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Meng G, Gardner J, Hertl N, Dou W, Maurer RJ, Jiang B. First-Principles Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Molecules at Metal Surfaces with Vibrationally Coupled Electron Transfer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:036203. [PMID: 39094165 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.036203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Accurate description of nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules at metal surfaces involving electron transfer has been a long-standing challenge for theory. Here, we tackle this problem by first constructing high-dimensional neural network diabatic potentials including state crossings determined by constrained density functional theory, then applying mixed quantum-classical surface hopping simulations to evolve coupled electron-nuclear motion. Our approach accurately describes the nonadiabatic effects in CO scattering from Au(111) without empirical parameters and yields results agreeing well with experiments under various conditions for this benchmark system. We find that both adiabatic and nonadiabatic energy loss channels have important contributions to the vibrational relaxation of highly vibrationally excited CO(v_{i}=17), whereas relaxation of low vibrationally excited states of CO(v_{i}=2) is weak and dominated by nonadiabatic energy loss. The presented approach paves the way for accurate first-principles simulations of electron transfer mediated nonadiabatic dynamics at metal surfaces.
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2
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Malpathak S, Ananth N. A Linearized Semiclassical Dynamics Study of the Multiquantum Vibrational Relaxation of NO Scattering from a Au(111) Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:794-801. [PMID: 38232133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The vibrational relaxation of NO molecules scattering from a Au(111) surface has served as the focus of efforts to understand nonadiabatic energy transfer at metal-molecule interfaces. Experimental measurements and previous theoretical efforts suggest that multiquantal NO vibrational energy relaxation occurs via electron-hole pair excitations in the metal. Here, using a linearized semiclassical approach, we accurately predict the vibrational relaxation of NO from the νi = 3 state for different incident translational energies. We also accurately capture the central role of transient electron transfer from the metal to the molecule in mediating the vibrational relaxation process but fall short of quantitatively predicting the full extent of multiquantum relaxation for high incident vibrational excitations (νi = 16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Malpathak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Gardner J, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. Assessing Mixed Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics Methods for Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Molecules on Metal Surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15257-15270. [PMID: 37583439 PMCID: PMC10424245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical (MQC) methods for simulating the dynamics of molecules at metal surfaces have the potential to accurately and efficiently provide mechanistic insight into reactive processes. Here, we introduce simple two-dimensional models for the scattering of diatomic molecules at metal surfaces based on recently published electronic structure data. We apply several MQC methods to investigate their ability to capture how nonadiabatic effects influence molecule-metal energy transfer during the scattering process. Specifically, we compare molecular dynamics with electronic friction, Ehrenfest dynamics, independent electron surface hopping, and the broadened classical master equation approach. In the case of independent electron surface hopping, we implement a simple decoherence correction approach and assess its impact on vibrationally inelastic scattering. Our results show that simple, low-dimensional models can be used to qualitatively capture experimentally observed vibrational energy transfer and provide insight into the relative performance of different MQC schemes. We observe that all approaches predict similar kinetic energy dependence but return different vibrational energy distributions. Finally, by varying the molecule-metal coupling, we can assess the coupling regime in which some MQC methods become unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Gardner J, Corken D, Janke SM, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. Efficient implementation and performance analysis of the independent electron surface hopping method for dynamics at metal surfaces. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064101. [PMID: 36792522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Independent electron surface hopping (IESH) is a computational algorithm for simulating the mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics of adsorbate atoms and molecules interacting with metal surfaces. It is capable of modeling the nonadiabatic effects of electron-hole pair excitations on molecular dynamics. Here, we present a transparent, reliable, and efficient implementation of IESH, demonstrating its ability to predict scattering and desorption probabilities across a variety of systems, ranging from model Hamiltonians to full dimensional atomistic systems. We further show how the algorithm can be modified to account for the application of an external bias potential, comparing its accuracy to results obtained using the hierarchical quantum master equation. Our results show that IESH is a practical method for modeling coupled electron-nuclear dynamics at metal surfaces, especially for highly energetic scattering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Corken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Svenja M Janke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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5
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Wu Q, Zhou L, Schatz GC, Zhang Y, Guo H. Mechanistic Insights into Photocatalyzed H2 Dissociation on Au Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13090-13101. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Linsen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in condensed matter materials: some recent advances and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:073001. [PMID: 31661681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the field of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), with particular attention given to condensed-matter systems. NA-MD simulations for small molecular systems can be performed using high-level electronic structure (ES) calculations, methods accounting for the quantization of nuclear motion, and using fewer approximations in the dynamical methodology itself. Modeling condensed-matter systems imposes many limitations on various aspects of NA-MD computations, requiring approximations at various levels of theory-from the ES, to the ways in which the coupling of electrons and nuclei are accounted for. Nonetheless, the approximate treatment of NA-MD in condensed-phase materials has gained a spin lately in many applied studies. A number of advancements of the methodology and computational tools have been undertaken, including general-purpose methods, as well as those tailored to nanoscale and condensed matter systems. This review summarizes such methodological and software developments, puts them into the broader context of existing approaches, and highlights some of the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States of America
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Abstract
Dynamics at molecule-metal interfaces are a subject of intense current interest and come in many different flavors of experiments: gas-phase scattering, chemisorption, electrochemistry, nanojunction transport, and heterogeneous catalysis, to name a few. These dynamics involve nuclear degrees of freedom entangled with many electronic degrees of freedom (in the metal), and as such there is always the possibility for nonadiabatic phenomena to appear: the nuclei do not necessarily need to move slower than the electrons to break the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. In this Feature Article, we review a set of dynamical methods developed recently to deal with such nonadiabatic phenomena at a metal surface, methods that serve as alternatives to Tully's independent electron surface hopping (IESH) model. In the weak molecule-metal coupling regime, a classical master equation (CME) can be derived and a simple surface hopping approach is proposed to propagate nuclear and electronic dynamics stochastically. In the strong molecule-metal interaction regime, a Fokker-Planck equation can be derived for the nuclear dynamics, with electronic DoFs incorporated into the overall friction and random force. Lastly, a broadened classical master equation (BCME) can interpolate between the weak and strong molecule-metal interactions. Here, we briefly review these methods and the relevant benchmarking data, showing in particular how the methods can be used to calculate nonequilibrium transport properties. We highlight several open questions and pose several avenues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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8
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Chen F, Miwa K, Galperin M. Electronic friction in interacting systems. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Kuniyuki Miwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Miao G, Ouyang W, Subotnik J. A comparison of surface hopping approaches for capturing metal-molecule electron transfer: A broadened classical master equation versus independent electron surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041711. [PMID: 30709317 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a generalized Anderson-Holstein model, we investigate electron transfer rates using two different surface hopping algorithms: a broadened classical master equation (BCME) and independent electron surface hopping (IESH). We find that for large enough bandwidth and density of one electron states, and in the presence of external friction, the IESH results converge to the BCME results for impurity-bath model systems, recovering both relaxation rates and equilibrium populations. Without external friction, however, the BCME and IESH results can strongly disagree, and preliminary evidence suggests that IESH does not always recover the correct equilibrium state. Finally, we also demonstrate that adding an electronic thermostat to IESH does help drive the metallic substrate to the correct equilibrium state, but this improvement can sometimes come at the cost of worse short time dynamics. Overall, our results should be of use for all computational chemists looking to model either gas phase scattering or electrochemical dynamics at a metal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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10
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Loaiza I, Izmaylov AF. On the breakdown of the Ehrenfest method for molecular dynamics on surfaces. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:214101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5055768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Loaiza
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Artur F. Izmaylov
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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11
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Chen F, Miwa K, Galperin M. Current-Induced Forces for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:693-701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kuniyuki Miwa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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12
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Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Nonadiabatic Mixed Quantum–Classical Dynamics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7026-7068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ruan
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Ryabinkin IG, Izmaylov AF. Mixed Quantum-Classical Dynamics Using Collective Electronic Variables: A Better Alternative to Electronic Friction Theories. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:440-444. [PMID: 28036176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate description of nonadiabatic dynamics of molecular species on metallic surfaces poses a serious computational challenge associated with a multitude of closely spaced electronic states. We propose a mixed quantum-classical scheme that addresses this challenge by introducing collective electronic variables. These variables are defined through analytic block-diagonalization applied to the time-dependent Hamiltonian matrix governing the electronic dynamics. We compare our scheme with a simplified Ehrenfest approach and with a full-memory electronic friction model on a 1D "adatom + atomic chain" model. Our simulations demonstrate that collective-mode dynamics with only a few (two to three) electronic variables is robust and can describe a variety of situations: from a chemisorbed atom on an insulator to an atom on a metallic surface. Our molecular model also reveals that the friction approach is prone to unpredictable and catastrophic failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Ryabinkin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Artur F Izmaylov
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - S. A. Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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16
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Sherman MC, Corcelli SA. Thermal equilibrium properties of surface hopping with an implicit Langevin bath. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:024110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4905253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - S. A. Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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17
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Barbatti M, Crespo-Otero R. Surface Hopping Dynamics with DFT Excited States. DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL METHODS FOR EXCITED STATES 2014; 368:415-44. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The 157th Faraday Discussion represented a historic turning point in the development of the field of reaction dynamics because it concerned itself with how reactions occur in gases, in liquid, and at interfaces. Never before has the attempt been made to unify the various approaches to reaction dynamics in one Faraday Discussion meeting and to discover what language was common and what was special to these previously distinct subdisciplines. This Discussion also marked a maturation of the field of reaction dynamics in that so much emphasis was placed on what the combination of theory and experiment could tell us about the detailed course of chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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