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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Tripeptide analogues of MG132 as protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:436-441. [PMID: 30581047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome and calpain are linked to a number of important human diseases. Here, we report a series of analogues of the prototypical tripeptide aldehyde inhibitor MG132 that show a unique combination of high activity and selectivity for calpains over proteasome. Tripeptide aldehydes (1-3) with an aromatic P3 substituent show enhanced activity and selectivity against ovine calpain 2 relative to chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome. Docking studies reveal the key contacts between inhibitors and calpain to confirm the importance of the S3 pocket with respect to selectivity between calpains 1 and 2 and the proteasome.
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3
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Peptides as Bio-inspired Molecular Electronic Materials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29081052 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic properties of single peptides is not only of fundamental importance to biology, but it is also pivotal to the realization of bio-inspired molecular electronic materials. Natural proteins have evolved to promote electron transfer in many crucial biological processes. However, their complex conformational nature inhibits a thorough investigation, so in order to study electron transfer in proteins, simple peptide models containing redox active moieties present as ideal candidates. Here we highlight the importance of secondary structure characteristic to proteins/peptides, and its relevance to electron transfer. The proposed mechanisms responsible for such transfer are discussed, as are details of the electrochemical techniques used to investigate their electronic properties. Several factors that have been shown to influence electron transfer in peptides are also considered. Finally, a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that the electron transfer kinetics of peptides can be successfully fine tuned through manipulation of chemical composition and backbone rigidity. The methods used to characterize the conformation of all peptides synthesized throughout the study are outlined, along with the various approaches used to further constrain the peptides into their geometric conformations. The aforementioned sheds light on the potential of peptides to one day play an important role in the fledgling field of molecular electronics.
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Burade SS, Shinde SV, Bhuma N, Kumbhar N, Kotmale A, Rajamohanan PR, Gonnade RG, Talukdar P, Dhavale DD. Acyclic αγα-Tripeptides with Fluorinated- and Nonfluorinated-Furanoid Sugar Framework: Importance of Fluoro Substituent in Reverse-Turn Induced Self-Assembly and Transmembrane Ion-Transport Activity. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5826-5834. [PMID: 28485150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyclic αγα-tripeptides derived from fluorinated-furanoid sugar amino acid frameworks act as reverse-turn inducers with a U-shaped conformation, whereas the corresponding nonfluorinated αγα-tripeptides show random peptide conformations. The NMR studies showed the presence of bifurcated weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding (F···HN) and N+···Fδ- charge-dipole attraction compel the amide carbonyl groups to orient antiperiplanar to the C-F bond, thus, demonstrating the role of the fluorine substituent in stabilizing the U-shaped conformation. The NOESY data indicate that the U-shaped tripeptides self-assembly formation is stabilized by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between C═O···HN with antiparallel orientation. This fact is supported by ESI-MS data, which showed mass peaks up to the pentameric self-assembly, even in the gas phase. The morphological analysis by FE-SEM, on solid samples, showed arrangement of fibers into nanorods. The antiparallel self-assembled pore of the fluorinated tripeptides illustrates the selective ion-transport activity. The experimental findings were supported by DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Burade
- Garware Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly Pune University) , Pune 411007, India
| | - Sopan Valiba Shinde
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Pune 411008, India
| | - Naresh Bhuma
- Garware Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly Pune University) , Pune 411007, India
| | - Navanath Kumbhar
- Garware Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly Pune University) , Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | | | - Pinaki Talukdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Pune 411008, India
| | - Dilip D Dhavale
- Garware Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly Pune University) , Pune 411007, India
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Pehere AD, Zhang X, Abell AD. Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics Prepared by Ring-Closing Metathesis and Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles are finding increasing use as a means to define the backbone geometries of peptides and peptidomimetics. Ring-closing metathesis and CuI-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition are particularly useful for introducing such rings and they do so in high yield and with a good functional group tolerance and compatibility. Here, we present an overview of the use of these two methods, with reference to selected examples and particular reference to β-strand peptidomimetics for use as protease inhibitors.
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Tiwari VK, Mishra BB, Mishra KB, Mishra N, Singh AS, Chen X. Cu-Catalyzed Click Reaction in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3086-240. [PMID: 26796328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC), popularly known as the "click reaction", serves as the most potent and highly dependable tool for facile construction of simple to complex architectures at the molecular level. Click-knitted threads of two exclusively different molecular entities have created some really interesting structures for more than 15 years with a broad spectrum of applicability, including in the fascinating fields of synthetic chemistry, medicinal science, biochemistry, pharmacology, material science, and catalysis. The unique properties of the carbohydrate moiety and the advantages of highly chemo- and regioselective click chemistry, such as mild reaction conditions, efficient performance with a wide range of solvents, and compatibility with different functionalities, together produce miraculous neoglycoconjugates and neoglycopolymers with various synthetic, biological, and pharmaceutical applications. In this review we highlight the successful advancement of Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry in glycoscience and its applications as well as future scope in different streams of applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Kunj B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Horsley JR, Yu J, Abell AD. The Correlation of Electrochemical Measurements and Molecular Junction Conductance Simulations in β-Strand Peptides. Chemistry 2015; 21:5926-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wojtaś M, Gągor A, Kholkin A. Piezoelectricity and crystal structure of H- β-(2-Pyridyl)-Ala-OH amino acid microcrystals. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Horsley JR, Yu J, Moore KE, Shapter JG, Abell AD. Unraveling the interplay of backbone rigidity and electron rich side-chains on electron transfer in peptides: the realization of tunable molecular wires. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12479-88. [PMID: 25122122 PMCID: PMC4156867 DOI: 10.1021/ja507175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical studies are reported on a series of peptides constrained into either a 310-helix (1-6) or β-strand (7-9) conformation, with variable numbers of electron rich alkene containing side chains. Peptides (1 and 2) and (7 and 8) are further constrained into these geometries with a suitable side chain tether introduced by ring closing metathesis (RCM). Peptides 1, 4 and 5, each containing a single alkene side chain reveal a direct link between backbone rigidity and electron transfer, in isolation from any effects due to the electronic properties of the electron rich side-chains. Further studies on the linear peptides 3-6 confirm the ability of the alkene to facilitate electron transfer through the peptide. A comparison of the electrochemical data for the unsaturated tethered peptides (1 and 7) and saturated tethered peptides (2 and 8) reveals an interplay between backbone rigidity and effects arising from the electron rich alkene side-chains on electron transfer. Theoretical calculations on β-strand models analogous to 7, 8 and 9 provide further insights into the relative roles of backbone rigidity and electron rich side-chains on intramolecular electron transfer. Furthermore, electron population analysis confirms the role of the alkene as a "stepping stone" for electron transfer. These findings provide a new approach for fine-tuning the electronic properties of peptides by controlling backbone rigidity, and through the inclusion of electron rich side-chains. This allows for manipulation of energy barriers and hence conductance in peptides, a crucial step in the design and fabrication of molecular-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Horsley
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jingxian Yu
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Katherine E. Moore
- Centre
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical & Physical
Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Joe G. Shapter
- Centre
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical & Physical
Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Abell
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Chua KCH, Pietsch M, Zhang X, Hautmann S, Chan HY, Bruning JB, Gütschow M, Abell AD. Macrocyclic Protease Inhibitors with Reduced Peptide Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7828-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Jones SA, Duncan J, Aitken SG, Coxon JM, Abell AD. The Preparation of Macrocyclic Calpain Inhibitors by Ring Closing Metathesis and Cross Metathesis. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ring closing metathesis and cross metathesis approaches to a new macrocyclic peptidomimetic aldehyde 2 have been developed, with the former route being the most convenient. Aldehyde 2 is a potent inhibitor of calpain II (IC50 of 45 nM) with comparable activity to the benchmark acyclic inhibitor SJA6017 4. Both compounds contain an N-terminal 4-fluorophenylsulfonyl group. The P2 Ile analogue of 2 (16) is significantly less active (IC50 of 2000 nM) which reflects an unusually subtle importance of the P2 residue for active site binding.
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13
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Jones SA, Neilsen PM, Siew L, Callen DF, Goldfarb NE, Dunn BM, Abell AD. A template-based approach to inhibitors of calpain 2, 20S proteasome, and HIV-1 protease. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1918-21. [PMID: 24130198 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Specificity counts: A template-based approach to protease inhibitors is presented using a core macrocycle that presents a generic β-strand template for binding to protease active sites. This is then specifically functionalized at P2 , and the C and N termini to give inhibitors of calpain 2, 20S proteasome, and HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Jones
- School Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
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14
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Pasini D. The click reaction as an efficient tool for the construction of macrocyclic structures. Molecules 2013; 18:9512-30. [PMID: 23966075 PMCID: PMC6270095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, known as the click reaction) is an established tool used for the construction of complex molecular architectures. Given its efficiency it has been widely applied for bioconjugation, polymer and dendrimer synthesis. More recently, this reaction has been utilized for the efficient formation of rigid or shape-persistent, preorganized macrocyclic species. This strategy also allows the installment of useful functionalities, in the form of polar and function-rich 1,2,3-triazole moieties, directly embedded in the macrocyclic structures. This review analyzes the state of the art in this context, and provides some elements of perspective for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Pehere AD, Pietsch M, Gütschow M, Neilsen PM, Pedersen DS, Nguyen S, Zvarec O, Sykes MJ, Callen DF, Abell AD. Synthesis and extended activity of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors. Chemistry 2013; 19:7975-81. [PMID: 23606616 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-derived protease inhibitors are an important class of compounds with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors pre-organized into a β-strand conformation and an evaluation of their activity against a panel of proteases. Acyclic azido-alkyne-based aldehydes are also evaluated for comparison. The macrocyclic peptidomimetics showed considerable activity towards calpain II, cathepsin L and S, and the 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity. Some of the first examples of highly potent macrocyclic inhibitors of cathepsin S were identified. These adopt a well-defined β-strand geometry as shown by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Pehere
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Neilsen PM, Pehere AD, Pishas KI, Callen DF, Abell AD. New 26S proteasome inhibitors with high selectivity for chymotrypsin-like activity and p53-dependent cytotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2013. [PMID: 23190346 DOI: 10.1021/cb300549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome has emerged over the past decade as an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of cancers. Here, we report new tripeptide aldehydes that are highly specific for the chymotrypsin-like catalytic activity of the proteasome. These new specific proteasome inhibitors demonstrated high potency and specificity for sarcoma cells, with therapeutic windows superior to those observed for benchmark proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and Bortezomib. Constraining the peptide backbone into the β-strand geometry, known to favor binding to a protease, resulted in decreased activity in vitro and reduced anticancer activity. Using these new proteasome inhibitors, we show that the presence of an intact p53 pathway significantly enhances cytotoxic activity, thus suggesting that this tumor suppressor is a critical downstream mediator of cell death following proteasomal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Neilsen
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ashok D. Pehere
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kathleen I. Pishas
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - David F. Callen
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Abell
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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Niu TF, Sun M, Lv MF, Yi WB, Cai C. Synthesis of highly functionalized macrocycles by tandem multicomponent reactions and intramolecular Sonogashira cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7232-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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