1
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Hu J, Ma J, Jin Z, Liu W, Huang L, Wang X, Xing X. Reactivity of cationic silver clusters with O 2: a probe of interplay between clusters' geometric and electronic structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7407-7415. [PMID: 38351849 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
We explored the size-dependent reactivity of Agn+ (n = 2-22) with O2 under mild conditions and found that only a few sizes of Agn+, with even values of n = 4, 6, 12, 16, 18, and 22, are reactive. Possible structures of Agn+ (n = 2-22) were determined using a genetic algorithm with incomplete local optimizations at the DFT level, and the calculated bonding strengths of O2 on these structures are consistent with experimental observations. Analyses revealed a close relationship between the reactivity of Agn+ with O2 and its HOMO-LUMO gap: cationic silver clusters with a small HOMO-LUMO gap are reactive, which can be rationalized by the covalent character of chemical bonds between Agn+ and O2 involving their frontier orbitals. The peculiar size-dependent HOMO-LUMO gaps and reactivity with O2 correlate with the subtle interplay between the electronic configurations and geometric structures of these silver cluster cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhengqian Jin
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Lulu Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Nguyen-Ha BN, Phan Dang CT, Van Duong L, Pham-Ho MP, Nguyen MT, Tam NM. Formation of pyramidal structures through mixing gold and platinum atoms: the Au xPt y2+ clusters with x + y = 10. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32893-32903. [PMID: 38025864 PMCID: PMC10630918 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometric and electronic structures of a small series of mixed gold and platinum AuxPty2+ clusters, with x + y = 10, were investigated using quantum chemical methods. A consistent tetrahedral pyramid structure emerges, displaying two patterns of structural growth by a notable critical point at y = 5. This affects the clusters' electron population, chemical bonding, and stability. For the Pt-doped Au clusters with y values from 2 to 5, the bonds enable Pt atoms to assemble into symmetric line, triangle, quadrangle, and tetragonal pyramidal Pty blocks, respectively. For the Au-doped Pt clusters, with larger values of y > 5, the structures are more relaxed and the d electrons of Pt atoms become delocalized over more centers, leading to lower symmetry structures. A certain aromaticity arising from delocalization of d electrons over the multi-center framework in the doped Pt clusters contributes to their stability, with Pt102+ at y = 10 exhibiting the highest stability. While the ground electronic state of the neutral platinum atom [Xe]. 4f145d96s1 leads to a triplet state (3D3), the total magnetic moments of AuxPty2+ are large increasing steadily from 0 to 10 μB and primarily located on Pt atoms, corresponding to the increase of the number of Pt atoms from 0 to 10 and significantly enhancing the magnetic moments. An admixture of both Au and Pt atoms thus emerges as an elegant way of keeping a small pyramidal structure but bringing in a high and controllable magnetic moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ngan Nguyen-Ha
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Long Van Duong
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Research Group, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - My Phuong Pham-Ho
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tam
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Phan Thiet 225 Nguyen Thong Phan Thiet City Binh Thuan Vietnam
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3
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Du Q, Huang L, Fu J, Cao Y, Xing X, Zhao J. Single atom alloy clusters Ag n-1X - (X = Cu, Au; n = 7-20) reacting with O 2: Symmetry-adapted orbital model. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014306. [PMID: 36610979 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single atom alloy AgCu catalysts have attracted great attention, since doping the single Cu atom introduces narrow free-atom-like Cu 3d states in the electronic structure. These peculiar electronic states can reduce the activation energies in some reactions and offer valuable guidelines for improving catalytic performance. However, the geometric tuning effect of single Cu atoms in Ag catalysts and the structure-activity relationship of AgCu catalysts remain unclear. Here, we prepared well-resolved pristine Agn - as well as single atom alloy Agn-1Cu- and Agn-1Au- (n = 7-20) clusters and investigated their reactivity with O2. We found that replacing an Ag atom in Agn - (n = 15-18) with a Cu atom significantly increases the reactivity with O2, while replacement of an Ag with an Au atom has negligible effects. The adsorption of O2 on Agn - or Agn-1Cu- clusters follows the single electron transfer mechanism, in which the cluster activity is dependent on two descriptors, the energy level of α-HOMO (strong correlation) and the α-HOMO-LUMO gap (weak correlation). Our calculation demonstrated that the cluster arrangements caused by single Cu atom alloying would affect the above activity descriptors and, therefore, regulates clusters' chemical activity. In addition, the observed reactivity of clusters in the representative sizes with n = 17-19 can also be interpreted using the symmetry-adapted orbital model. Our work provides meaningful information to understand the chemical activities of related single-atom-alloy catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Du
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Cao
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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5
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Luo XM, Li YK, Dong XY, Zang SQ. Platonic and Archimedean solids in discrete metal-containing clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:383-444. [PMID: 36533405 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal-containing clusters have attracted increasing attention over the past 2-3 decades. This intense interest can be attributed to the fact that these discrete metal aggregates, whose atomically precise structures are resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), often possess intriguing geometrical features (high symmetry, aesthetically pleasing shapes and architectures) and fascinating physical properties, providing invaluable opportunities for the intersection of different disciplines including chemistry, physics, mathematical geometry and materials science. In this review, we attempt to reinterpret and connect these fascinating clusters from the perspective of Platonic and Archimedean solid characteristics, focusing on highly symmetrical and complex metal-containing (metal = Al, Ti, V, Mo, W, U, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, lanthanoids (Ln), and actinoids) high-nuclearity clusters, including metal-oxo/hydroxide/chalcogenide clusters and metal clusters (with metal-metal binding) protected by surface organic ligands, such as thiolate, phosphine, alkynyl, carbonyl and nitrogen/oxygen donor ligands. Furthermore, we present the symmetrical beauty of metal cluster structures and the geometrical similarity of different types of clusters and provide a large number of examples to show how to accurately describe the metal clusters from the perspective of highly symmetrical polyhedra. Finally, knowledge and further insights into the design and synthesis of unknown metal clusters are put forward by summarizing these "star" molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ya-Ke Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Nanomechanical and structural study of Au38 nanocluster Langmuir-Blodgett films using bimodal atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Deibert D, Khetrapal NS, Zeng XC. Large-Sized Au n- Core-Shell Clusters ( n = 61-66): Enduring Structure of the Icosahedral Au 13 Core. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1389-1397. [PMID: 35113571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large-sized gold Aun- anion clusters exhibit structural characteristics drastically different from other coinage metals. Typically, coinage metal nanoclusters exhibit a 13-atom icosahedral core at the cluster size of 55. Gold clusters, contrarily, do not entail this core until the size reaches 60. Here, we investigated the robustness of the icosahedral core within the large-sized Aun- anion clusters. We found that the icosahedral core persists over the size of range of n = 61-66. To adapt the exceptional robustness of the icosahedral core, the shells of the clusters tend to undergo notable structural deformations with polygonal defects. As the cluster size increases from 61 to 66, the core starts to become distorted at n = 64 and the space between the core and shell becomes enlarged. To our knowledge, this is the first theoretical study that provides the simulated photoelectron spectra of the two largest sized gold clusters: Au65- and Au66-.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deibert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Navneet Singh Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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8
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Huang L, Liu W, Hu J, Xing X. Exploring the Effects of a Doping Silver Atom on Anionic Gold Clusters' Reactivity with O 2. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9995-10005. [PMID: 34784715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactivities of AgAun-1- (n = 3-10) with O2 at a low temperature were studied using an instrument combining a magnetron sputter cluster source, a microflow reactor, and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Their reaction products as well as size-dependent kinetic rates were nearly identical to those of corresponding Aun- (n = 3-10). Previous experiments showed that the Ag atom in AgAun-1- (n = 3-10) was fully or partially enclosed by the gold atoms. We studied the adsorption of O2 on these reported structures using the B3LYP theory with relatively large basis sets. The theoretical results indicate that the adsorption sites as well as the adsorption energies of O2 on AgAun-1- (n = 3-10) are nearly identical to those on the corresponding Aun- (n = 3-10). The O2 adsorption on a series of proposed isomers of AgAun-1- (denoted as Aun-1Ag-), in which the silver atom was on the protruding site, was explored using the same theoretical methods. The O2 tends to bond with the protruding Ag atoms, and the binding energies are apparently higher than those on the corresponding Aun- and AgAun-1-. The adsorption and activation of O2 on Aun-, AgAun-1-, and Aun-1Ag- were correlated with their global electron detachment energies (VDEs) as well as the element types of the adsorption sites. Generally, low VDE values and silver sites facilitate the O2 adsorption, and these two factors separately dominate in various cluster species. The revealed effects of a doping silver atom in small gold clusters are helpful to understand the role of the residual silver components in many nano gold catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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9
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Piotrowski MJ, Orenha RP, Parreira RLT, Guedes-Sobrinho D. Assessment of the van der Waals, Hubbard U parameter and spin-orbit coupling corrections on the 2D/3D structures from metal gold congeners clusters. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:230-243. [PMID: 34751955 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The coinage-metal clusters possess a natural complexity in their theoretical treatment that may be accompanied by inherent shortcomings in the methodological approach. Herein, we performed a scalar-relativistic density functional theory study, considering Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) with (empirical and semi empirical) van der Waals (vdW), spin-orbit coupling (SOC), +U (Hubbard term), and their combinations, to treat the Cu 13 , Ag 13 , and Au 13 clusters in different structural motifs. The energetic scenario is given by the confirmation of the 3D lowest energy configurations for Cu 13 and Ag 13 within all approaches, while for Au 13 there is a 2D/3D competition, depending on the applied correction. The 2D geometry is 0.43 eV more stable with plain PBE than the 3D one, the SOC, +U, and/or vdW inclusion decreases the overestimated stability of the planar configurations, where the most surprising result is found by the D3 and D3BJ vdW corrections, for which the 3D configuration is 0.29 and 0.11 eV, respectively, more stable than the 2D geometry (with even higher values when SOC and/or +U are added). The D3 dispersion correction represents 7.9% (4.4%) of the total binding energy for the 3D (2D) configuration, (not) being enough to change the sd hybridization and the position of the occupied d -states. Our predictions are in agreement with experimental results and in line with the best results obtained for bulk systems, as well as with hybrid functionals within D3 corrections. The properties description undergoes small corrections with the different approaches, where general trends are maintained, that is, the average bond length is smaller (larger) for lower (higher)-coordinated structures, since a same number of electrons are shared by a smaller (larger) number of bonds, consequently, the bonds are stronger (weaker) and shorter (longer) and the sd hybridization index is larger (smaller). Thus, Au has a distinct behavior in relation to its lighter congeners, with a complex potential energy surface, where in addition to the relevant relativistic effects, correlation and dispersion effects must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício J Piotrowski
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato P Orenha
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato L T Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Dong J, Gao ZH, Wang LS. The synthesis and characterization of a new diphosphine-protected gold hydride nanocluster. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034307. [PMID: 34293870 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold is the most inert metal and does not form a bulk hydride. However, gold becomes chemically active in the nanometer scale and gold nanoparticles have been found to exhibit important catalytic properties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a highly stable ligand-protected gold hydride nanocluster, [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ [dppee = bis(2-diphenylphosphino) ethyl ether]. A synthetic method is developed to obtain high purity samples of the gold trihydride nanocluster with good yields. The properties of the new hydride cluster are characterized with different experimental techniques, as well as theoretical calculations. Solid samples of [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ are found to be stable under ambient conditions. Both experimental evidence and theoretical evidence suggest that the Au22H3 core of the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ hydride nanocluster consists of two Au11 units bonded via two triangular faces, creating six uncoordinated Au sites at the interface. The three H atoms bridge the six uncoordinated Au atoms at the interface. The Au11 unit behaves as an eight-electron trivalent superatom, forming a superatom triple bond (Au11 ≡ Au11) in the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ trihydride nanocluster assisted by the three bridging H atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Ze-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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11
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Omoda T, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Toward Controlling the Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms of Gold and Silver. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2001439. [PMID: 32696588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold/silver clusters protected by organic ligands L, [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z , have gained increasing interest as building units of functional materials because of their novel photophysical and physicochemical properties. The properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are intimately associated with the quantized electronic structures of the metallic cores, which can be viewed as superatoms from the analogy of naked Au/Ag clusters. Thus, establishment of the correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of the superatomic cores is crucial for rational design and improvement of the properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z . This review article aims to provide a qualitative understanding on how the electronic structures of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are affected by geometric structures of the superatomic cores with a focus on three factors: size, shape, and composition, on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The knowledge accumulated here will constitute a basis for the development of ligand-protected Au/Ag clusters as new artificial elements on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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12
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Kulichenko M, Chen WJ, Zhang YY, Xu CQ, Li J, Wang LS. Double σ-Aromaticity in a Planar Zinc-Doped Gold Cluster: Au 9Zn . J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4606-4613. [PMID: 34014680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The strong relativistic effects result in many interesting chemical and physical properties for gold and gold compounds. One of the most surprising findings has been that small gold clusters prefer planar structures. Dopants can be used to tune the electronic and structural properties of gold nanoclusters. Here we report an experimental and theoretical investigation of a Zn-doped gold cluster, Au9Zn-. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that Au9Zn- is a highly stable electronic system with an electron binding energy of 4.27 eV. Quantum chemical studies show that the global minimum of Au9Zn- has a D3h structure with a closed-shell electron configuration (1A1'), which can be viewed as replacing the central Au atom by Zn in the open-shell parent Au10- cluster. The high electronic stability of Au9Zn- is corroborated by its extremely large HOMO-LUMO gap of 3.3 eV. Chemical bonding analyses revealed that the D3h Au9Zn- are bonded by two sets of delocalized σ bonds, giving rise to double σ aromaticity and its remarkable stability. Two planar low-lying isomers are also observed, corresponding to a similar triangular structure with the Zn atom on the edge and another one with one of the corner Au atoms moved to the edge of the triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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13
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Khetrapal NS, Deibert D, Pal R, Cheung LF, Wang LS, Zeng XC. How O 2-Binding Affects Structural Evolution of Medium Even-Sized Gold Clusters Au n- ( n = 20-34). J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3560-3570. [PMID: 33819049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first joint anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study on how O2-binding affects the structures of medium even-sized gold clusters, Aun- (n = 20-34), a special size region that entails a variety of distinct structures. Under the temperature conditions in the current photoelectron spectroscopy experiment, O2-bound gold clusters were observed only for n = 22-24 and 34. Nevertheless, O2 binding with the clusters in the size range of n = 20-34 can be still predicted based on the obtained global-minimum structures. Consequently, a series of structural transitions, from the pyramidal to fused-planar to core-shell structures, are either identified or predicted for the AunO2- clusters, where the O2-binding is in either superoxo or peroxo fashion. The identified global-minimum structures of AunO2- (n = 20-34) also allow us to gain improved understanding of why the clusters Aun- (n = 26-32) are less reactive with O2 in comparison to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - David Deibert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rhitankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ling Fung Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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14
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Lim E, Heo J, Zhang X, Bowen KH, Lee SH, Kim SK. Anionic Activation of CO 2 via (M n-CO 2) - Complex on Magic-Numbered Anionic Coinage Metal Clusters M n- (M = Cu, Ag, Au). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2243-2248. [PMID: 33721997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the immense challenge of excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere, an extensive search is under way to convert atmospheric CO2 to compounds of more utility. With CO2 being thermodynamically extremely stable, activation of CO2 is the first and most important step toward its chemical conversion. Building upon our earlier model for the anionic activation of CO2 with azabenzene and inspired by the work of others on metal atom-CO2 complexes, we investigated the possibility of anionic activation of CO2 on small anionic metal clusters, which would have implications for catalytic conversion of CO2 on metal surfaces with atomic-scale structural irregularities. We carried out theoretical calculations using density functional theory to examine small anionic metal clusters of Cu, Ag, and Au to check whether they form a complex with CO2, with the sign of CO2 being chemically activated. We found that a class of anionic metal clusters Mn- with 1, 2, and 6 atoms consistently produced the activated complex (Mn-CO2)- for all three metals. There exists a strong interaction between the CO2 moiety and Mn- via a partially covalent M-C bond with a full delocalization of the electronic charge, as a result of electron transfer from the HOMO of Mn- to the LUMO of CO2 as in metal-CO2 π-backbonding. We examined the interaction of frontier orbitals from the viewpoints of the orbital geometry and orbital energetics and found that the above magic numbers are consistent with both aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhak Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Heo
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Chungnam 31066, Korea
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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15
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Hasegawa S, Tsukuda T. Exploring Novel Catalysis Using Polymer-Stabilized Metal Clusters. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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16
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Matsuo A, Hasegawa S, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Electron-Rich Gold Clusters Stabilized by Poly(vinylpyridines) as Robust and Active Oxidation Catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7844-7849. [PMID: 32536166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we introduced poly(n-vinylpyridine) (PnVP, n = 2, 4) as an electron-donating stabilizer for small (<2 nm) Au clusters and elucidated how coordinating pyridines affect the physical, optical, chemical, and catalytic properties of Au clusters. Spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculation suggested the high electron-donating ability of PnVP. PnVP-stabilized Au clusters improved robustness in aerobic oxidation of alcohols compared to poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-stabilized ones, while retaining catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysis and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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17
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Pande S, Gong X, Wang LS, Zeng XC. Au 60-: The Smallest Gold Cluster with the High-Symmetry Icosahedral Core Au 13. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1820-1827. [PMID: 30925053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among coinage metal nanoclusters with 55 atoms, only Ag55- and Cu55- are the geometric magic-number clusters, as both exhibit icosahedral symmetry. Au55-, however, exhibits much lower symmetry due largely to the strong relativistic bonding effect. In this study, we collect a much larger population (>10,000 isomers) of low-energy isomers of Au55- to Au60- by using the combined density-functional theory and basin-hopping global optimization method. We also include the spin-orbit effect in the density-functional theory computation to achieve simulated photoelectron spectra in quantitative fashion. Remarkably, we uncover that the Au13 core with the highest icosahedral ( Ih) symmetry emerges at the size of Au60-. Stability analysis suggests that Au57- with 58 valence electrons, an electronic magic number, is the relatively more stable cluster in the size range considered. Overall, in this size range we reveal a compromise between the trend toward having a perfect icosahedral 13-atom core and the strong relativistic bonding effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Pande
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Xingao Gong
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Science (Ministry of Education) , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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18
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Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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19
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Guedes-Sobrinho D, Wang W, Hamilton IP, Da Silva JLF, Ghiringhelli LM. (Meta-)stability and Core-Shell Dynamics of Gold Nanoclusters at Finite Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:685-692. [PMID: 30681851 PMCID: PMC6372262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters have been the focus of numerous computational studies, but an atomistic understanding of their structural and dynamical properties at finite temperature is far from satisfactory. To address this deficiency, we investigate gold nanoclusters via ab initio molecular dynamics, in a range of sizes where a core-shell morphology is observed. We analyze their structure and dynamics using state-of-the-art techniques, including unsupervised machine-learning nonlinear dimensionality reduction (sketch-map) for describing the similarities and differences among the range of sampled configurations. In the examined temperature range between 300 and 600 K, we find that whereas the gold nanoclusters exhibit continuous structural rearrangement, they are not amorphous. Instead, they clearly show persistent motifs: a cationic core of 1-5 atoms is loosely bound to a shell which typically displays a substructure resulting from the competition between locally spherical versus planar fragments. Besides illuminating the properties of core-shell gold nanoclusters, the present study proposes a set of useful tools for understanding their nature in operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guedes-Sobrinho
- São
Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University
of São Paulo, PO Box 780, 13560−970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Ian P. Hamilton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier
University, Waterloo N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juarez L. F. Da Silva
- São
Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University
of São Paulo, PO Box 780, 13560−970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Hirata K, Tomihara R, Kim K, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Characterization of chemically modified gold and silver clusters in gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17463-17474. [PMID: 31363731 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise Au and Ag clusters protected by organic ligands can be viewed as chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms and have attracted interest as promising building units of functional materials and ideal platforms for studying the size-dependent evolution of structures and properties. Their structures, stability, and physicochemical properties have been characterized in solution and solid (or crystalline) phases by various methods conventionally used in materials science. However, novel and complementary information on their intrinsic stability and structures can be obtained by applying a variety of gas-phase methods, including mass spectrometry, ion mobility mass spectrometry, collision- or surface-induced dissociation mass spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, and photodissociation mass spectrometry, to the chemically modified Au/Ag superatoms isolated in the gas phase. This perspective describes our recent efforts in the gas-phase studies on chemically synthesized Au/Ag superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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21
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Li S, Singh S, Dumesic JA, Mavrikakis M. On the nature of active sites for formic acid decomposition on gold catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic scale size-sensitivity of the catalytic properties of sub-nanometer gold clusters for HCOOH decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Suyash Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Madison
- USA
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22
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Takano S, Hasegawa S, Suyama M, Tsukuda T. Hydride Doping of Chemically Modified Gold-Based Superatoms. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3074-3083. [PMID: 30427181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atomically size-selected gold (Au) clusters protected by organic ligands or stabilized by polymers provide an ideal platform to test fundamental concepts and size-specific phenomena, such as the superatomic concept and metal-to-nonmetal transition. Recent studies revealed that these stabilized Au clusters take atomlike quantized electronic structures and can be viewed as chemically modified Au superatoms. An analogy between Au and hydrogen (H) atoms is an interesting proposal made for bare Au clusters: a Au atom at a low-coordination site of a Au cluster can be replaced with a H atom while retaining the structural motif and electronic structure. However, this proposal has not been experimentally proved in chemically modified Au superatoms while a recent theoretical study predicted the formation of [HAu25(SR)18]0 (RS = thiolate). This Account summarizes our recent studies on the interaction of hydride(s) with two types of chemically modified Au-based superatoms: (1) the Au cores of [Au9(PPh3)8]3+ and [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ formally described as (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+, respectively, and (2) Au34 cluster stabilized by poly( N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+ cores correspond to oblate-shaped superatoms with six electrons and a coordinatively unsaturated site at the center, whereas the Au34 cluster in PVP is viewed as a nearly spherical superatom having a closed electronic structure with 34 electrons and multiple uncoordinated sites on the surface. Through this study, we aimed to deepen our understanding on the role of a hydride in the formation processes of Au superatoms, the effect of adsorbed hydride(s) on the electronic structure of Au superatoms, and the activity of adsorbed hydrogen species for hydrogenation catalysis. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that a single hydride (H-) was selectively doped to (Au9)3+ and (PdAu8)2+ upon reactions with BH4- to form (HAu9)2+ and (HPdAu8)+, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that (HAu9)2+ and (HPdAu8)+ were more spherical than the original superatoms and had a closed electronic structure with eight electrons. The hydride-doped (HAu9)2+ was selectively converted to the well-known (Au11)3+ by electrophilic addition of two Au(I) units whereas (HPdAu8)+ was converted to a new hydride-doped (HPdAu10)3+. A two-step mechanism was proposed for hydride-mediated growth of Au-based superatoms: closure of the electronic structures by adsorption of a hydride, followed by the addition of two Au(I) units. The selective formation of Au34 superatoms in PVP is also explained by assuming that hydride-doped Au clusters with 34 electrons were involved as key intermediates. The Au34 superatom exhibited the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band by reacting with BH4- due to the electron donation by multiply adsorbed hydrides. The LSPR band disappeared by exposing hydride-doped Au34 to dissolved O2, but reappeared by reaction with BH4-. Catalysis for hydrogenation of C═C bonds was generated by doping a single Pd or Rh atom to Au34. The results reported here demonstrate that the hydride doped to chemically modified Au superatoms mimics Au- in terms of electron count. The hydride-mediated growth processes observed will contribute to the development of an atomically precise, bottom-up method of synthesizing new artificial elements in a periodic table for nanoscale materials. The interaction of hydride(s) with Au superatoms will find application in hydrogenation catalysis and hydrogen sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Megumi Suyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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23
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Khetrapal NS, Wang LS, Zeng XC. Determination of CO Adsorption Sites on Gold Clusters Au n- ( n = 21-25): A Size Region That Bridges the Pyramidal and Core-Shell Structures. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5430-5439. [PMID: 30180587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We perform a joint photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study to investigate CO adsorption sites on midsized gold clusters, Au n- ( n = 21-25), a special size region that bridges the highly symmetric pyramidal cluster Au20- (Li et al. Science 2003, 299, 864) and the prevailing core-shell clusters starting from Au26- (Schaefer et al. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7413). Particular attention is placed on whether the CO binding can significantly change structures of the host clusters in view of the fact that the size-dependent structural change already occurs for bare gold clusters in this size range. A transition from hollow-tubular to fused-planar structures is identified for the Au nCO- clusters even though the CO molecule mostly binds to an apex gold atom. The computed CO adsorption energy and HOMO-LUMO gap of the gold clusters suggest that among the five gold clusters the Au23- cluster exhibits the strongest CO binding and thereby could be a good catalytic model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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24
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Zhang QF, Chen X, Wang LS. Toward Solution Syntheses of the Tetrahedral Au 20 Pyramid and Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters with Uncoordinated Sites. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2159-2168. [PMID: 30070827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing objective of cluster science is to discover highly stable clusters and to use them as models for catalysts and building blocks for cluster-assembled materials. The discovery of catalytic properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has stimulated wide interests in gaseous size-selected gold clusters. Ligand-protected AuNPs have also been extensively investigated to probe their size-dependent catalytic and optical properties. However, the need to remove ligands can introduce uncertainties in both the structures and sizes of ligand-protected AuNPs for catalytic applications. Ideal model catalysts should be atomically precise AuNPs with well-defined structures and uncoordinated surface sites as in situ active centers. The tetrahedral ( Td) Au20 pyramidal cluster, discovered to be highly stable in the gas phase, provided a unique opportunity for such an ideal model system. The Td-Au20 consists of four Au(111) faces with all its atoms on the surface. Bulk synthesis of Td-Au20 with appropriate ligands would allow its catalytic and optical properties to be investigated and harnessed. The different types of its surface atoms would allow site-specific chemistry to be exploited. It was hypothesized that if the four corner atoms of Td-Au20 were coordinated by ligands the cluster would still contain 16 uncoordinated surface sites as potential in situ catalytically active centers. Phosphine ligands were deemed to be suitable for the synthesis of Td-Au20 to maintain the integrity of its pyramidal structure. Triphenyl-phosphine-protected Td-Au20 was first observed in solution, and its stability was confirmed both experimentally and theoretically. To enhance the synthetic yield, bidentate diphosphine ligands [(Ph)2P(CH2) nP(Ph)2 or L n] with different chain lengths were explored. It was hypothesized that diphosphine ligands with the right chain length might preferentially coordinate to the Td-Au20. Promising evidence was initially obtained by the formation of the undecagold by the L3 ligand. When the L8 diphosphine ligand was used, a remarkable Au22 nanocluster with eight uncoordinated Au sites, Au22(L8)6, was synthesized. With a tetraphosphine-ligand (PP3), a new Au20 nanocluster, [Au20(PP3)4]Cl4, was isolated with high yield. The crystal structure of the new Au20 core did not reveal the expected pyramid but rather an intrinsically chiral gold core. The surface of the new chiral-Au20 was fully coordinated, and it was found to be highly stable chemically. The Au22(L8)6 nanocluster represents the first and only gold core with uncoordinated gold atoms, providing potentially eight in situ catalytically active sites. The Au22 nanoclusters dispersed on oxide supports were found to catalyze CO oxidation and activate H2 without ligand removal. With further understanding about the formation mechanisms of gold nanoclusters in solution, it is conceivable that Td-Au20 can be eventually synthesized, allowing its novel catalytic and optical properties to be explored. More excitingly, it is possible that a whole family of new atomically precise gold nanoclusters can be created with different phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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25
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Cuny J, Tarrat N, Spiegelman F, Huguenot A, Rapacioli M. Density-functional tight-binding approach for metal clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces and bulk: application to silver and gold. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:303001. [PMID: 29916820 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aacd6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Density-functional based tight-binding (DFTB) is an efficient quantum mechanical method that can describe a variety of systems, going from organic and inorganic compounds to metallic and hybrid materials. The present topical review addresses the ability and performance of DFTB to investigate energetic, structural, spectroscopic and dynamical properties of gold and silver materials. After a brief overview of the theoretical basis of DFTB, its parametrization and its transferability, we report its past and recent applications to gold and silver systems, including small clusters, nanoparticles, bulk and surfaces, bare and interacting with various organic and inorganic compounds. The range of applications covered by those studies goes from plasmonics and molecular electronics, to energy conversion and surface chemistry. Finally, perspectives of DFTB in the field of gold and silver surfaces and NPs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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26
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Giarrusso S, Gori-Giorgi P, Della Sala F, Fabiano E. Assessment of interaction-strength interpolation formulas for gold and silver clusters. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Giarrusso
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, FEW, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Gori-Giorgi
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, FEW, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, I-73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, I-73010 Arnesano, Italy
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27
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Wang T, Ma J, Yin B, Xing X. Adsorption of O 2 on Anionic Gold Clusters in the 0-1 nm Size Range: An Insight into the Electron Transfer Dynamics from Kinetic Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2018. [PMID: 29542922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We systematically studied the adsorption of O2 on Au n- in the size range of 0-1 nm at low temperatures and determined new active sizes with n = 22, 24, 34, and 36. The kinetic measurements more clearly showed the correlation between the reactivity of Au n- with O2 and their electronic properties: the sizes with a closed electron shell are always inert, and the sizes with an unpaired electron can chemically adsorb one O2 molecule if their adiabatic detachment energies (ADEs) are lower than a threshold around 3.5 eV. This ADE threshold dividing the active and inert Au n- is independent of the clusters' sizes, global geometries, and local adsorption sites. According to the widely accepted electron transfer mechanism, this threshold could stand for the case in which the total energy of the Au n- and an O2 roughly equals that of the spin crossover point of the potential surfaces of Au n-O2- and Au n-···O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
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28
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Vishwanathan K, Springborg M. Retracted Article: A highest stable cluster Au 58 ( C 1) re-optimized via a density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) approach. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11357-11366. [PMID: 35542769 PMCID: PMC9079119 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13171b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational spectrum ω i of a re-optimized neutral gold cluster Au58 has been calculated using a numerical finite-difference approach and the density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. We have exactly predicted the vibrational frequency ranging from 3.88 through to 304.49 cm-1 which depends on the size and the arrangement of the atoms in the nanoparticle morphology of the cluster at ΔE = 0. Our investigation has revealed that the vibrational spectrum is strongly influenced by size and structure. It is well known that gold atomic clusters can have planar or hollow cage-like structures due to their relativistic effect. However, in our study, by first principles calculations on a Au58 cluster we have proposed that gold clusters of medium size can form a shell-like structure (skeleton/helmet), this is demonstrated by the remarkable robustness of a double shell structure with a hollow inner shell of about ten atoms. Finally, the structure symmetry (C 1) is confirmed through the cluster size, vibrational spectroscopy, and by studying the effect of temperature on a neutral gold cluster for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vishwanathan
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Saarland 66123 Saarbrücken Germany +49-0151-63119680
| | - M Springborg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Saarland 66123 Saarbrücken Germany +49-0151-63119680
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29
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Abstract
Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled anions (cryo-SEVI) is a powerful technique for elucidating the vibrational and electronic structure of neutral radicals, clusters, and reaction transition states. SEVI is a high-resolution variant of anion photoelectron spectroscopy based on photoelectron imaging that yields spectra with energy resolution as high as 1-2 cm-1. The preparation of cryogenically cold anions largely eliminates hot bands and dramatically narrows the rotational envelopes of spectral features, enabling the acquisition of well-resolved photoelectron spectra for complex and spectroscopically challenging species. We review the basis and history of the SEVI method, including recent experimental developments that have improved its resolution and versatility. We then survey recent SEVI studies to demonstrate the utility of this technique in the spectroscopy of aromatic radicals, metal and metal oxide clusters, nonadiabatic interactions between excited states of small molecules, and transition states of benchmark bimolecular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , .,Current affiliation: JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Hasegawa S, Takano S, Yamazoe S, Tsukuda T. Prominent hydrogenation catalysis of a PVP-stabilized Au34 superatom provided by doping a single Rh atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5915-5918. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A single rhodium atom was precisely doped into a gold cluster Au34 stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Au:PVP) as revealed by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- 7-3-1 Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
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31
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Tam NM, Cuong NT, Pham HT, Tung NT. Au 19M (M=Cr, Mn, and Fe) as magnetic copies of the golden pyramid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16086. [PMID: 29167559 PMCID: PMC5700080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation on structure, stability, and magnetic properties of singly doped Au19M (M=Cr, Mn, and Fe) clusters is carried out by means of density functional theory calculations. The studied clusters prefer forming magnetic versions of the unique tetrahedral Au20. Stable sextet Au19Cr is identified as the least reactive species and can be qualified as a magnetic superatom. Analysis on cluster electronic structures shows that the competition between localized and delocalized electronic states governs the stability and magnetic properties of Au19M clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tam
- Computational Chemistry Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Ngo Tuan Cuong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Computational Science, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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32
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Buendía F, Vargas JA, Johnston RL, Beltrán MR. Study of the stability of small AuRh clusters found by a Genetic Algorithm methodology. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Hirata K, Yamashita K, Muramatsu S, Takano S, Ohshimo K, Azuma T, Nakanishi R, Nagata T, Yamazoe S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of free [Au 25(SC 12H 25) 18] . NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13409-13412. [PMID: 28861577 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous theoretical studies have shown that the thiolated gold cluster compound [Au25(SR)18]- can be viewed as a prototypical superatom with a closed electronic structure. The quantized electronic structure of [Au25(SR)18]- has been experimentally demonstrated by optical and electrochemical methods in the dispersed state. Nevertheless, no direct information is available on the energy levels and densities of occupied states. Here, we report the photoelectron spectrum of [Au25(SC12H25)18]- isolated under vacuum for the first time. The spectrum exhibits two distinct peaks, corresponding to electron detachment from the superatomic 1P orbitals and Au 5d orbitals of the Au13 core. The adiabatic electron affinity of [Au25(SC12H25)18]0 was experimentally determined to be 2.2 eV, which is significantly smaller than that of [Au25(SCH3)18]0 predicted theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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34
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Liu XJ, Hamilton IP. A series of intrinsically chiral gold nanocage structures. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10321-10326. [PMID: 28702649 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a series of intrinsically chiral gold nanocage structures, Au9n+6, which are stable for n ≥ 2. These structures consist of an Au9n tube which is capped with Au3 units at each end. Removing the Au3 caps, we obtain a series of intrinsically chiral gold nanotube structures, Au9n, which are stable for n ≥ 4. The intrinsic chirality of these structures results from the helicity of the gold strands which form the tube and not because an individual Au atom is a chiral center. The symmetry of these structures is C3 and substructures of gold hexagons with a gold atom in the middle are particularly prominent. We focus on the properties of Au42 (C3) and Au105 (C3) which are the two smallest gold nanocage structures to be completely tiled by these Au7 "golden-eye" substructures. Our main focus is on Au42 (C3) since gold clusters in the 40-50 atom regime are currently being investigated in gas phase experiments. We show that the intrinsically chiral Au42 cage structure is energetically comparable with previously reported achiral cage and compact Au42 structures. Cage structures are of particular interest because species can be encapsulated (and stabilized) inside the cage and we provide strong evidence that Au6@Au42 (C3) is the global minimum Au48 structure. The intrinsically chiral gold nanocage structures, which exhibit a range of size-related properties, have potential applications in chiral catalysis and as components in nanostructured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
| | - I P Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Chakraborty I, Pradeep T. Atomically Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8208-8271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indranath Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST
UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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36
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Khetrapal NS, Bulusu SS, Zeng XC. Structural Evolution of Gold Clusters Aun– (n = 21–25) Revisited. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2466-2474. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry
and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Satya S. Bulusu
- School
of Basic Sciences, Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452 017, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry
and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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37
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Zhang MQ, Zhao YX, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Does Each Atom Count in the Reactivity of Vanadia Nanoclusters? J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:342-347. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qi Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Cheng X, Li F, Wang C. Density functional theory study of CO oxidation by O2 on Aun (n=11, 13 and 14) clusters as catalysis: From a comparative review. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Pande S, Huang W, Shao N, Wang LM, Khetrapal N, Mei WN, Jian T, Wang LS, Zeng XC. Structural Evolution of Core-Shell Gold Nanoclusters: Au n- (n = 42-50). ACS NANO 2016; 10:10013-10022. [PMID: 27794617 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters have attracted great attention in the past decade due to their remarkable size-dependent electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. However, the structures of large gold clusters are still not well-known because of the challenges in global structural searches. Here we report a joint photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and theoretical study of the structural evolution of negatively charged core-shell gold nanoclusters (Aun-) for n = 42-50. Photoelectron spectra of size-selected Aun- clusters are well resolved with distinct spectral features, suggesting a dominating structural type. The combined PES data and density functional calculations allow us to systematically identify the global minimum or candidates of the global minima of these relatively large gold nanoclusters, which are found to possess low-symmetry structures with gradually increasing core sizes. Remarkably, the four-atom tetrahedral core, observed first in Au33-, continues to be highly robust and is even present in clusters as large as Au42-. Starting from Au43-, a five-atom trigonal bipyramidal core appears and persists until Au47-. Au48- possesses a six-atom core, while Au49- and Au50- feature seven- and eight-atom cores, respectively. Notably, both Au46- and Au47- contain a pyramidal Au20 motif, which is stacked with another truncated pyramid by sharing a common 10-atom triangular face. The present study sheds light on our understanding of the structural evolution of the medium-sized gold nanoclusters, the shells and core as well as how the core-shell structures may start to embrace the golden pyramid (bulk-like) fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Pande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nan Shao
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska-Omaha , Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Lei-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Navneet Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wai-Ning Mei
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska-Omaha , Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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40
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Ishida R, Arii S, Kurashige W, Yamazoe S, Koyasu K, Negishi Y, Tsukuda T. Halogen adsorbates on polymer-stabilized gold clusters: Mass spectrometric detection and effects on catalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(16)62501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Trombach L, Rampino S, Wang LS, Schwerdtfeger P. Hollow Gold Cages and Their Topological Relationship to Dual Fullerenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:8823-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trombach
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics; The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study; Massey University Auckland; Private Bag 102904 0632 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Brown University; 324 Brook Street Providence Rhode Island 02912 USA
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics; The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study; Massey University Auckland; Private Bag 102904 0632 Auckland New Zealand
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42
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Johnson GE, Laskin J. Understanding ligand effects in gold clusters using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3573-89. [PMID: 27221357 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the influence of phosphine ligands on the size, stability, and reactivity of gold clusters synthesized in solution. Sub-nanometer clusters exhibit size- and composition-dependent properties that are unique from those of larger nanoparticles. The highly tunable properties of clusters and their high surface-to-volume ratio make them promising candidates for a variety of technological applications. However, because "each-atom-counts" toward defining cluster properties it is critically important to develop robust synthesis methods to efficiently prepare clusters of predetermined size. For decades phosphines have been known to direct the size-selected synthesis of gold clusters. Despite the preparation of numerous species it is still not understood how different functional groups at phosphine centers affect the size and properties of gold clusters. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) it is possible to characterize the effect of ligand substitution on the distribution of clusters formed in solution at defined reaction conditions. In addition, ligand exchange reactions on preformed clusters may be monitored using ESI-MS. Collision induced dissociation (CID) may also be employed to obtain qualitative insight into the fragmentation of mixed ligand clusters and the relative binding energies of differently substituted phosphines. Quantitative ligand binding energies and cluster stability may be determined employing surface induced dissociation (SID) in a custom-built Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) based modeling of the SID data allows dissociation energies and entropy values to be extracted. The charge reduction and reactivity of atomically precise gold clusters, including partially ligated species generated in the gas-phase by in source CID, on well-defined surfaces may be explored using ion soft landing (SL) in a custom-built instrument combined with in situ time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Jointly, this multipronged experimental approach allows characterization of the full spectrum of relevant phenomena including cluster synthesis, ligand exchange, thermochemistry, surface immobilization, and reactivity. The fundamental insights obtained from this work will facilitate the directed synthesis of gold clusters with predetermined size and properties for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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43
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Chen L, Gao Y, Cheng Y, Li H, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhang RQ. Nonresonant chemical mechanism in surface-enhanced Raman scattering of pyridine on M@Au12 clusters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4086-4093. [PMID: 26822548 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
By employing density functional theory (DFT), this study presents a detailed analysis of nonresonant surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of pyridine on M@Au12 (M = V(-), Nb(-), Ta(-), Cr, Mo, W, Mn(+), Tc(+), and Re(+))-the stable 13-atom neutral and charged gold buckyball clusters. Changing the core atom in M@Au12 enabled us to modulate the direct chemical interactions between pyridine and the metal cluster. The results of our calculations indicate that the ground-state chemical enhancement does not increase as the binding interaction strengthens or the transfer charge increases between pyridine and the cluster. Instead, the magnitude of the chemical enhancement is governed, to a large extent, by the charged properties of the metal clusters. Pyridine on M@Au12 anion clusters exhibits strong chemical enhancement of a factor of about 10(2), but the equivalent increase for pyridine adsorbed on M@Au12 neutral and cation clusters is no more than 10. Polarizability and deformation density analyses clearly show that compared with the neutral and cation clusters, the anion clusters have more delocalized electrons and occupy higher energy levels in the pyridine-metal complex. Accordingly, they produce larger polarizability, leading to a stronger nonresonant enhancement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yingkun Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China and Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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44
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Muramatsu S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Oxidative Addition of CH3I to Au– in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:957-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Muramatsu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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45
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Ding XL, Liao HL, Zhang Y, Chen YM, Wang D, Wang YY, Zhang HY. Geometric and electronic properties of gold clusters doped with a single oxygen atom. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28960-28972. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic theoretical study on single oxygen atom doped gold clusters showed that a single oxygen atom can be adsorbed on various sites of gold surfaces, and obtain nearly one electron from gold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Heng-Lu Liao
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
- Research Center for Ecological Engineering and Nonlinear Science
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ya Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Yong Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- North China Electric Power University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
- Research Center for Ecological Engineering and Nonlinear Science
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46
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Manzoor D, Krishnamurty S, Pal S. Endohedrally doped gold nanocages: efficient catalysts for O2 activation and CO oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7068-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanocages are the most attractive catalytic materials as all the atoms in the cage type clusters reside on the surface, making them available for chemisorption by reacting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar Manzoor
- Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
| | - Sailaja Krishnamurty
- Functional Materials Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi-630 003
- India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Theoretical Chemistry Group
- Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
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47
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Buendía F, Vargas JA, Beltrán MR, Davis JBA, Johnston RL. A comparative study of AumRhn (4 ≤ m + n ≤ 6) clusters in the gas phase versus those deposited on (100) MgO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22122-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of a genetic algorithm and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations allows us to explore the potential energy surface. Our results show interesting effects on the geometries of the clusters on deposition. Two-dimensional clusters in the gas phase become three-dimensional and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Buendía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México D.F
- Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México D.F
- Mexico
| | - Marcela R. Beltrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México D.F
- Mexico
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48
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Gao W, Ting Cui T, Fu Zhu Y, Wen Z, Zhao M, Chen Li J, Jiang Q. Design Principles of Inert Substrates for Exploiting Gold Clusters' Intrinsic Catalytic Reactivity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15095. [PMID: 26459871 PMCID: PMC4602230 DOI: 10.1038/srep15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultralow stability of gold clusters prohibits the understanding of their intrinsic reactivity (that is vital for revealing the origin of gold’s catalytic properties). Using density functional theory including many-body dispersion method, we aim to ascertain effective ways in exploiting gold clusters’ intrinsic reactivity on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We find that the many body van der Waals interactions are essential for gold clusters’ reactivity on CNTs and even for O2 activation on these supported clusters. Furthermore, curvature and dopant of CNTs are found to qualitatively change the balance between physisorption and chemisorption for gold clusters on CNTs, determining the clusters’ morphology, charge states, stability, and reactivity, which rationalize the experimental findings. Remarkably, N doped small curvature CNTs, which effectively stabilize gold clusters and retain their inherent geometric/electronic structures, can be promising candidates for exploiting gold clusters’ intrinsic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ting Ting Cui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yong Fu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jian Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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49
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Ouyang R, Xie Y, Jiang DE. Global minimization of gold clusters by combining neural network potentials and the basin-hopping method. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14817-21. [PMID: 26308236 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural network potentials trained by first-principles density functional theory total energies were applied to search for global minima of gold nanoclusters within the basin-hopping method. Using Au58 as an example, we found a new putative global minimum which has a core-shell structure of Au10@Au48 and C4 symmetry. This new structure of Au58 is 0.24 eV per formula more stable than the best previous model that has C1 symmetry. This work demonstrates that neural network potentials combined with the basin-hopping method could be very useful in global minimization for medium-sized metal clusters which might be computationally prohibitive for first principles density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhai Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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50
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Joshi K, Krishnamurty S. Behaviour of ‘free-standing’ hollow Au nanocages at finite temperatures: a BOMD study. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1062151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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