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Okpara EC, Fayemi OE, Wojuola OB, Onwudiwe DC, Ebenso EE. Electrochemical detection of selected heavy metals in water: a case study of African experiences. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26319-26361. [PMID: 36275116 PMCID: PMC9475415 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of water resources throughout the globe has been compromised by various human activities and climate change over the last decades. Consequently, the world is currently confronted with a severe shortage of water supply and a water safety crisis, amidst a growing population. With poor environmental regulations, indiscriminate budding of urban slums, poverty, and a lack of basic knowledge of hygiene and sanitation, the African water supply has been critically threatened by different organic and inorganic contaminants, which results in several health issues. Inorganic pollutants such as heavy metals are particularly of interest because they are mostly stable and non-biodegradable. Therefore, they are not easily removed from water. In different parts of the continent, the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water far exceeds the permissible level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Worse still, this problem is expected to increase with growing population, industrialization, urbanization, and, of course, corruption of government and local officials. Most of the African population is ignorant of the standards of safe water. In addition, the populace lack access to affordable and reliable technologies and tools that could be used in the quantification of these pollutants. This problem is not only applicable to domestic, but also to commercial, communal, and industrial water sources. Hence, a global campaign has been launched to ensure constant assessment of the presence of these metals in the environment and to promote awareness of dangers associated with unsafe exposure to them. Various conventional spectroscopic heavy metal detection techniques have been used with great success across the world. However, such techniques suffer from some obvious setbacks, such as the cost of procurement and professionalism required to operate them, which have limited their applications. This paper, therefore, reviews the condition of African water sources, health implications of exposure to heavy metals, and the approaches explored by various indigenous electrochemists, to provide a fast, affordable, sensitive, selective, and stable electrochemical sensors for the quantification of the most significant heavy metals in our water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyioma C Okpara
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Omolola E Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Olanrewaju B Wojuola
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Damian C Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa Johannesburg 1710 South Africa
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Hu H, Xie B, Lu Y, Zhu J. Advances in Electrochemical Detection Electrodes for As(III). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:781. [PMID: 35269271 PMCID: PMC8912440 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is extremely abundant in the Earth's crust and is one of the most common environmental pollutants in nature. In the natural water environment and surface soil, arsenic exists mainly in the form of trivalent arsenite (As(III)) and pentavalent arsenate (As(V)) ions, and its toxicity can be a serious threat to human health. In order to manage the increasingly serious arsenic pollution in the living environment and maintain a healthy and beautiful ecosystem for human beings, it is urgent to conduct research on an efficient sensing method suitable for the detection of As(III) ions. Electrochemical sensing has the advantages of simple instrumentation, high sensitivity, good selectivity, portability, and the ability to be analyzed on site. This paper reviews various electrode systems developed in recent years based on nanomaterials such as noble metals, bimetals, other metals and their compounds, carbon nano, and biomolecules, with a focus on electrodes modified with noble metal and metal compound nanomaterials, and evaluates their performance for the detection of arsenic. They have great potential for achieving the rapid detection of arsenic due to their excellent sensitivity and strong interference immunity. In addition, this paper discusses the relatively rare application of silicon and its compounds as well as novel polymers in achieving arsenic detection, which provides new ideas for investigating novel nanomaterial sensing. We hope that this review will further advance the research progress of high-performance arsenic sensors based on novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Hu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Baozhu Xie
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yangtian Lu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianxiong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Garkani Nejad F, Dourandish Z, Khalilzadeh MA, Jang HW, Venditti RA, Varma RS, Shokouhimehr M. Recent Developments in Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Environmental Pollutants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:1112-1136. [PMID: 35340740 PMCID: PMC8943708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human population is generally subjected to diverse pollutants and contaminants in the environment like those in the air, soil, foodstuffs, and drinking water. Therefore, the development of novel purification techniques and efficient detection devices for pollutants is an important challenge. To date, experts in the field have designed distinctive analytical procedures for the detection of pollutants including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. While the mentioned procedures enjoy high sensitivity, they suffer from being laborious, expensive, require advanced skills for operation, and are inconvenient to deploy as a result of their massive size. Therefore, in response to the above-mentioned limitations, electrochemical sensors are being developed that enjoy robustness, selectivity, sensitivity, and real-time measurements. Considerable advancements in nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensor platforms have helped to generate new technologies to ensure environmental and human safety. Recently, investigators have expanded considerable effort to utilize polymer nanocomposites for building the electrochemical sensors in view of their promising features such as very good electrocatalytic activities, higher electrical conductivity, and effective surface area in comparison to the traditional polymers. Herein, the first section of this review briefly discusses the most important methods for polymer nanocomposites synthesis, such as in situ polymerization, direct mixing of polymer and nanofillers (melt-mixing and solution-mixing), sol-gel, and electrochemical methods. It then summarizes the current utilization of polymer nanocomposites for the preparation of electrochemical sensors as a novel approach for monitoring and detecting environmental pollutants which include heavy metal ions, pesticides, phenolic compounds, nitroaromatic compounds, nitrite, and hydrazine in different mediums. Finally, the current challenges and future directions for the polymer nanocomposites-based electrochemical sensing of environmental pollutants are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7518934119, Iran
| | - Fariba Garkani Nejad
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7518934119, Iran
| | - Zahra Dourandish
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7518934119, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Khalilzadeh
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, United States
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard A Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8005, United States
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kempahanumakkagari S, Deep A, Kim KH, Kumar Kailasa S, Yoon HO. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for arsenic - A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 95:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Antonova S, Zakharova E. Inorganic arsenic speciation by electroanalysis. From laboratory to field conditions: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry for detection of As (III) by Chitosan-Fe(OH)3 modified glassy carbon electrode: A new approach towards speciation of arsenic. Talanta 2016; 158:235-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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RASTOGI PANKAJKUMAR, YADAV DHARMENDRAKUMAR, PANDEY SHRUTI, GANESAN VELLAICHAMY, SONKAR PIYUSHKUMAR, GUPTA RUPALI. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles incorporated bentonite clay for electrocatalytic sensing of arsenic(III). J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mafa JP, Mabuba N, Arotiba OA. An Exfoliated Graphite Based Electrochemical Sensor for As(III) in Water. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Mafa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - N. Mabuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - O. A. Arotiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research; University of Johannesburg; South Africa
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Wu S, Zhao Q, Zhou L, Zhang Z. Stripping Analysis of Trace Arsenic Based on the MnOx/AuNPs Composite Film Modified Electrode in Alkaline Media. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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