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Sohail M, Rauf S, Irfan M, Hayat A, Alghamdi MM, El-Zahhar AA, Ghernaout D, Al-Hadeethi Y, Lv W. Recent developments, advances and strategies in heterogeneous photocatalysts for water splitting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1286-1330. [PMID: 38419861 PMCID: PMC10898449 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is an up-and-coming technology for generating sustainable fuel using light energy. Significant progress has been made in the developing of PWS innovations over recent years. In addition to various water-splitting (WS) systems, the focus has primarily been on one- and two-steps-excitation WS systems. These systems utilize singular or composite photocatalysts for WS, which is a simple, feasible, and cost-effective method for efficiently converting prevalent green energy into sustainable H2 energy on a large commercial scale. The proposed principle of charge confinement and transformation should be implemented dynamically by conjugating and stimulating the photocatalytic process while ensuring no unintentional connection at the interface. This study focuses on overall water splitting (OWS) using one/two-steps excitation and various techniques. It also discusses the current advancements in the development of new light-absorbing materials and provides perspectives and approaches for isolating photoinduced charges. This article explores multiple aspects of advancement, encompassing both chemical and physical changes, environmental factors, different photocatalyst types, and distinct parameters affecting PWS. Significant factors for achieving an efficient photocatalytic process under detrimental conditions, (e.g., strong light absorption, and synthesis of structures with a nanometer scale. Future research will focus on developing novel materials, investigating potential synthesis techniques, and improving existing high-energy raw materials. The endeavors aim is to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion, the absorption of radiation, and the coherence of physiochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
| | - Sana Rauf
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra 21300 Pakistan
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University 321004 Jinhua Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Majed M Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A El-Zahhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il PO Box 2440 Ha'il 81441 Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida PO Box 270 Blida 09000 Algeria
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
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2
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Alamgir M, Mahapatra S. Optimal control of N-H photodissociation of pyridinyl. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074303. [PMID: 38375903 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-H photodissociation dynamics of the pyridinyl radical upon continuous excitation to the optically bright, first excited ππ* electronic state by an ultra-violet (UV) laser pulse has been investigated within the mathematical framework of optimal control theory. The genetic algorithm (GA) is employed as the optimization protocol. We considered a three-state and three-mode model Hamiltonian, which includes the reaction coordinate, R (a1 symmetry); the coupling coordinates (namely, out-of-plane bending coordinate of the hydrogen atom of azine group), Θ (b1 symmetry); and the wagging mode, Q9 (a2 symmetry). The three electronic states are the ground, ππ*, and πσ* states. The πσ* state crosses both the ground state and the ππ* state, and it is a repulsive state on which N-H dissociation occurs upon photoexcitation. Different vibrational wave functions along the coupling coordinates, Θ and Q9, of the ground electronic state are used as the initial condition for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The optimal UV laser pulse is designed by applying the GA, which maximizes the dissociation yield. We obtained over 95% dissociation yield through the πσ* asymptote using the optimal pulse of a time duration of ∼30 000 a.u. (∼725.66 fs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alamgir
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Susanta Mahapatra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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3
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Bondanza M, Demoulin B, Lipparini F, Barbatti M, Mennucci B. Trajectory Surface Hopping for a Polarizable Embedding QM/MM Formulation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6780-6789. [PMID: 36107729 PMCID: PMC9527758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We present the implementation of trajectory surface-hopping
nonadiabatic
dynamics for a polarizable embedding QM/MM formulation. Time-dependent
density functional theory was used at the quantum mechanical level
of theory, whereas the molecular mechanics description involved the
polarizable AMOEBA force field. This implementation has been obtained
by integrating the surface-hopping program Newton-X NS with an interface
between the Gaussian 16 and the Tinker suites of codes to calculate
QM/AMOEBA energies and forces. The implementation has been tested
on a photoinduced electron-driven proton-transfer reaction involving
pyrimidine and a hydrogen-bonded water surrounded by a small cluster
of water molecules and within a large water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bondanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13385 Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Domcke W, Sobolewski AL. Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution with Organic Photooxidants: A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2777-2788. [PMID: 35385277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss a novel water-splitting scenario, namely the direct oxidation of water molecules by organic photooxidants in hydrogen-bonded chromophore-water complexes. In comparison with the established scenario of semiconductor-based water splitting, the distance of electron transfer processes is thereby reduced from mesoscopic scales to the Ångström scale, and the time scale is reduced from milliseconds to femtoseconds, which suppresses competing loss processes. The concept is illustrated by computational studies for the heptazine-H2O complex. The excited-state landscape of this complex has been characterized with ab initio electronic-structure methods and the proton-coupled electron-transfer dynamics has been explored with nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. A unique feature of the heptazine chromophore is the existence of a low-lying and exceptionally long-lived 1ππ* state in which a substantial part of the photon energy can be stored for hundreds of nanoseconds and is available for the oxidation of water molecules. The calculations reveal that the absorption spectra and the photochemical functionalities of heptazine chromophores can be systematically tailored by chemical substitution. The options of harvesting hydrogen and the problems posed by the high reactivity of OH radicals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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5
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Bertier P, Lavy L, Comte D, Feketeová L, Salbaing T, Azuma T, Calvo F, Farizon B, Farizon M, Märk TD. Energy Dispersion in Pyridinium-Water Nanodroplets upon Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10235-10242. [PMID: 35382340 PMCID: PMC8973082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Postirradiation dissociation of molecular clusters has been mainly studied assuming energy redistribution in the entire cluster prior to the dissociation. Here, the evaporation of water molecules from out-of-equilibrium pyridinium-water cluster ions was investigated using the recently developed correlated ion and neutral time-of-flight (COINTOF) mass spectrometry technique in combination with a velocity-map imaging (VMI) device. This special setup enables the measurement of velocity distributions of the evaporated molecules upon high-velocity collisions with an argon atom. The distributions measured for pyridinium-water cluster ions are found to have two distinct components. Besides a low-velocity contribution, which corresponds to the statistical evaporation of water molecules after nearly complete redistribution of the excitation energy within the clusters, a high-velocity contribution is also found in which the molecules are evaporated before the energy redistribution is complete. These two different evaporation modes were previously observed and described for protonated water cluster ions. However, unlike in the case of pure water clusters, the low-velocity part of the distributions for pyridinium-doped water clusters is itself composed of two distinct Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, indicating that evaporated molecules originate in this case from out-of-equilibrium processes. Statistical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to (i) understand the effects caused in the ensuing evaporation process by the various excitation modes at different initial cluster constituents and to (ii) simulate the distributions resulting from sequential evaporations. The presence of a hydrophobic impurity in water clusters is shown to impact water molecule evaporation due to the energy storage in the internal degrees of freedom of the impurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bertier
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Atomic,
Molecular & Optics (AMO) Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Léo Lavy
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Denis Comte
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda Feketeová
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thibaud Salbaing
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Toshiyuki Azuma
- Atomic,
Molecular & Optics (AMO) Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Florent Calvo
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bernadette Farizon
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Farizon
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3,
UMR5822, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Ohnishi Y, Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Suppression of Charge Recombination by Auxiliary Atoms in Photoinduced Charge Separation Dynamics with Mn Oxides: A Theoretical Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030755. [PMID: 35164020 PMCID: PMC8838452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Charge separation is one of the most crucial processes in photochemical dynamics of energy conversion, widely observed ranging from water splitting in photosystem II (PSII) of plants to photoinduced oxidation reduction processes. Several basic principles, with respect to charge separation, are known, each of which suffers inherent charge recombination channels that suppress the separation efficiency. We found a charge separation mechanism in the photoinduced excited-state proton transfer dynamics from Mn oxides to organic acceptors. This mechanism is referred to as coupled proton and electron wave-packet transfer (CPEWT), which is essentially a synchronous transfer of electron wave-packets and protons through mutually different spatial channels to separated destinations passing through nonadiabatic regions, such as conical intersections, and avoided crossings. CPEWT also applies to collision-induced ground-state water splitting dynamics catalyzed by Mn4CaO5 cluster. For the present photoinduced charge separation dynamics by Mn oxides, we identified a dynamical mechanism of charge recombination. It takes place by passing across nonadiabatic regions, which are different from those for charge separations and lead to the excited states of the initial state before photoabsorption. This article is an overview of our work on photoinduced charge separation and associated charge recombination with an additional study. After reviewing the basic mechanisms of charge separation and recombination, we herein studied substituent effects on the suppression of such charge recombination by doping auxiliary atoms. Our illustrative systems are X–Mn(OH)2 tied to N-methylformamidine, with X=OH, Be(OH)3, Mg(OH)3, Ca(OH)3, Sr(OH)3 along with Al(OH)4 and Zn(OH)3. We found that the competence of suppression of charge recombination depends significantly on the substituents. The present study should serve as a useful guiding principle in designing the relevant photocatalysts.
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7
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Fischer TLL, Bödecker MADI, Zehnacker A, Mata RA, Suhm MA. Setting up the HyDRA blind challenge for the microhydration of organic molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11442-11454. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The procedure leading to the first HyDRA blind challenge for the prediction of water donor stretching vibrations in monohydrates of organic molecules is described. A training set of 10 monohydrates...
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8
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Suzuki N, Kubota T, Ando N, Yamaguchi S. Photobase-Driven Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) in a Strapped π-Electron System. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103584. [PMID: 34841575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a new design strategy for an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore that can be used in acidic media. A photobasic pyridine-centered donor-acceptor-donor-type fluorophore is combined with a basic trialkylamine "strap". In the presence of an acid, protonation occurs predominantly at the amine moiety in the ground state. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a pre-organized intramolecular hydrogen-bonded structure between the resulting ammonium moiety and the pyridine ring. Upon excitation, the intramolecular charge-transfer transition increases the basicity of the pyridine moiety in the excited state, resulting in proton transfer from the amine to the pyridine moiety. Consequently, the fluorophore takes on a polymethine-dye character in the ESIPT state, which gives rise to significantly red-shifted emission with an increased fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kubota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoki Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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9
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Huang X, Domcke W. Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Surface-Hopping Trajectory Simulations of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution with the Heptazine Chromophore. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9917-9931. [PMID: 34748705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, polymeric carbon nitrides consisting of heptazine (Hz) building blocks emerged as highly promising materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water or sacrificial electron donors with near-ultraviolet light. However, the complexity of these materials and their poor characterization at the atomic level are detrimental to the unraveling of the detailed mechanisms of the reactions leading to hydrogen evolution. Recently, it has been shown that a derivative of the Hz molecule, trianisole-heptazine (TAHz), is a potent photobase, which readily oxidizes various derivatives of phenol and even water by an excited-state proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction. Energy profiles along minimum-energy reaction paths and relaxed PCET potential-energy surfaces, which previously were computed with ab initio electronic-structure methods for complexes of Hz and TAHz with protic substrates, led to qualitative insights. To obtain more quantitative insight, reaction dynamics simulations are required. In the present work, the time scales of the electron and proton transfer processes and the branching ratios of competing channels were explored with ab initio on-the-fly quasiclassical surface-hopping trajectory simulations for the hydrogen-bonded Hz-H2O complex. By the analysis of representative trajectories, detailed insight into the interplay of various nonadiabatic electronic transitions, electron transfer, proton transfer, and vibrational energy relaxation is obtained. The HzH radicals which are formed by the photoreduction of Hz can disproportionate to Hz and HzH2 in an exothermic reaction with a low reaction barrier. The time scales and branching ratios of competing channels in H-atom photodetachment from the HzH2 molecule also were explored with ab initio surface-hopping simulations. These results delineate for the first time a quantitatively supported scenario of water oxidation and hydrogen evolution with a molecular carbon nitride photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
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10
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Karas LJ, Wu CH, Wu JI. Barrier-Lowering Effects of Baird Antiaromaticity in Photoinduced Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17970-17974. [PMID: 34672631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many popular organic chromophores that catalyze photoinduced proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are aromatic in the ground state but become excited-state antiaromatic in the lowest ππ* state. We show that excited-state antiaromaticity makes electron transfer easier. Two representative photoinduced electron transfer processes are investigated: (1) the photolysis of phenol and (2) solar water splitting of a pyridine-water complex. In the selected reactions, the directions of electron transfer are opposite, but the net result is proton transfer following the direction of electron transfer. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), ionization energies, electron affinities, and PCET energy profiles of selected [4n] and [4n + 2] π-systems are presented, and important mechanistic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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11
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Hwang D, Schlenker CW. Photochemistry of carbon nitrides and heptazine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9330-9353. [PMID: 34528956 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the photochemistry of polymeric carbon nitride (C3N4), an archetypal organic photocatalyst, and derivatives of its structural monomer unit, heptazine (Hz). Through spectroscopic studies and computational analysis, we have observed that Hz derivatives can engage in non-innocent hydrogen bonding interactions with hydroxylic species. The photochemistry of these complexes is influenced by intermolecular nπ*/ππ* mixing of non-bonding orbitals of each component and the relative energy of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states. Coupling of the former to the latter appears to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), resulting in biradical products. We have also observed that Hz derivatives exhibit an extremely rare inverted singlet/triplet energy splitting (ΔEST). In violation of Hund's multiplicity rules, the lowest energy singlet (S1) is stabilized relative to the lowest triplet (T1) electronic excited state. Exploiting this unique inverted ΔEST character has obvious implications for transformational discoveries in solid-state OLED lighting and photovoltaics. Harnessing this inverted ΔEST, paired with light-driven intermolecular PCET reactions, may enable molecular transformations relevant for applications ranging from solar energy storage to new classes of non-triplet photoredox catalysts for pharmaceutical development. To this end, we have explored the possibility of optically controlling the photochemistry of Hz derivatives using ultrafast pump-push-probe spectroscopy. In this case, the excited state branching ratios among locally excited states of the chromophore and the reactive intermolecular CT state can be manipulated with an appropriate secondary "push" excitation pulse. These results indicate that we can predictively redirect chemical reactivity with light in this system, which is an avidly sought achievement in the field of photochemistry. Looking forward, we anticipate future opportunities for controlling heptazine photochemistry, including manipulating PCET reactivity with a diverse array of substrates and optically delivering reducing equivalents with, for example, water as a partial source of electrons and protons. Furthermore, we wholly expect that, over the next decade, materials such as Hz derivatives, that exhibit inverted ΔEST character, will spawn a significant new research effort in the field of thin-film optoelectronics, where controlling recombination via triplet excitonic states can play a critical role in determining device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyk Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cody W Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1652, USA.,Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, USA.
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12
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13
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Jouvet C, Miyazaki M, Fujii M. Revealing the role of excited state proton transfer (ESPT) in excited state hydrogen transfer (ESHT): systematic study in phenol-(NH 3) n clusters. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3836-3856. [PMID: 34163653 PMCID: PMC8179502 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06877b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited State Hydrogen Transfer (ESHT), proposed at the end of the 20th century by the corresponding authors, has been observed in many neutral or protonated molecules and become a new paradigm to understand excited state dynamics/photochemistry of aromatic molecules. For example, a significant number of photoinduced proton-transfer reactions from X–H bonds have been re-defined as ESHT, including those of phenol, indole, tryptophan, aromatic amino acid cations and so on. Photo-protection mechanisms of biomolecules, such as isolated nucleic acids of DNA, are also discussed in terms of ESHT. Therefore, a systematic and up-to-date description of ESHT mechanism is important for researchers in chemistry, biology and related fields. In this review, we will present a general model of ESHT which unifies the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) and the ESHT mechanisms and reveals the hidden role of ESPT in controlling the reaction rate of ESHT. For this purpose, we give an overview of experimental and theoretical work on the excited state dynamics of phenol–(NH3)n clusters and related molecular systems. The dynamics has a significant dependence on the number of solvent molecules in the molecular cluster. Three-color picosecond time-resolved IR/near IR spectroscopy has revealed that ESHT becomes an electron transfer followed by a proton transfer in highly solvated clusters. The systematic change from ESHT to decoupled electron/proton transfer according to the number of solvent molecules is rationalized by a general model of ESHT including the role of ESPT. A general model of excited state hydrogen transfer (ESHT) which unifies ESHT and the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is presented from experimental and theoretical works on phenol–(NH3)n. The hidden role of ESPT is revealed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Jouvet
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires (PIIM), UMR 7345 13397 Marseille Cedex France .,World Research Hub Initiatives, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyazaki
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8610 Japan.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- World Research Hub Initiatives, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259-R1-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
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14
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Feng JY, Lee YP, Zhu CY, Hsu PJ, Kuo JL, Ebata T. IR-VUV spectroscopy of pyridine dimers, trimers and pyridine-ammonia complexes in a supersonic jet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21520-21534. [PMID: 32955537 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The infrared spectra of the C-H stretching vibrations of (pyridine)m, m = 1-3, and the N-H stretching vibrations of (pyridine)m-(NH3)n, m = 1, 2; n = 1-4, complexes were investigated by infrared (IR)-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy under jet-cooled conditions. The ionization potential (IP0) of the pyridine monomer was determined to be 74 546 cm-1 (9.242 eV), while its complexes showed only smooth curves of the ionization thresholds at ∼9 eV, indicating large structural changes in the ionic form. The pyridine monomer exhibits five main features with several satellite bands in the C-H stretching region at 3000-3200 cm-1. Anharmonic calculations including Fermi-resonance were carried out to analyze the candidates of the overtone and combination bands which can couple to the C-H stretching fundamentals. For (pyridine)2 and (pyridine)3, most C-H bands are blue-shifted by 3-5 cm-1 from those of the monomer. The structures revealed by random searching algorithms with density functional methods indicate that the π-stacked structure is most stable for (pyridine)2, while (pyridine)3 prefers the structures stabilized by dipole-dipole and C-Hπ interactions. For the (pyridine)m-(NH3)n complexes, the mass spectrum exhibited a wide range distribution of the complexes. The observed IR spectra in the N-H stretching vibrations of the complexes showed four main bands in the 3200-3450 cm-1 region. These features are very similar to those of (NH3)n complexes, and the bands are assigned to the anti-symmetric N-H stretching band (ν3), the symmetric N-H stretching (ν1) band, and the first overtone bands of the N-H bending vibrations (2ν4). The anharmonic calculations including the Fermi-resonance between ν1 and 2ν4 well reproduced the observed spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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15
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Domcke W, Sobolewski AL, Schlenker CW. Photooxidation of water with heptazine-based molecular photocatalysts: Insights from spectroscopy and computational chemistry. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:100902. [PMID: 32933269 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a conspectus of recent joint spectroscopic and computational studies that provided novel insight into the photochemistry of hydrogen-bonded complexes of the heptazine (Hz) chromophore with hydroxylic substrate molecules (water and phenol). It was found that a functionalized derivative of Hz, tri-anisole-heptazine (TAHz), can photooxidize water and phenol in a homogeneous photochemical reaction. This allows the exploration of the basic mechanisms of the proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) process involved in the water photooxidation reaction in well-defined complexes of chemically tunable molecular chromophores with chemically tunable substrate molecules. The unique properties of the excited electronic states of the Hz molecule and derivatives thereof are highlighted. The potential energy landscape relevant for the PCET reaction has been characterized by judicious computational studies. These data provided the basis for the demonstration of rational laser control of PCET reactions in TAHz-phenol complexes by pump-push-probe spectroscopy, which sheds light on the branching mechanisms occurring by the interaction of nonreactive locally excited states of the chromophore with reactive intermolecular charge-transfer states. Extrapolating from these results, we propose a general scenario that unravels the complex photoinduced water-splitting reaction into simple sequential light-driven one-electron redox reactions followed by simple dark radical-radical recombination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Cody W Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Zhang J, Borrelli R, Tanimura Y. Proton tunneling in a two-dimensional potential energy surface with a non-linear system–bath interaction: Thermal suppression of reaction rate. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:214114. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0010580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Raffaele Borrelli
- DISAFA, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Yoshitaka Tanimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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17
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Huang X, Aranguren JP, Ehrmaier J, Noble JA, Xie W, Sobolewski AL, Dedonder-Lardeux C, Jouvet C, Domcke W. Photoinduced water oxidation in pyrimidine-water clusters: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12502-12514. [PMID: 32452507 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01562h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photocatalytic oxidation of water with molecular or polymeric N-heterocyclic chromophores is a topic of high current interest in the context of artificial photosynthesis, that is, the conversion of solar energy to clean fuels. Hydrogen-bonded clusters of N-heterocycles with water molecules in a molecular beam are simple model systems for which the basic mechanisms of photochemical water oxidation can be studied under well-defined conditions. In this work, we explored the photoinduced H-atom transfer reaction in pyrimidine-water clusters yielding pyrimidinyl and hydroxyl radicals with laser spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and trajectory-based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The oxidation of water by photoexcited pyrimidine is unequivocally confirmed by the detection of the pyrimidinyl radical. The dynamics simulations provide information on the time scales and branching ratios of the reaction. While relaxation to local minima of the S1 potential-energy surface is the dominant reaction channel, the H-atom transfer reaction occurs on ultrafast time scales (faster than about 100 fs) with a branching ratio of a few percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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18
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Ehrmaier J, Huang X, Rabe EJ, Corp KL, Schlenker CW, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Molecular Design of Heptazine-Based Photocatalysts: Effect of Substituents on Photocatalytic Efficiency and Photostability. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3698-3710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Emily J. Rabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Corp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cody W. Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
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19
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Binuclear Mn oxo complex as a self-contained photocatalyst in water-splitting cycle: Role of additional Mn oxides as a buffer of electrons and protons. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5139065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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20
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Charge separation and successive reconfigurations of electronic and protonic states in a water-splitting catalytic cycle with the Mn4CaO5 cluster. On the mechanism of water splitting in PSII. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7912-7934. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Charge separation, reloading of electrons and protons, and O2 generation in a catalytic cycle for water splitting with Mn4CaO5 in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
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21
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Pang X, Jiang C, Xie W, Domcke W. Photoinduced electron-driven proton transfer from water to an N-heterocyclic chromophore: nonadiabatic dynamics studies for pyridine–water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14073-14079. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We performed the excited-state dynamics simulations for pyridine–water clusters and found the more water molecules involved in the cluster, the higher efficiency the water-splitting reaction has, which is qualitatively in consistent with a recent gas-phase experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Pang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices
- China
- Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices
- China
- Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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22
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23
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Pang X, Ehrmaier J, Wu X, Jiang C, Xie W, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Photoinduced hydrogen-transfer reactions in pyridine-water clusters: Insights from excited-state electronic-structure calculations. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Janicki MJ, Szabla R, Šponer J, Góra RW. Solvation effects alter the photochemistry of 2-thiocytosine. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Esteves-López N, Coussan S. UV photochemistry of pyridine-water and pyridine-ammonia complexes trapped in cryogenic matrices. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Domcke W, Ehrmaier J, Sobolewski AL. Solar Energy Harvesting with Carbon Nitrides and N-Heterocyclic Frameworks: Do We Understand the Mechanism? CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; 85747 Garching Germany
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27
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Esteves-López N, Coussan S, Dedonder-Lardeux C, Jouvet C. Photoinduced water splitting in pyridine water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:25637-25644. [PMID: 27711521 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio calculations predict that pyridine (Py) can act as a photo-catalyst to split water by the absorption of a UV photon following the reaction Py-H2O + hν → PyH˙ + OH˙. To test this prediction, we performed two types of experiments: in the first, we characterize the electronic spectroscopy of the PyH˙ radical in the gas phase. In the second, we evidence the reaction through the UV excitation of molecular Py-(H2O)n clusters obtained in a supersonic expansion and monitoring the PyH˙ reaction product. The results show unambiguously that PyH˙ is produced, and thus that water is split using pyridine as a photo-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Esteves-López
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM) UMR-7345, Marseille, France.
| | - Stephane Coussan
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM) UMR-7345, Marseille, France.
| | - Claude Dedonder-Lardeux
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM) UMR-7345, Marseille, France.
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM) UMR-7345, Marseille, France.
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28
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. On the photocatalytic cycle of water splitting with small manganese oxides and the roles of water clusters as direct sources of oxygen molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6708-6725. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07171j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study on the photocatalytic cycle of water splitting and coupled proton electron-wavepacket transfer (CPEWT) as key processes of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
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29
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Janicki MJ, Szabla R, Šponer J, Góra RW. Electron-driven proton transfer enables nonradiative photodeactivation in microhydrated 2-aminoimidazole. Faraday Discuss 2018; 212:345-358. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotically credible activator of non-enzymatic RNA template-copying, 2-aminoimidazole, is protected from destructive photochemistry by photoacidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Rafał Szabla
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
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30
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Ehrmaier J, Janicki MJ, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting with triazine-based carbon nitrides: insights from ab initio calculations for the triazine–water complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14420-14430. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valuable theoretical insights into the mechanism of photocatalytic water-splitting using triazine as a model system for carbon-nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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31
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Rodríguez-Prieto F, Corbelle CC, Fernández B, Pedro JA, Ríos Rodríguez MC, Mosquera M. Fluorescence quenching of the N-methylquinolinium cation by pairs of water or alcohol molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:307-316. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proposed mechanism involves an electron transfer from H2O/ROH to the excited quinolinium, concerted with proton transfer to the second hydroxy molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Rodríguez-Prieto
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Física
| | - Carlos Costa Corbelle
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Jorge A. Pedro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - M. Carmen Ríos Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Física
| | - Manuel Mosquera
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- E-15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Física
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32
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Takatsuka K. Theory of molecular nonadiabatic electron dynamics in condensed phases. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:174102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4993240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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33
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Staniforth M, Quan WD, Karsili TNV, Baker LA, O’Reilly RK, Stavros VG. First Step toward a Universal Fluorescent Probe: Unravelling the Photodynamics of an Amino–Maleimide Fluorophore. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6357-6365. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staniforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Dong Quan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Organization and Assembly of Cells Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Lewis A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Organization and Assembly of Cells Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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34
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Ehrmaier J, Karsili TNV, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Mechanism of Photocatalytic Water Splitting with Graphitic Carbon Nitride: Photochemistry of the Heptazine-Water Complex. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4754-4764. [PMID: 28592110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Impressive progress has recently been achieved in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with polymeric carbon nitride materials consisting of heptazine building blocks. However, the fundamental mechanistic principles of the catalytic cycle are as yet poorly understood. Here, we provide first-principles computational evidence that water splitting with heptazine-based materials can be understood as a molecular excited-state reaction taking place in hydrogen-bonded heptazine-water complexes. The oxidation of water occurs homolytically via an electron/proton transfer from water to heptazine, resulting in ground-state heptazinyl and OH radicals. It is shown that the excess hydrogen atom of the heptazinyl radical can be photodetached by a second photon, which regenerates the heptazine molecule. Alternatively to the photodetachment reaction, two heptazinyl radicals can recombine in a dark reaction to form H2, thereby regenerating two heptazine molecules. The proposed molecular photochemical reaction scheme within hydrogen-bonded chromophore-water complexes is complementary to the traditional paradigm of photocatalytic water splitting, which assumes the separation of electrons and holes over substantial time scales and distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Garching, Germany
| | - Tolga N V Karsili
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Garching, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Garching, Germany
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35
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Ehrmaier J, Picconi D, Karsili TNV, Domcke W. Photodissociation dynamics of the pyridinyl radical: Time-dependent quantum wave-packet calculations. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Picconi
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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36
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Peng Y, Jiang Z, Chen J. Mechanism and Kinetics of Methane Combustion, Part I: Thermal Rate Constants for Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction of CH4 + O(3P). J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2209-2220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Peng
- School of Civil and Resource
Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhong’an Jiang
- School of Civil and Resource
Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jushi Chen
- School of Civil and Resource
Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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37
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Lin T, Liu X, Lou Z, Hou Y, Teng F. Intermolecular-charge-transfer-induced fluorescence quenching in protic solvent. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Malček M, Bučinský L, Barbieriková Z, Dorotíková S, Dvoranová D, Brezová V, Rapta P, Biskupič S. Protonation and electronic structure of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate during reduction. A theoretical study including explicit solvent. J Mol Model 2016; 22:251. [PMID: 27686562 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protonation in the two-electron/two-proton reduction processes of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate (DCIP) is investigated combining density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. DCIP (anion), DCIP•- (radical anion), and DCIP2- (dianion) are considered, including the electronic structure analysis from the prospective of quantum theory of atoms and molecules (QTAIM). It is shown that oxygen on the indophenolate moiety and nitrogen are the first and/or the second proton acceptor sites and their energetic order depends on the total charge of the system. MD simulations of differently charged species interacting with the solvent molecules have been performed for methanol, water, and oxonium cation (H3O+). Methanol and water molecules are found to form only hydrogen bonds with the solute irrespective of its charge. The calculated pKa values show that the imino group of DCIPH- is a weaker acid than water. While in the case of DCIP (and DCIP•-) plus oxonium cation, proton transfer from the solvent to the solute was evidenced for both aforementioned acceptor sites. In addition, MD simulations of bulks containing 15 and 43 molecules of water around the DCIP molecule have been performed, revealing the formation of 2-4 hydrogen bonds. Graphical Abstract 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenolate interacts with solvent molecules (water, oxonium cation and methanol). Hydrogen transfer and electronic structure are studied by DFT and molecular dynamics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Malček
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lukáš Bučinský
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sandra Dorotíková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Dvoranová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Biskupič
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Dynamical mechanism of charge separation by photoexcited generation of proton–electron pairs in organic molecular systems. A nonadiabatic electron wavepacket dynamics study. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Xie W, Domcke W, Farantos SC, Grebenshchikov SY. State-specific tunneling lifetimes from classical trajectories: H-atom dissociation in electronically excited pyrrole. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:104105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4943214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stavros C. Farantos
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sergy Yu. Grebenshchikov
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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41
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Wu X, Karsili TNV, Domcke W. Excited-State Deactivation of Adenine by Electron-Driven Proton-Transfer Reactions in Adenine-Water Clusters: A Computational Study. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1298-304. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; 85747 Garching Germany
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42
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Lomas JS. (1)H NMR spectra of alcohols in hydrogen bonding solvents: DFT/GIAO calculations of chemical shifts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:28-38. [PMID: 26256675 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shifts of aliphatic alcohols in hydrogen bonding solvents have been computed on the basis of density functional theory by applying the gauge-including atomic orbital method to geometry-optimized alcohol/solvent complexes. The OH proton shifts and hydrogen bond distances for methanol or ethanol complexed with pyridine depend very much on the functional employed and very little on the basis set, provided it is sufficiently large to give the correct quasi-linear hydrogen bond geometry. The CH proton shifts are insensitive to both the functional and the basis set. NMR shifts for all protons in several alcohol/pyridine complexes are calculated at the Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof PBE0/cc-pVTZ//PBE0/6-311 + G(d,p) level in the gas phase. The results correlate with the shifts for the pyridine-complexed alcohols, determined by analysing data from the NMR titration of alcohols against pyridine. More pragmatically, computed shifts for a wider range of alcohols correlate with experimental shifts in neat pyridine. Shifts for alcohols in dimethylsulfoxide, based on the corresponding complexes in the gas phase, correlate well with the experimental values, but the overall root mean square difference is high (0.23 ppm), shifts for the OH, CHOH and other CH protons being systematically overestimated, by averages of 0.42, 0.21 and 0.06 ppm, respectively. If the computed shifts are corrected accordingly, a very good correlation is obtained with a gradient of 1.00 ± 0.01, an intercept of 0.00 ± 0.02 ppm and a root mean square difference of 0.09 ppm. This is a modest improvement on the result of applying the CHARGE programme to a slightly different set of alcohols. Some alcohol complexes with acetone and acetonitrile were investigated both in the gas phase and in a continuum of the relevant solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lomas
- ITODYS, UMR 7086, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75205, France
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43
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Liu X, Karsili TN, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Photocatalytic water splitting with acridine dyes: Guidelines from computational chemistry. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Liu X, Karsili TNV, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Photocatalytic Water Splitting with the Acridine Chromophore: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Institute of Optoelectronic
Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044 Beijing, China
| | - Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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45
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Karsili TNV, Tuna D, Ehrmaier J, Domcke W. Photoinduced water splitting via benzoquinone and semiquinone sensitisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32183-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03831f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The splitting of water into H˙ and OH˙ radicals by sensitisation of a redox-active chromophore with sunlight may eventually become a viable way of producing unlimited, clean and sustainable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Deniz Tuna
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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46
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Liu X, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Photoinduced Oxidation of Water in the Pyridine–Water Complex: Comparison of the Singlet and Triplet Photochemistries. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7788-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505188y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Institute of Optoelectronic
Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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47
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Barbatti M. Photorelaxation Induced by Water–Chromophore Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10246-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505387c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barbatti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, D-45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
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