1
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Rigault D, Nizard P, Daniel J, Blanćhard-Desce M, Deprez E, Tauc P, Dhimane H, Dalko PI. Triphenylamine Sensitized 8-Dimethylaminoquinoline: An Efficient Two-Photon Caging Group for Intracellular Delivery. Chemistry 2024:e202401289. [PMID: 38959014 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Triphenylamine-sensitized 8-dimethylaminoquinoline (TAQ) probes showed fair two-photon absorption and fragmentation cross sections in releasing kainate and GABA ligands. The water-soluble PEG and TEG-analogs allowed cell internalization and efficient light-gated liberation of the rhodamine reporter under UV and two-photon (NIR) irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Rigault
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Nizard
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- Institut des Sciences Moleéculaires, Universite de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A12 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, TALENCE cedex, France
| | - Mireille Blanćhard-Desce
- Institut des Sciences Moleéculaires, Universite de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A12 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, TALENCE cedex, France
| | - Eric Deprez
- LBPA, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Patrick Tauc
- LBPA, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Peter I Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris cedex 05, France
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2
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Weber R, Chok K, Junek S, Glaubitz C, Heckel A. Rhodamine-Sensitized Two-Photon Activation of a Red Light-Absorbing BODIPY Photocage. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300149. [PMID: 36785982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) activatable probes are of high value in biological and medical chemistry since near infrared (NIR) light can penetrate deeply even in blood-perfused tissue and due to the intrinsic three-dimensional activation properties. Designing two-photon chromophores is challenging. However, the two-photon absorption qualities of a photocage can be improved with an intramolecular sensitizer, which transfers the absorbed light onto the cage. We herein present the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a 2P-sensitive uncaging dyad based on rhodamine 101 as donor fluorophore and a redshifted BODIPY as acceptor photocage. Liberation of p-nitroaniline (PNA) upon one-photon photolysis was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The photoreaction was found to be accompanied by a considerable change of the fluorescence properties of the chromophores. The possibility of a fluorescent read-out enabled the detection of two-photon induced uncaging by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Weber
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerby Chok
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Junek
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Puppala M, Carrothers JE, Asad N, Bernard MA, Kim DS, Widegren MB, Dore TM. Sensitized 1-Acyl-7-nitroindolines with Enhanced Two-Photon Cross Sections for Release of Neurotransmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3578-3596. [PMID: 36484374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise photochemical control, using two-photon excitation (2PE), of the timing and location of activation of glutamate is useful for studying the molecular and cellular physiology of the brain. Antenna-based light harvesting strategies represent a general method to increase the sensitivity to 2PE of otherwise insensitive photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs). This was applied to the most commonly used form of "caged" glutamate, MNI-Glu. Computational investigation showed that a four- or six-carbon linker attached between the 4-position of thioxanthone (THX) and the 4-position of the 5-methyl derivative of MNI-Glu (MMNI-Glu) would position the antenna and PPG close to one another to enable Dexter energy transfer. Nine THX-MMNI-Glu conjugates were prepared and their photochemical properties determined. Installation of the THX antenna resulted in a red shift of the absorption (λmax = 385-405 nm) along with increased quantum yield compared to the parent compound MNI-Glu (λmax = 347 nm). The THX-MMNI-Glu conjugate with a four-carbon linker and attachment to the 4-position of THX underwent photolysis via 1PE at 405 and 430 nm and via 2PE at 770 and 860 nm, yielding glutamate. The two-photon uncaging action cross section (δu) was 0.11 and 0.29 GM at 770 and 860, respectively, which was greater than for MNI-Glu (0.06 and 0.072 GM at 720 and 770 nm, respectively). The THX sensitizer harvested the light via 2PE and transferred its resulting triplet energy to MMNI-Glu. Release of glutamate through 2PE at 860 nm from the compound (100 μM) activated iGluSnFR, a genetically encoded, fluorescent glutamate sensor, on the surface of cells in culture, portending its usefulness in studies of neurophysiology in acute brain slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Puppala
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmine E Carrothers
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Bernard
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniel S Kim
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magnus B Widegren
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Asido M, Hamerla C, Weber R, Horz M, Niraghatam MS, Heckel A, Burghardt I, Wachtveitl J. Ultrafast and efficient energy transfer in a one- and two-photon sensitized rhodamine-BODIPY dyad: a perspective for broadly absorbing photocages. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1795-1802. [PMID: 34985062 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In view of the demand for photoactivatable probes that operate in the visible (VIS) to near infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum, we designed a bichromophoric system based on a rhodamine fluorophore and a BODIPY photocage. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) measurements and quantum chemical calculations reveal excellent two-photon properties of the employed rhodamine derivative. Excitation of the rhodamine unit via a one- or two-photon process leads to excitation energy transfer (EET) onto the BODIPY part, which is followed by the liberation of the leaving group. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy provides evidence for a highly efficient EET dynamics on a sub-500 femtosecond scale. Complementary quantum dynamical calculations using the multi-layer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) approach highlight the quantum coherent character of the EET transfer. Photorelease of p-nitroaniline (PNA) was investigated by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy by either excitation of the rhodamine or the BODIPY moiety. Even though a quantitative assessment of the PNA yield could not be achieved for this particular BODIPY cage, the present study provides a design principle for a class of photocages that can be broadly activated between 500 and 900 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Asido
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Carsten Hamerla
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Maximiliane Horz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Madhava Shyam Niraghatam
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Interrogating biological systems using visible-light-powered catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:322-337. [PMID: 37117838 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Light-powered catalysis has found broad utility as a chemical transformation strategy, with widespread impact on energy, environment, drug discovery and human health. A noteworthy application impacting human health is light-induced sensitization of cofactors for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. The clinical adoption of this photosensitization approach has inspired the search for other photochemical methods, such as photoredox catalysis, to influence biological discovery. Over the past decade, light-mediated catalysis has enabled the discovery of valuable synthetic transformations, propelling it to become a highly utilized chemical synthesis strategy. The reaction components required to achieve a photoredox reaction are identical to photosensitization (catalyst, light source and substrate), making it ideally suited for probing biological environments. In this Review, we discuss the therapeutic application of photosensitization and advancements made in developing next-generation catalysts. We then highlight emerging uses of photoredox catalytic methods for protein bioconjugation and probing complex cellular environments in living cells.
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6
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Richers MT, Passlick S, Agarwal H, Ellis‐Davies GCR. Dendrimer Conjugation Enables Multiphoton Chemical Neurophysiology Studies with an Extended π‐Electron Caging Chromophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Richers
- Department of NeuroscienceMount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Stefan Passlick
- Department of NeuroscienceMount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Hitesh Agarwal
- Department of NeuroscienceMount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
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7
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Richers MT, Passlick S, Agarwal H, Ellis-Davies GCR. Dendrimer Conjugation Enables Multiphoton Chemical Neurophysiology Studies with an Extended π-Electron Caging Chromophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12086-12090. [PMID: 31216109 PMCID: PMC6707848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a caged neurotransmitter using an extended π-electron chromophore for efficient multiphoton uncaging on living neurons. Widely studied in a chemical context, such chromophores are inherently bioincompatible due to their highly lipophilic character. Attachment of two polycarboxylate dendrimers, a method we call "cloaking", to a bisstyrylthiophene (or BIST) core effectively transformed the chromophore into a water-soluble optical probe, whilst maintaining the high two-photon absorption of over 500 GM. Importantly, the cloaked caged compound was biologically inert at the high concentrations required for multiphoton chemical physiology. Thus, in contrast to non-cloaked BIST compounds, the BIST-caged neurotransmitter can be safely delivered onto neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, thereby enabling high-resolution two-photon uncaging without any side effects. We expect that our cloaking method will enable the development of new classes of cell-compatible photolabile probes using a wide variety of extended π-electron caging chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hitesh Agarwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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8
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Klausen M, Dubois V, Verlhac J, Blanchard‐Desce M. Tandem Systems for Two‐Photon Uncaging of Bioactive Molecules. Chempluschem 2019; 84:589-598. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Klausen
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Victor Dubois
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Verlhac
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Mireille Blanchard‐Desce
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
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9
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Lunzer M, Shi L, Andriotis OG, Gruber P, Markovic M, Thurner PJ, Ossipov D, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. A Modular Approach to Sensitized Two-Photon Patterning of Photodegradable Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15122-15127. [PMID: 30191643 PMCID: PMC6391948 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradable hydrogels have emerged as useful platforms for research on cell function, tissue engineering, and cell delivery as their physical and chemical properties can be dynamically controlled by the use of light. The photo-induced degradation of such hydrogel systems is commonly based on the integration of photolabile o-nitrobenzyl derivatives to the hydrogel backbone, because such linkers can be cleaved by means of one- and two-photon absorption. Herein we describe a cytocompatible click-based hydrogel containing o-nitrobenzyl ester linkages between a hyaluronic acid backbone, which is photodegradable in the presence of cells. It is demonstrated for the first time that by using a cyclic benzylidene ketone-based small molecule as photosensitizer the efficiency of the two-photon degradation process can be improved significantly. Biocompatibility of both the improved two-photon micropatterning process as well as the hydrogel itself is confirmed by cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163-MC1060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 1751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3171060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3171060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 1751 21UppsalaSweden
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetNovum, 141 83 HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163-MC1060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
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10
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Lunzer M, Shi L, Andriotis OG, Gruber P, Markovic M, Thurner PJ, Ossipov D, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. A Modular Approach to Sensitized Two‐Photon Patterning of Photodegradable Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163-MC 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Lägerhyddsvägen 1 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/317 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/317 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Lägerhyddsvägen 1 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Novum, 141 83 Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163-MC 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
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11
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Biswas S, Mengji R, Barman S, Venugopal V, Jana A, Singh NDP. ‘AIE + ESIPT’ assisted photorelease: fluorescent organic nanoparticles for dual anticancer drug delivery with real-time monitoring ability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:168-171. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
‘Aggregation Induced Emission + Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (AIE + ESIPT)’-assisted photorelease of an anticancer drug by a p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) phototrigger with real-time monitoring has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Rakesh Mengji
- Division of Chemical Biology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
| | - Shrabani Barman
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Vangala Venugopal
- Division of Chemical Biology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Academic of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Avijit Jana
- Division of Chemical Biology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
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12
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Verlhac JB, Clermont G, Blanchard-Desce M. Cooperative porphyrin-quadrupolar based triad for combined two-photon induced fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616501248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a cooperative multichromophoric triad system which combines the large two-photon absorption properties of fluorene-cored bis-donor quadropolar dyes and the remarkable sensitizing properties of the porphyrin subunit (i.e. high intersystem crossing and ability to produce singlet oxygen by energy transfer to oxygen from its triplet excited state) is described. After irradiation the energy can be transferred from the quadrupolar chromophores to the porphyrin with an estimated 80% efficiency via a FRET process. Moreover both the two-photon absorption properties of the quadrupolar subunits and the sensitizing and fluorescence properties of the porphyrin are retained indicating that deleterious competing processes (such as photo-induced electron transfer) are prevented in such molecular architectures thanks to the implemented design. As a result, the two-photon absorption induced singlet oxygen generation efficiency of the triad in the NIR region is found to be enhanced by an order of magnitude as compared to the porphyin subunit. Potential applications of these porphyrin-based multichromophoric systems for photodynamic therapy based upon two-photon excitation in the NIR region might be possible since it overcomes the low two-photon absorption response of porphyrin while fully retaining their remarkable photosensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Verlhac
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR5255(CNRS), Bat A11, 351 Crs de la Libération, 33405 TALENCE CEDEX, France
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR5255(CNRS), Bat A11, 351 Crs de la Libération, 33405 TALENCE CEDEX, France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR5255(CNRS), Bat A11, 351 Crs de la Libération, 33405 TALENCE CEDEX, France
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13
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Tran C, Berqouch N, Dhimane H, Clermont G, Blanchard-Desce M, Ogden D, Dalko PI. Quinoline-Derived Two-Photon Sensitive Quadrupolar Probes. Chemistry 2017; 23:1860-1868. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tran
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Nawel Berqouch
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS UMR5255); Bâtiment A12, 351, Cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS UMR5255); Bâtiment A12, 351, Cours de la Libération 33405 Talence Cedex France
| | - David Ogden
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cérébrale; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
| | - Peter I. Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France
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14
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Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis-Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two-Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:193-197. [PMID: 27910251 PMCID: PMC5195861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Caged neurotransmitters, in combination with focused light beams, enable precise interrogation of neuronal function, even at the level of single synapses. However, most caged transmitters are, surprisingly, severe antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. By conjugation of a large, neutral dendrimer to a caged GABA probe we introduce a "cloaking" technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels. Such cloaked caged compounds will enable the study of the signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in its natural state using two-photon uncaging microscopy for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Bose A, Mal P. Using weak interactions to control C–H mono-nitration of indolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11368-11371. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
By utilising simultaneous cooperative multiple weak interactions (soft forces), mild and selective C5–H or C7–H mono-nitration of indoline was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima Bose
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- India
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16
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Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis‐Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two‐Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Joseph M. Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Jeremy P. Olson
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
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17
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Cueto Diaz E, Picard S, Klausen M, Hugues V, Pagano P, Genin E, Blanchard-Desce M. Cooperative Veratryle and Nitroindoline Cages for Two-Photon Uncaging in the NIR. Chemistry 2016; 22:10848-59. [PMID: 27346866 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tandem uncaging systems in which a two-photon absorbing module and a cage moiety, linked via a phosphorous clip, that act together by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been developed. A library of these compounds, using different linkers and cages (7-nitroindolinyl or nitroveratryl) has been synthesized. The investigation of their uncaging and two-photon absorption properties demonstrates the scope and versatility of the engineering strategy towards efficient two-photon cages and reveals surprising cooperative and topological effects. The interactions between the 2PA module and the caging moiety are found to promote cooperative effects on the 2PA response while additional processes that enhance the uncaging efficiency are operative in well-oriented nitroindoline-derived dyads. These synergic effects combine to lead to record two-photon uncaging cross-section values (i.e., up to 20 GM) for uncaging of carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cueto Diaz
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Sébastien Picard
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Maxime Klausen
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Vincent Hugues
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Paolo Pagano
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Emilie Genin
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS), 351 cours de la liberation, 33450, Talence, France.
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18
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Ciuciu AI, Korzycka KA, Lewis WJM, Bennett PM, Anderson HL, Flamigni L. Model dyads for 2PA uncaging of a protecting group via photoinduced electron transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:6554-64. [PMID: 25660491 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05812g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three dyads with a fluorene derivative as an electron-donor and with electron-acceptors of variable redox potentials were synthesized as models for two-photon activated uncaging via electron transfer. A spectroscopic and photophysical study of the component units and the dyads in solvents of different polarities demonstrated an efficient electron transfer (efficiencies > 80%) followed by charge recombination in the arrays (30 ps < τ < 1.6 ns). Recombination takes place to the ground state in all cases except for the dyad displaying the highest driving force for charge recombination in the apolar solvent. The effects of changing the solvent polarity, as well as the driving force, for electron-transfer are discussed in the frame of the current theories of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina I Ciuciu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattivita' (ISOF), CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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19
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Korzycka KA, Bennett PM, Cueto-Diaz EJ, Wicks G, Drobizhev M, Blanchard-Desce M, Rebane A, Anderson HL. Two-photon sensitive protecting groups operating via intramolecular electron transfer: uncaging of GABA and tryptophan. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2419-2426. [PMID: 28706657 PMCID: PMC5488212 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03775h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved photo-labile protecting groups, with high sensitivity to two-photon excitation, are needed for the controlled release of drugs, as tools in neuroscience and physiology. Here we present a new modular approach to the design of caging groups based on photoinduced electron transfer from an electron-rich two-photon dye to an electron acceptor, followed by scission of an ester to release a carboxylic acid. Three different electron acceptors were tested: nitrobenzyl, phenacyl and pyridinium. The nitrobenzyl system was ineffective, giving only photochemical decomposition and no release of the carboxylic acid. The phenacyl system also performed poorly, liberating the carboxylic acid in 20% chemical yield and 0.2% photochemical yield. The pyridinium system was most successful, and was tested for the release of two carboxylic acids: γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and tryptophan. The caged GABA undergoes photochemical cleavage with a chemical yield of >95% and a photochemical yield of 1%; it exhibits a two-photon absorption cross section of 1100 GM at 700 nm, corresponding to a two-photon uncaging cross section of 10 ± 3 GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A Korzycka
- Oxford University , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 275704
| | - Philip M Bennett
- Oxford University , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 275704
| | - Eduardo Jose Cueto-Diaz
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , CNRS UMR 5255 , 33400 Bordeaux , France
| | - Geoffrey Wicks
- Department of Physics , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT 59717 , USA
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Physics , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT 59717 , USA
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , CNRS UMR 5255 , 33400 Bordeaux , France
| | - Aleksander Rebane
- Department of Physics , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT 59717 , USA
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn 12618 , Estonia
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Oxford University , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 275704
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20
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Flynn DC, Bhagwat AR, Brenner MH, Núñez MF, Mork BE, Cai D, Swanson JA, Ogilvie JP. Pulse-shaping based two-photon FRET stoichiometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3353-72. [PMID: 25836193 PMCID: PMC4394757 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based measurements that calculate the stoichiometry of intermolecular interactions in living cells have recently been demonstrated, where the technique utilizes selective one-photon excitation of donor and acceptor fluorophores to isolate the pure FRET signal. Here, we present work towards extending this FRET stoichiometry method to employ two-photon excitation using a pulse-shaping methodology. In pulse-shaping, frequency-dependent phases are applied to a broadband femtosecond laser pulse to tailor the two-photon excitation conditions to preferentially excite donor and acceptor fluorophores. We have also generalized the existing stoichiometry theory to account for additional cross-talk terms that are non-vanishing under two-photon excitation conditions. Using the generalized theory we demonstrate two-photon FRET stoichiometry in live COS-7 cells expressing fluorescent proteins mAmetrine as the donor and tdTomato as the acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Flynn
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Amar R. Bhagwat
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Meredith H. Brenner
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Marcos F. Núñez
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Briana E. Mork
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Dawen Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Joel A. Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Jennifer P. Ogilvie
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
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21
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Cueto Díaz EJ, Picard S, Chevasson V, Daniel J, Hugues V, Mongin O, Genin E, Blanchard-Desce M. Cooperative dyads for two-photon uncaging. Org Lett 2014; 17:102-5. [PMID: 25522917 DOI: 10.1021/ol5033046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of dyads that combine a photolabile protecting group (PPG) 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl and different bis-donor or bis-acceptor dissymmetric chromophores acting as two-photon (2P) absorbers were synthesized. Even for low energy transfer efficiency from the 2PA subunit to the uncaging one, improvement of the 2P uncaging sensitivity in the NIR is achieved as compared to isolated PPG. Moreover enhancement of the 2PA response is achieved by tuning the electronic dissymmetry of the 2PA subunit and the arrangement of the complementary subunits in the dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Cueto Díaz
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255 , 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33450 Talence Cedex, France
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22
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Boinapally S, Huang B, Abe M, Katan C, Noguchi J, Watanabe S, Kasai H, Xue B, Kobayashi T. Caged glutamates with π-extended 1,2-dihydronaphthalene chromophore: design, synthesis, two-photon absorption property, and photochemical reactivity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7822-30. [PMID: 25101898 DOI: 10.1021/jo501425p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caging and photochemical uncaging of the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamate (glu) offers a potentially valuable tool for understanding the mechanisms of neuronal processes. Designing water-soluble caged glutamates with the appropriate two-photon absorption property is an attractive strategy to achieve this. This paper describes the design, synthesis, and photochemical reactivity of caged glutamates with π-extended 1,2-dihydronaphthalene structures, which possess a two-photon cross-section of ∼120 GM and an excellent buffer solubility (up to 115 mM). High yields up to 99% glutamate were observed in the photolysis of two caged glutamates. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig amination were used as the key reactions to synthesize the caged compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Boinapally
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI) , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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23
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Guardado-Alvarez TM, Devi LS, Vabre JM, Pecorelli T, Schwartz BJ, Durand JO, Mongin O, Blanchard-Desce M, Zink JI. Photo-redox activated drug delivery systems operating under two photon excitation in the near-IR. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4652-8. [PMID: 24647752 PMCID: PMC4305343 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a nano-container consisting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with the pore openings covered by "snap-top" caps that are opened by near-IR light. A photo transducer molecule that is a reducing agent in an excited electronic state is covalently attached to the system. Near IR two-photon excitation causes inter-molecular electron transfer that reduces a disulfide bond holding the cap in place, thus allowing the cargo molecules to escape. We describe the operation of the "snap-top" release mechanism by both one- and two-photon activation. This system presents a proof of concept of a near-IR photoredox-induced nanoparticle delivery system that may lead to a new type of photodynamic drug release therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Guardado-Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Lekshmi Sudha Devi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jean-Marie Vabre
- Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 6510, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
| | - Travis Pecorelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, CC1701 Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Mongin
- Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 6510, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 6510, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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24
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Dunkel P, Tran C, Gallavardin T, Dhimane H, Ogden D, Dalko PI. Quinoline-derived two-photon sensitive quadrupolar probes. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9899-908. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Quadrupolar 8-dimethylaminoquinoline-derived photosensitive probes underwent photolysis under UV (365 nm) and NIR (730 nm two-photon (TP)) irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris, France
| | - Christine Tran
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris, France
| | - Thibault Gallavardin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris, France
| | - Hamid Dhimane
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris, France
| | - David Ogden
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cérébrale
- CNRS UMR 8118
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Peter I. Dalko
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université Paris Descartes
- 75270 Paris, France
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