1
|
Ott CE. Strategies for assessing the limit of detection in voltammetric methods: comparison and evaluation of approaches. Analyst 2024; 149:4295-4309. [PMID: 38990215 PMCID: PMC11300140 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The realm of analytical chemistry continues to struggle with defining and evaluating the limit of detection in analytical methods in the sense that a multitude of definitions, criteria, caveats, and methods have been proposed, developed, and adopted across disciplines. The last decade has seen a surge in the growth of electrochemical methods and studies in the field of forensic science and forensic chemistry. While many disciplines within forensic science have established method validation guidelines, the historical and current lack of electrochemical methods within forensic laboratories throughout the United States has left a major gap in knowledge, inhibiting the adoption and utilization of electrochemistry, which may serve as a powerful tool in many subdisciplines of forensics. As such, this work begins this discussion by focusing first on the limit of detection (LOD), with application toward both qualitative and quantitative methods. Both inorganic (ferrocyanide and lead) and organic (diphenylamine, naltrexone, and acetaminophen) target analytes were analyzed via two common voltammetry methods: cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. The LOD for each analyte was estimated and/or calculated following a variety of literature-described methods and compared. The accuracy and reliability of these LOD characteristics based on the experimental data is described herein along with suggestions and recommendations. This manuscript is intended to compare the resulting LOD values from various methods and provide a starting point for the incorporation of electrochemistry into the forensic science laboratory, beginning a focused discussion on the development of validation guidelines and parameters needed for the adoption of this technology in forensic laboratories in order to meet the standards required by the criminal justice system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby E Ott
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castro SVF, Pereira JFS, Souza MMC, Siqueira GP, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Munoz RAA. Rapid sequential determination of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in forensic samples employing a graphite sheet sensor and cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:396. [PMID: 38877161 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of a portable analytical procedure is described for rapid sequential detection and quantification of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in forensic samples using a graphite sheet (GS). A single GS platform works as a collector of explosive residues and detector after its assembly into a 3D-printed cell. The detection strategy is based on cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. The cathodic scan from + 0.1 to -1.0 V with accumulation at 0.0 V enables the TNT detection (three reduction peaks), and the anodic scan from + 0.2 to + 1.55 V with accumulation at -0.9 V provides the RDX detection (two oxidation processes). Low detection limit values (0.1 µmol L-1 for TNT and 2.4 µmol L-1 for RDX) and wide linear ranges (from 1 to 150 µmol L-1 for TNT and from 20 to 300 µmol L-1 for RDX) were obtained. The sensor did not respond to pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), which was evaluated as a potential interferent, because plastic explosives contain mixtures of TNT, RDX, and PETN. The GS electrode was also evaluated as a collector of TNT and RDX residues spread on different surfaces to simulate forensic scenarios. After swiping over different surfaces (metal, granite, wood, cloths, hands, money bills, and cellphone), the GS electrode was assembled in the 3D-printed cell ready to measure both explosives by the proposed method. In all cases, the presence of TNT and RDX was confirmed, attesting the reliability of the proposed device to act as collector and sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V F Castro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Jian F S Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria M C Souza
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilvana P Siqueira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Forensic Laboratory of the Federal Police, Uberlândia, 38408-663, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serol M, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Família C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023; 28:5550. [PMID: 37513421 PMCID: PMC10386329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serol
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Família
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vander Pyl C, Feeney W, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Capabilities and Limitations of GC-MS and LC-MS/MS for Trace Detection of Organic Gunshot Residues from Skin Specimens. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
5
|
Dalzell KA, Ott CE, Trejos T, Arroyo LE. Comparison of portable and benchtop electrochemical instruments for detection of inorganic and organic gunshot residues in authentic shooter samples. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1450-1460. [PMID: 35490301 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of gunshot residue currently lacks effective screening methods that can be implemented in real time at the crime scene. Historically, SEM-EDS has been the standard for analysis; however, advances in technology have brought portable instrumentation to the forefront of forensic science disciplines, including the screening of GSR. This study proposes electrochemical methods with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes for GSR screening at the laboratory and points of care due to their rapid, cost-efficient, and compact platform. GSR residues were extracted from typical aluminum/carbon adhesive collection stubs and analyzed via square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Benchtop and portable electrochemical instruments were compared for the assessment and classification of authentic shooter samples by monitoring a panel of inorganic and organic GSR elements and compounds including lead, antimony, copper, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, nitroglycerin, and ethyl centralite. The evaluation included the assessment of figures of merit and performance measures from quality controls, nonshooter, and shooter data sets. Samples collected from the hands of 200 background individuals (nonshooters), and shooters who fired leaded ammunition (100) and lead-free ammunition (50) were analyzed by the benchtop and portable systems with accuracies of 95.7% and 96.5%, respectively. The findings indicate that electrochemical methods are fast, sensitive, and specific for the identification of inorganic and organic gunshot residues. The portable potentiostat provided results comparable with the benchtop system, serving as a proof-of-concept to transition this methodology to crime scenes for a practical and inexpensive GSR screening that could reduce backlogs, improve investigative leads, and increase the impact of gunshot residues in forensic science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney A Dalzell
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Colby E Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McKeever C, Callan S, Warren S, Dempsey E. Magnetic nanoparticle modified electrodes for voltammetric determination of propellant stabiliser diphenylamine. Talanta 2022; 238:123039. [PMID: 34801896 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The overall aim of the work was to advance electrochemical devices capable of analysis of forensically relevant residues using rapid electrochemical sensor technology. In order to achieve this, electrochemical detection of the propellant stabiliser diphenylamine (DPA) was achieved via voltammetry with signal enhancement realised in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticle modified transducers. This allowed both mechanistic and analytical evaluation with the aim to achieve the required selectivity and sensitivity for reliable detection. DPA electrochemistry was examined at glassy carbon electrodes in aqueous (3:7 methanol: sodium acetate pH 4.3) electrolyte via potential sweeping, with an irreversible wave at Ep = 0.67 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The diffusion coefficient (D) for the oxidation process was calculated as 1.43 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.7. DPA electrochemistry in a non aqueous methanol/acetonitrile electrolyte resulted in a D value of 5.47 × 10-8 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.5. Electrochemical preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved via electrooxidation of an iron anode in the presence of an amine surfactant followed by characterisation with SEM/EDX, XRD, FTIR and thermal analysis. A surface confined layer of these magnetic nanoparticles served to positively influence the response to DPA while impeding formation of surface confined oxidation products, with generation of an improved analytical signal - sensitivity 1.13× 10-3 A cm-2 mM-1 relative to bare electrode response (9.80 × 10-4 A cm-2 mM-1) over the range 0.5-50 μM DPA using differential pulse voltammetry, with LOD 3.51 × 10-6 M and LOQ 1.17 × 10-5 M. Real sample analysis involved recovery and differential pulse voltammetry of unburnt and burnt gunshot residue with DPA qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colm McKeever
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah Callan
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Susan Warren
- CREST Technology Gateway, FOCUS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin St., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eithne Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trends in Gunshot Residue Detection by Electrochemical Methods for Forensic Purpose. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
8
|
Tandem detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues using LC–MS and SEM-EDS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Ott CE, Dalzell KA, Calderón-Arce PJ, Alvarado-Gámez AL, Trejos T, Arroyo LE. Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors* , †. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1935-1944. [PMID: 32841369 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for rapid methods to identify both inorganic and organic gunshot residues (IGSR and OGSR) makes electrochemical methods, an attractive screening tool to modernize current practice. Our research group has previously demonstrated that electrochemical screening of GSR samples delivers a simple, inexpensive, and sensitive analytical solution that is capable of detecting IGSR and OGSR in less than 10 min per sample. In this study, we expand our previous work by increasing the number of GSR markers and applying machine learning classifiers to the interpretation of a larger population data set. Utilizing bare screen-printed carbon electrodes, the detection and resolution of seven markers (IGSR; lead, antimony, and copper, and OGSR; nitroglycerin, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite) was achieved with limits of detection (LODs) below 1 µg/mL. A large population data set was obtained from 395 authentic shooter samples and 350 background samples. Various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, including critical thresholds (CT), naïve Bayes (NB), logistic regression (LR), and neural networks (NN), were utilized to calculate the performance and error rates. Neural networks proved to be the best predictor when assessing the dichotomous question of detection of GSR on the hands of shooter versus nonshooter groups. Accuracies for the studied population were 81.8 % (CT), 88.1% (NB), 94.7% (LR), and 95.4% (NN), respectively. The ability to detect both IGSR and OGSR simultaneously provides a selective testing platform for gunshot residues that can provide a powerful field-testing technique and assist with decisions in case management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby E Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Kourtney A Dalzell
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Pedro José Calderón-Arce
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, CELEQ, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Lorena Alvarado-Gámez
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, CELEQ, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simultaneous determination of lead and antimony in gunshot residue using a 3D-printed platform working as sampler and sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:126-136. [PMID: 32892932 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
3D-printing is an emerging technique that enables the fast prototyping of multiple-use devices. Herein we report the fabrication of a 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid (G-PLA) conductive electrode that works as a sampler and a voltammetric sensor of metals in gunshot residue (GSR) using a commercially-available G/-PLA filament. The 3D-printed surface was used as swab to collect GSR and next submitted to a square-wave voltammetric scan for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Sb3+. The proposed sensor presented excellent analytical performance, with limit of detection values of 0.5 and 1.8 μg L-1 to Pb2+ and Sb3+, respectively, and linear ranges between 50 and 1500 μg L-1. Sampling was performed through the direct contact of G-PLA electrode in hands and clothes of shooters, followed by immersion in the electrochemical cell in the presence of supporting electrolyte for the SWASV scan. The proposed method showed a great performance in the recovery, identification and semi-quantification of Pb2+ and Sb3+ in the evaluated samples without the need for sample preparation. Moreover, the device can be reused as sampler and sensor (until three times without loss of electrochemical performance) and the fabrication is reproducible (RSD = 7%, for three different devices). Hence, this 3D-printed material is an excellent candidate for the analysis of GSR, an indispensable analysis in the forensic field.
Collapse
|
11
|
Development of an In-Field Method for the Detection of Barium in Various Water Samples Using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5813492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a reliable, cost-effective, rapid and in-field voltammetric method for the detection of barium. The optimized method consists of an ultrathin mercury film deposited in situ on a glassy carbon electrode in dilute potassium chloride without deoxygenation, using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). Application of the method allowed for the quantitative determination of barium concentration in a variety of waters and brake pad dust samples. Comparative analysis of sample results from DP-ASV with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) showed a mean percent difference of 1.8%.
Collapse
|
12
|
Goodchild SA, Hubble LJ, Mishra RK, Li Z, Goud KY, Barfidokht A, Shah R, Bagot KS, McIntosh AJS, Wang J. Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3747-3753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Goodchild
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Defence Science
and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lee J. Hubble
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Rupesh K. Mishra
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - K. Yugender Goud
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Abbas Barfidokht
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rushabh Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kara S. Bagot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trejos T, Vander Pyl C, Menking-Hoggatt K, Alvarado AL, Arroyo LE. Fast identification of inorganic and organic gunshot residues by LIBS and electrochemical methods. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
14
|
Sun C, Sun J, Qiu F, Li W, Chang Z, Zhang L. The fluorescent property of 3-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl) methylideneamino]benzoic acid and its application as fluorescent chemosensor for Hg 2+ and Al 3+ ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:1-7. [PMID: 28688335 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript studies the fluorescent property of 3-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methylideneamino]benzoic acid (H2L). Fluorescent spectra show that in different solvents, H2L displays different fluorescent properties, which can be attributed to the interaction between the solvents and H2L. Further study indicates that H2L exhibits a highly selective and sensitive recognition for Hg2+ ions in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Al3+ ions in methanol and N,N'-dimethylformamide/water (DMF/H2O, 1/1, v/v). The bonding modes and bonding ratio of H2L and metal ions in different solvents are explored by Job's plot, 1H NMR titration, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The probable mechanisms were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiayi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fazheng Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhidong Chang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erickson JS, Shriver-Lake LC, Zabetakis D, Stenger DA, Trammell SA. A Simple and Inexpensive Electrochemical Assay for the Identification of Nitrogen Containing Explosives in the Field. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081769. [PMID: 28767088 PMCID: PMC5579490 DOI: 10.3390/s17081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and inexpensive electrochemical assay using a custom built hand-held potentiostat for the identification of explosives. The assay is based on a wipe test and is specifically designed for use in the field. The prototype instrument designed to run the assay is capable of performing time-resolved electrochemical measurements including cyclic square wave voltammetry using an embedded microcontroller with parts costing roughly $250 USD. We generated an example library of cyclic square wave voltammograms of 12 compounds including 10 nitroaromatics, a nitramine (RDX), and a nitrate ester (nitroglycine), and designed a simple discrimination algorithm based on this library data for identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Erickson
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Lisa C Shriver-Lake
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Daniel Zabetakis
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - David A Stenger
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Scott A Trammell
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wen X, Fan Z. Linear Schiff-base fluorescence probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for Al3+ detection and its application in live cell imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 945:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
17
|
Fidan I, Önal E, Yerli Y, Luneau D, Ahsen V, Hirel C. Synthesis and Straightforward Quantification Methods of Imino Nitroxide-Based Hexaradical Architecture on a Cyclotriphosphazene Scaffold. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11447-11453. [PMID: 27779392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a homogeneous neutral hexaradical architecture consisting of six imino nitroxide radical moieties covalently bonded on a cyclotriphosphazene scaffold was reported. The synthesis of hexaradical imino nitroxide compounds follows the Ullman procedure involving the condensation of 2,3-bis(hydroxylamino)-2,3-dimethylbutane with hexa-(4-formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (3) followed by oxidation of the condensation product hexa-[4-(1-hydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazoline-2-yl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene (2) by NaIO4. Characterization of hexaradical was performed by X-ray and SQUID in solid state and by EPR, absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemistry in solution. CV of 1 shows an oxidation peak at 1.184 V (vs SCE) and a reduction peak at -0.883 V, both characteristics of the presence of phenyl imino nitroxide (7) moieties, suggesting that the contribution of the cyclotriphosphazene core is negligible. Attention was particularly focused on developing methods, UV-vis spectroscopy and square-wave voltammetry, to quantify the number of radicals in a way to confirm easily and rapidly the polyradicals' structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Fidan
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University , P.O. Box 141, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emel Önal
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University , P.O. Box 141, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yerli
- Physics Department, Yıldız Technical University, Art and Science Faculty , Istanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Campus de La Doua, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University , P.O. Box 141, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Catherine Hirel
- Chemistry Department, Gebze Technical University , P.O. Box 141, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhu JJ. Simultaneous Detection of Tumor Cell Apoptosis Regulators Bcl-2 and Bax through a Dual-Signal-Marked Electrochemical Immunosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:7674-82. [PMID: 26946947 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) are often used to monitor the apoptosis of tumor cells and evaluate cancer drug effect. In this work, a novel sandwich-type dual-signal-marked electrochemical biosensor was fabricated for simultaneous detection of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) layers were used as substrate to immobilize Bcl-2 and Bax antibodies for further capturing target antigens. CdSeTe@CdS quantum dots (QDs) and Ag nanoclusters (NCs) with antibody modification and mesoporous silica amplification were used as signal probes, which were proportional to the amount of Bcl-2 and Bax antigens. Mesoporous SiO2 can provide a larger surface area, more effectively charged by ethylene imine polymer or poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) to adsorb more probes. The Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were determined indirectly by the detection of oxidation peak currents of Cd and Ag using anodic stripping voltammetry, showing a good linear relationship in the protein concentration range from 1 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL. The detection limit of trace protein level was ∼0.5 fmol. The biosensor was further introduced to investigate Bcl-2 and Bax expressions from nilotinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. With the increase of drug dosage and incubation time, the up-regulation for Bax and down-regulation for Bcl-2 were observed, which indicated that the apoptosis level of K562 cells could be regulated by Bcl-2 family. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was further calculated for evaluation of its drug effect and apoptosis level. The limited cell amount for detection reached less than 1 × 10(3) cells, much lower than traditional methods. Furthermore, completely independent detection step and stable acid solutions containing Ag(+) and Cd(2+) for long-time storage contribute to reducing the error from the sample differences and avoiding the potential errors from the photodegradation of fluorescent probes, enzymolysis of DNA, or inactivation of enzyme during an excess experimental period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sarraguça JMG, Lima C, Machado F, Lopes JA, Almeida A, Fernandes L, Magalhães T, Santos A. A FT-NIR spectroscopy methodology to estimate firing distance based on the direct analysis of the bullet impact surface. Analyst 2016; 141:4410-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy is proposed as a new methodology to estimate firing distance based on the direct analysis of organic components of gunshot residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. G. Sarraguça
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Catarina Lima
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Filipe Machado
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João A. Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Luís Fernandes
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-319 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-319 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
- 4200-319 Porto
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goudsmits E, Sharples GP, Birkett JW. Recent trends in organic gunshot residue analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
Mohan AMV, Brunetti B, Bulbarello A, Wang J. Electrochemical signatures of multivitamin mixtures. Analyst 2015; 140:7522-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Distinct electrochemical signatures of multivitamins using cyclic square wave voltammetry at a disposable screen printed electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Vinu Mohan
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- DeFENS
| | | | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou D, Sun C, Chen C, Cui X, Li W. Research of a highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for aluminum(III) ions based on photoinduced electron transfer. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
Wang L, Wang D, Wang H, Feng S. New cyano functionalized silanes: Synthesis, characterization and diphenylamine detection. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
O’Mahony AM, Samek IA, Sattayasamitsathit S, Wang J. Orthogonal Identification of Gunshot Residue with Complementary Detection Principles of Voltammetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy: Sample, Screen, and Confirm. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8031-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M. O’Mahony
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Izabela A. Samek
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sirilak Sattayasamitsathit
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Mahony AM, Wang J. Electrochemical Detection of Gunshot Residue for Forensic Analysis: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
26
|
Bandodkar AJ, O'Mahony AM, Ramírez J, Samek IA, Anderson SM, Windmiller JR, Wang J. Solid-state Forensic Finger sensor for integrated sampling and detection of gunshot residue and explosives: towards ‘Lab-on-a-finger’. Analyst 2013; 138:5288-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Cetó X, O'Mahony AM, Samek IA, Windmiller JR, del Valle M, Wang J. Rapid field identification of subjects involved in firearm-related crimes based on electroanalysis coupled with advanced chemometric data treatment. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10306-14. [PMID: 23121395 DOI: 10.1021/ac302361z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel system for the detection and discrimination of varying levels of exposure to gunshot residue from subjects in various control scenarios. Our aim is to address the key challenge of minimizing the false positive identification of individuals suspected of discharging a firearm. The chemometric treatment of voltammetric data from different controls using Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) provides several distinct clusters for each scenario examined. Multiple samples were taken from subjects in controlled tests such as secondary contact with gunshot residue (GSR), loading a firearm, and postdischarge of a firearm. These controls were examined at both bare carbon and gold-modified screen-printed electrodes using different sampling methods: the 'swipe' method with integrated sampling and electroanalysis and a more traditional acid-assisted q-tip swabbing method. The electroanalytical fingerprint of each sample was examined using square-wave voltammetry; the resulting data were preprocessed with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), followed by CVA treatment. High levels of discrimination were thus achieved in each case over 3 classes of samples (reflecting different levels of involvement), achieving maximum accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of 100% employing the leave-one-out validation method. Further validation with the 'jack-knife' technique was performed, and the resulting values were in good agreement with the former method. Additionally, samples from subjects in daily contact with relevant metallic constituents were analyzed to assess possible false positives. This system may serve as a potential method for a portable, field-deployable system aimed at rapidly identifying a subject who has loaded or discharged a firearm to verify involvement in a crime, hence providing law enforcement personnel with an invaluable forensic tool in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Cetó
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
O'Mahony AM, Windmiller JR, Samek IA, Bandodkar AJ, Wang J. “Swipe and Scan”: Integration of sampling and analysis of gunshot metal residues at screen-printed electrodes. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
29
|
O'Mahony AM, Valdés-Ramírez G, Windmiller JR, Samek IA, Wang J. Orthogonal Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives via Direct Voltammetry Coupled to Enzyme-Mediated Biocatalysis. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|