazopyridine family; this class of heterocyclic compounds shows unique chemical structure, versatile optical properties, and diverse biological attributes. The broad family of imidazopyridines encompasses different heterocycles, each with its own specific properties and distinct characteristics, making all of them promising for various application fields. In general, this useful category of aromatic heterocycles holds significant promise across various research domains, spanning from material science to pharmaceuticals. The various cores belonging to the imidazopyridine family exhibit unique properties, such as serving as emitters in imaging, ligands for transition metals, showing reversible electrochemical properties, and demonstrating biological activity. Recently, numerous noteworthy advancements have emerged in different technological fields, including optoelectronic devices, sensors, energy conversion, medical applications, and shining emitters for imaging and microscopy. This review intends to provide a state-of-the-art overview of this framework from 1955 to the present day, unveiling different aspects of various applications. This extensive literature survey may guide chemists and researchers in the quest for novel imidazopyridine compounds with enhanced properties and efficiency in different uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.L.)
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Hashemzadeh T, Christofferson AJ, White KF, Barnard PJ. Experimental and theoretical studies of pH-responsive iridium(III) complexes of azole and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8478-8493. [PMID: 38687288 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03766e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of nine luminescent iridium(III) complexes with pH-responsive imidazole and benzimidazole ligands have been prepared and characterized. The first series of complexes were of the form [Ir(ppy)2(N^N)]+ or [Ir(ppy)2(C^N)]+ (where ppy is 2-phenylpyridine and N^N is 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole or 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole and C^N represents a pyridyl-triazolylidene-based N-heterocyclic carbene ligand). For these complexes, the benzimidazole group was either unsubstituted or substituted with electron-withdrawing (Cl) or electron-donating (Me) groups. The second series of complexes were of the form [Ir(phbim)2(N^N)]+ or [Ir(phbim)2(C^N)]+ (where phbim is 2-phenylbenzimidazole and N^N is either 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline and C^N is either a pyridyl-imidazolylidene or pyridyl-triazolylidene N-heterocyclic carbene ligand). UV-visible and photoluminescence pH titration studies showed that changing the protonation state of these complexes results in significant changes in the photoluminescence emission properties. The pKa values of prepared complexes were estimated from the spectroscopic pH titration data and these values show that the nature of the pH-sensitive ligands (either main or ancillary ligands) resulted in a significant capacity to modulate the pKa values for these compounds with values ranging from 5.19-11.22. Theoretical investigations into the nature of the electronic transitions for the different protonation states of compounds were performed and the results were consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Hashemzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Keith F White
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Peter J Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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Andreo L, Volpi G, Rossi F, Benzi P, Diana E. Two‐step Synthesis of a New Twenty‐Membered Macrocycle: Spectroscopic Characterization and Theoretical Calculations. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Andreo
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria, 7 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria, 7 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology University of Turin Via P. Giuria, 9 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Paola Benzi
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria, 7 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Eliano Diana
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria, 7 10125 Turin Italy
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Volpi G. Luminescent imidazo[1,5‐a] pyridine scaffold: synthetic heterocyclization strategies overview and promising applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpi
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Chemistry ITALY
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Dipyridylmethane Ethers as Ligands for Luminescent Ir Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237161. [PMID: 34885742 PMCID: PMC8659258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports two new cationic heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium complexes, containing ether derivatives of di(pyridin-2-yl)methanol. The new ligands are based on dipyridin-2-ylmethane and are designed to obtain ether-based intermediates with extended electronic conjugation by insertion of π system such as phenyl, allyl and ethynyl. Different synthetic strategies were employed to introduce these units, as molecular wires, between the dipyridin-2-ylmethane chelating portion and the terminal N-containing functional group, such as amine and carbamide. The corresponding complexes show luminescence in the blue region of the spectrum, lifetimes between 0.6 and 2.1 μs, high quantum yield and good electrochemical behavior. The computational description (DFT) of the electronic structure highlights the key role of the conjugated π systems on optical and electrochemical properties of the final products.
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Fresta E, Volpi G, Garino C, Barolo C, Costa RD. Contextualizing yellow light-emitting electrochemical cells based on a blue-emitting imidazo-pyridine emitter. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hierlinger C, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Jacquemin D, Guerchais V, Zysman-Colman E. Phosphorescent cationic iridium(iii) complexes bearing a nonconjugated six-membered chelating ancillary ligand: a strategy for tuning the emission towards the blue. Dalton Trans 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00467f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blue and blue-green-emitting cationic Ir(iii) complexes bearing a nonconjugated N^N ligand have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Hierlinger
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Véronique Guerchais
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
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Sun C, Rotundo L, Garino C, Nencini L, Yoon SS, Gobetto R, Nervi C. Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Functionalized by Mn I and Re I Organometallic Complexes. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3219-3229. [PMID: 28834058 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activities towards electrochemical CO2 reduction of two new rhenium and manganese complexes, namely fac-Mn(apbpy)(CO)3 Br (1) and fac-Re(apbpy)(CO)3 Cl (2) (apbpy=4-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), in both homogeneous and heterogeneous phases are compared. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface has been functionalized with complexes 1 and 2 by two approaches: a) direct electrochemical oxidation of the amino group with formation of C-N bonds, and b) electrochemical reduction of the corresponding diazonium salts with formation of C-C bonds. The chemically modified GCEs show efficient conversion of CO2 into CO, with turnover numbers (TONs) about 60 times higher than those of the corresponding catalysts in homogeneous solutions, and in a much shorter time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunfa Sun
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Laura Rotundo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Nencini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Sam S Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Hertz VM, Massoth JG, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. En Route to Stimuli-Responsive Boron-, Nitrogen-, and Sulfur-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2016; 22:13181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin M. Hertz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-29260
| | - Julian G. Massoth
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-29260
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-29260
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-29260
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany), Fax: (+49) 69-798-29260
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Wan CQ, Yan HJ, Mak TC. New pyridyl-pyrazinyl ketones as ligands for Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes: Anion-dependent hydrolysis of 2,2′-pyridyl-pyrazinyl ketone and unvaried neat forms of its positional isomers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3,5-Disubstituted-2-(2′-pyridylpyrroles) Ir(III) complexes: Structural and photophysical characterization. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bakir M, McDermot C, Johnson T. Spectroscopic, and electrochemical studies of [MCl2(η2-N,N-dpksc)] (M=Zn, Cd, Hg and dpksc=di-2-pyridylketone semicarbazone). J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Calderón-Casado A, Barandika G, Bazán B, Urtiaga MK, Arriortua MI. Host–guest chemistry of NiII coordination compounds with PDC and (py)2CO: reversible crystal-to-amorphous transformations induced by solvent exchange. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Volpi G, Garino C, Nervi C. Exploring synthetic pathways to cationic heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium complexes derived from dipyridylketone. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:7098-108. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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