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Geysens P, Lin PC, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Electrodeposition of neodymium and dysprosium from organic electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9070-9079. [PMID: 33885082 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new class of organic electrolytes has been developed for the electrodeposition of rare-earth metals at room temperature. These electrolytes consist of a rare-earth bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or chloride salt and a borohydride salt, dissolved in the ether solvents 1,2-dimethoxyethane or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. In these electrolytes, a soluble lanthanide(iii) borohydride complex [Ln(BH4)4]- is formed, which allows for the electrodeposition of neodymium- or dysprosium-containing layers. The electrochemistry of these electrolytes was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the results suggest the presence of metallic neodymium and dysprosium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Geysens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Bioud YA, Paradis E, Boucherif A, Drouin D, Arès R. Shape control of cathodized germanium oxide nanoparticles. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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3
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Pyrrolidinium Containing Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Li-Based Batteries. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246002. [PMID: 33352999 PMCID: PMC7766901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are potential alternative electrolytes to the more conventional solid-state options under investigation for future energy storage solutions. This review addresses the utilization of IL electrolytes in energy storage devices, particularly pyrrolidinium-based ILs. These ILs offer favorable properties, such as high ionic conductivity and the potential for high power drain, low volatility and wide electrochemical stability windows (ESW). The cation/anion combination utilized significantly influences their physical and electrochemical properties, therefore a thorough discussion of different combinations is outlined. Compatibility with a wide array of cathode and anode materials such as LFP, V2O5, Ge and Sn is exhibited, whereby thin-films and nanostructured materials are investigated for micro energy applications. Polymer gel electrolytes suitable for layer-by-layer fabrication are discussed for the various pyrrolidinium cations, and their compatibility with electrode materials assessed. Recent advancements regarding the modification of typical cations such a 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, to produce ether-functionalized or symmetrical cations is discussed.
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Báez-Grez R, Garza J, Vásquez-Espinal A, Osorio E, Rabanal-León WA, Yañez O, Tiznado W. Exploring the Potential Energy Surface of Trimetallic Deltahedral Zintl Ions: Lowest-Energy [Sn 6Ge 2Bi] 3- and [(Sn 6Ge 2Bi) 2] 4- Structures. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10057-10064. [PMID: 31287671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of the dimer [(Sn6Ge2Bi)2]4- raise the possibility of obtaining a broad variety of analogous compounds with different Sn/Ge/Bi proportions. Several combinations of nine atoms have been detected by electrospray mass spectrometry as potential assembly units. However, [(Sn6Ge2Bi)2]4- remains as the unique experimentally characterized species in this series. This fact has motivated us to explore its potential energy surface, as well as its monomers' [Sn6Ge2Bi]3-/2-, in an effort to gain insight into the factors that might be privileging the experimental viability of this species. Our results show that the lowest-energy [Sn6Ge2Bi]3- structure remains in its oxidized product [Sn6Ge2Bi]2-, which corresponds to that identified in the dimer [(Sn6Ge2Bi)2]4-. Additionally, local minima, very close in energy to the lowest-energy monomer, are chiral mixtures that dimerize into diverse structures with a probable energetic cost, making them noncompetitive isomers. Finally, the global minimum of the dimer [(Sn6Ge2Bi)2]4- presents the most stable monomers as assembly units. These results show the importance of considering the simultaneity of all of these conditions for the viability of these types of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , República 498 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Garza
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa , C.P. 09340 Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , República 498 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Edison Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas , Universidad de Ibagué , Carrera 22 calle 67 , Ibagué , Colombia
| | - Walter A Rabanal-León
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Organometálica, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad de Concepción , Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C , Concepción , Chile
| | - Osvaldo Yañez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , República 498 , Santiago , Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , República 498 , Santiago , Chile
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Ma N, Phattharasupakun N, Wutthiprom J, Tanggarnjanavalukul C, Wuanprakhon P, Kidkhunthod P, Sawangphruk M. High-performance hybrid supercapacitor of mixed-valence manganese oxide/N-doped graphene aerogel nanoflower using an ionic liquid with a redox additive as the electrolyte: In situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bui NN, Ledina M, Reber TJ, Jung J, Stickney JL. Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of the Potential Dependence of Germanene Growth on Au(111) at pH 9.0. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9481-9489. [PMID: 28892356 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Germanene is a 2D material whose structure and properties are of great interest for integration with Si technology. Preparation of germanene experimentally remains a challenge because, unlike graphene, bulk germanene does not exist. Thus, germanene cannot be directly exfoliated and is mostly grown in ultrahigh vacuum. The present report uses electrodeposition in an aqueous HGeO3- solution at pH 9. Germanene deposition has been limited to 2-3 monolayers, thus greatly restricting many applicable characterization methods. The in situ technique of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy was used to follow Ge deposition on Au(111) as a function of potential. Previous work by this group at pH 4.5 suggested germanene growth, but no buffer was used, resulting in change in surface pH. The addition of borate buffer to create pH 9.0 solution has reduced hydrogen formation and stabilized the surface pH, allowing systematic characterization of germanene growth versus potential. Initial germanene nucleated at defects in the Au(111) herringbone (HB) reconstruction. Subsequent growth proceeded down the face-centered cubic troughs, slowly relaxing the HB. The resulting honeycomb (HC) structure displayed an average lattice constant of 0.41 ± 0.06 nm. Continued growth resulted in the addition of a second layer on top, formed initially by nucleating around small islands and subsequent lateral 2D growth. Near atomic resolution of the germanene layers displayed small coherent domains, 2-3 nm, of the HC structure composed of six-membered rings. Domain walls were based on defective, five- and seven-membered rings, which resulted in small rotations between adjacent HC domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi N Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maria Ledina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Theodore J Reber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - John L Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Hsieh YT, Tsuda T, Kuwabata S. SEM as a Facile Tool for Real-Time Monitoring of Microcrystal Growth during Electrodeposition: The Merit of Ionic Liquids. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7249-7254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei City 11102, Taiwan
| | - Tetsuya Tsuda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Asai T, Kitada A, Utsunomiya T, Fukami K, Murase K. Redox of ferrocenylthiol SAMs in electrolytes with bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide as unique anions: Parallel between aqueous and ionic liquid media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Electrodeposition and selenization of brass/tin/germanium multilayers for Cu2Zn(Sn1-xGex)Se4 thin film photovoltaic devices. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Cummings CY, Bartlett PN, Pugh D, Reid G, Levason W, Hasan MM, Hector AL, Spencer J, Smith DC, Marks S, Beanland R. Electrodeposition of Protocrystalline Germanium from Supercritical Difluoromethane. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Cummings
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1TQ UK
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mahboba M. Hasan
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Andrew L. Hector
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - David C. Smith
- Physics and Astronomy; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Samuel Marks
- Department of Physics; University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics; University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhang S, Lu X, Zhang X. Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:335-51. [PMID: 26530378 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to their attractive physico-chemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly used as deposition electrolytes. This review summarizes recent advances in electrodeposition in ILs and focuses on its similarities and differences with that in aqueous solutions. The electrodeposition in ILs is divided into direct and template-assisted deposition. We detail the direct deposition of metals, alloys and semiconductors in five types of ILs, including halometallate ILs, air- and water-stable ILs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), ILs with metal-containing cations, and protic ILs. Template-assisted deposition of nanostructures and macroporous structures in ILs is also presented. The effects of modulating factors such as deposition conditions (current density, current density mode, deposition time, temperature) and electrolyte components (cation, anion, metal salts, additives, water content) on the morphology, compositions, microstructures and properties of the prepared materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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Non-haloaluminate ionic liquids for low-temperature electrodeposition of rare-earth metals—A review. J RARE EARTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(14)60520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shrestha S, Biddinger EJ. Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Wu M, Vanhoutte G, Brooks NR, Binnemans K, Fransaer J. Electrodeposition of germanium at elevated temperatures and pressures from ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12080-9. [PMID: 25875112 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrodeposition of germanium at elevated temperatures up to 180 °C and pressures was studied from the ionic liquids 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide containing [GeCl4(BuIm)2] (where BuIm = 1-butylimidazole) or GeCl4. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior and the properties of the electrodeposited germanium. Electrodeposition at elevated temperatures leads to higher deposition rates due to: (1) increase in the diffusion rate of the electroactive germanium compounds; (2) faster electrochemical kinetics in the electrolyte; and (3) higher electrical conductivity of the electrodeposited germanium film. Moreover, the morphology of the germanium film is also of a better quality at higher electrodeposition temperatures due to an increase in adatom mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Wu
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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De Vos N, Maton C, Stevens CV. Electrochemical Stability of Ionic Liquids: General Influences and Degradation Mechanisms. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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De Vos N, Maton C, De Vreese P, Brooks NR, Binnemans K, Stevens CV. Ionic Liquids Based on the 7-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Skeleton: Synthesis and Properties. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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