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Aravind I, Wang Y, Cai Z, Li R, Shahriar R, Gibson GN, Guignon E, Cady NC, Page WD, Pilar A, Cronin SB. Voltage-induced modulation of interfacial ionic liquids measured using surface plasmon resonant grating nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:034702. [PMID: 39007387 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We have used surface plasmon resonant metal gratings to induce and probe the dielectric response (i.e., electro-optic modulation) of ionic liquids (ILs) at electrode interfaces. Here, the cross-plane electric field at the electrode surface modulates the refractive index of the IL due to the Pockels effect. This is observed as a shift in the resonant angle of the grating (i.e., Δϕ), which can be related to the change in the local index of refraction of the electrolyte (i.e., Δnlocal). The reflection modulation of the IL is compared against a polar (D2O) and a non-polar solvent (benzene) to confirm the electro-optic origin of resonance shift. The electrostatic accumulation of ions from the IL induces local index changes to the gratings over the extent of electrical double layer (EDL) thickness. Finite difference time domain simulations are used to relate the observed shifts in the plasmon resonance and change in reflection to the change in the local index of refraction of the electrolyte and the thickness of the EDL. Simultaneously using the wavelength and intensity shift of the resonance enables us to determine both the effective thickness and Δn of the double layer. We believe that this technique can be used more broadly, allowing the dynamics associated with the potential-induced ordering and rearrangement of ionic species in electrode-solution interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Zhi Cai
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Rifat Shahriar
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - George N Gibson
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel C Cady
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12203, USA
| | | | - Arturo Pilar
- Ciencia Inc., East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, USA
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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2
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Iwahashi T, Kishida H, Zhou W, Kim D, Ouchi Y. Activation Energy of Ion Desorption at Ionic Liquid/Pt Electrode Interfaces: A Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopic Study. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5018-5029. [PMID: 38723200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrolyte/electrode interfaces of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) exhibit hysteretic responses to different applied potentials owing to the differences in the ion adsorption/desorption processes; the ion desorption requires excess potential, which reflects the activation energy of ion desorption. Thus far, the contributions of the ion adsorption energy and the activation barrier for ion desorption toward the ion-dependent excess potential have not been quantified. Herein, we report on our infrared-visible sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy study of the hysteretic responses of the anion adsorption/desorption at Pt electrode interfaces using neat, binary, and diluted RTILs composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cations ([C4mim]+) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([TFSA]-) and trifluoromethanesulfonate ([OTf]-) anions. Experimental results are compared to the theoretical calculations for the electric double layer model. The hysteretic response of the RTIL/Pt interface derives predominantly from the activation energy of anion desorption, which causes the negative excess potential required for anion desorption. A comparison of the anion adsorption/desorption behaviors of neat RTILs with those of binary and diluted RTILs reveals that the large activation energy of anion desorption at the neat RTIL/Pt interface originates largely from the activation barrier for restructuring ionic layering in the diffuse layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwahashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hibiki Kishida
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Doseok Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukio Ouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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3
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Ntim S, Sulpizi M. Differential Capacitance of Ionic Liquid Confined between Metallic Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1936-1942. [PMID: 38378468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We present here a detailed analysis of the electric double layer at the gold electrode/[BMIM][BF4] interface using a polarizable model for the electrode, based on our recent approach to include image charges [Geada et al. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 716]. A double bell (camel) shape is obtained for the differential capacitance, where the inclusion of metal polarization allows for a higher density of ions in the double layer, particularly around the maxima, thereby increasing the capacitance. The charging mechanism differs for the positive and negative electrodes, with counterion adsorption prevailing at the anode and co-ion desorption prevailing at the cathode. The charging mechanism is predominantly governed by the BF4 anions, serving as counterions and co-ions at the anode and cathode, respectively. Within the considered range of potentials, only minor changes are observed in the dynamical properties, specifically in the diffusion coefficients. Notably, it is interesting to observe that bulk properties are restored at a shorter distance from the gold surface in the case of the anode compared to the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ntim
- Insitut für Physik, Johannes Gutenber Universität, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marialore Sulpizi
- Insitut für Physik, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
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Hausen F. Relaxation Times of Ionic Liquids under Electrochemical Conditions Probed by Friction Force Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300250. [PMID: 37551063 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) represent an important class of liquids considered for a broad range of applications such as lubrication, catalysis, or as electrolytes in batteries. It is well-known that in the case of charged surfaces, ILs form a pronounced layer structure that can be easily triggered by an externally applied electrode potential. Information about the time required to form a stable interface under varying electrode potentials is of utmost importance in many applications. For the first time, probing of relaxation times of ILs by friction force microscopy is demonstrated. The friction force is extremely sensitive to even subtle changes in the interfacial configuration of ILs. Various relaxation processes with different time scales are observed. A significant difference dependent on the direction of switching the applied potential, i.e., from a more cation-rich to a more anion-rich interface or vice versa, is found. Furthermore, variations in height immediately after the potential step and the presence of trace amounts of water are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hausen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-9, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Section: JARA-Energy, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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5
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Ramach U, Lee J, Altmann F, Schussek M, Olgiati M, Dziadkowiec J, Mears LLE, Celebi AT, Lee DW, Valtiner M. Real-time visualisation of ion exchange in molecularly confined spaces where electric double layers overlap. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:487-507. [PMID: 37436123 PMCID: PMC10568259 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion interactions with interfaces and transport in confined spaces, where electric double layers overlap, are essential in many areas, ranging from crevice corrosion to understanding and creating nano-fluidic devices at the sub 10 nm scale. Tracking the spatial and temporal evolution of ion exchange, as well as local surface potentials, in such extreme confinement situations is both experimentally and theoretically challenging. Here, we track in real-time the transport processes of ionic species (LiClO4) confined between a negatively charged mica surface and an electrochemically modulated gold surface using a high-speed in situ sensing Surface Forces Apparatus. With millisecond temporal and sub-micrometer spatial resolution we capture the force and distance equilibration of ions in the confinement of D ≈ 2-3 nm in an overlapping electric double layer (EDL) during ion exchange. Our data indicate that an equilibrated ion concentration front progresses with a velocity of 100-200 μm s-1 into a confined nano-slit. This is in the same order of magnitude and in agreement with continuum estimates from diffusive mass transport calculations. We also compare the ion structuring using high resolution imaging, molecular dynamics simulations, and calculations based on a continuum model for the EDL. With this data we can predict the amount of ion exchange, as well as the force between the two surfaces due to overlapping EDLs, and critically discuss experimental and theoretical limitations and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ramach
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
- CEST (Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology), Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Jinhoon Lee
- Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Florian Altmann
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Schussek
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matteo Olgiati
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
- CEST (Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology), Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Joanna Dziadkowiec
- NJORD Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Laura L E Mears
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alper T Celebi
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dong Woog Lee
- Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, Vienna, Austria.
- CEST (Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology), Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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6
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Kim M, Tetteh EB, Savan A, Xiao B, Ludwig A, Schuhmann W, Chung TD. Reorganization energy in a polybromide ionic liquid measured by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:134707. [PMID: 37031154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids (RT-ILs) are promising electrolytes for electrocatalysis. Understanding the effects of the electrode–electrolyte interface structure on electrocatalysis in RT-ILs is important. Ultrafast mass transport of redox species in N-methyl- N-ethyl-pyrrolidinium polybromide (MEPBr2n+1) enabled evaluation of the reorganization energy ( λ), which reflects the solvation structure in the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). λ was achieved by fitting the electron transfer rate-limited voltammogram at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) to the Marcus–Hush–Chidsey model for heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics. However, it is time-consuming or even impossible to prepare electrode materials, including alloys of numerous compositions in the form of UME, for each experiment. Herein, we report a method to evaluate the λ of MEPBr2n+1 by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), which allows high throughput electrochemical measurements using a single electrode with high spatial resolution. Fast mass transport in the nanosized SECCM tip is critical for achieving heterogeneous electron transfer-limited voltammograms. Furthermore, investigating λ on a high-entropy alloy materials library composed of Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, and Ag suggests a negative correlation between λ and the work function. Given that the potential of zero charge correlates with the work function of electrodes, this can be attributed to the surface-charge sensitive ionic structure in the IHP of MEPBr2n+1, modulating the solvation energy of the redox-active species in the IHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alan Savan
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bin Xiao
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
- ZGH, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
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7
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MATSUI M, ORIKASA Y, UCHIYAMA T, NISHI N, MIYAHARA Y, OTOYAMA M, TSUDA T. Electrochemical In Situ/<i>operando</i> Spectroscopy and Microscopy Part 1: Fundamentals. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-66093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki ORIKASA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Tomoki UCHIYAMA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Kyoto University
| | - Naoya NISHI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University
| | - Yuto MIYAHARA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University
| | - Misae OTOYAMA
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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8
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YAMADA H, MATSUMOTO K, KURATANI K, ARIYOSHI K, MATSUI M, MIZUHATA M. Preface for the 66th Special Feature “Novel Aspects and Approaches to Experimental Methods for Electrochemistry”. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-66113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa YAMADA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College
| | | | - Kentaro KURATANI
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kingo ARIYOSHI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | | | - Minoru MIZUHATA
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
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9
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Kim M, Park S, Chung TD. Heterogeneous electron transfer reorganization energy at the inner Helmholtz plane in a polybromide redox-active ionic liquid. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8821-8828. [PMID: 35975145 PMCID: PMC9350599 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In ionic liquids (ILs), the electric double layer (EDL) is where heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) occurs. Nevertheless, the relationship between the EDL structure and its kinetics has been rarely studied, especially for ET taking place in the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). This is largely because of the lack of an appropriate model system for experiments. In this work, we determined the reorganization energy (λ) of Br2 reduction in a redox-active IL 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium polybromide (MEPBr2n+1) based on the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey model. Exceptionally fast mass transport of Br2 in MEPBr2n+1 allows voltammograms to be obtained in which the current plateau is regulated by electron-transfer kinetics. This enables investigation of the microscopic environment in the IHP of the IL affecting electrocatalytic reactions through reorganization energy. As a demonstration, TiO2-modified Pt was employed to show pH-dependent reorganization energy, which suggests the switch of major ions at the IHP as a function of surface charges of electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmee Park
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do 16229 Republic of Korea
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10
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Imai M, Tanabe I, Sato T, Fukui KI. Local structures and dynamics of interfacial imidazolium-based ionic liquid depending on the electrode potential using electrochemical attenuated total reflectance ultraviolet spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 273:121040. [PMID: 35228085 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted attention as prospective electrolytes for Li-ion batteries, with safe performance. Herein, the dynamics of the IL at the electrochemical interface, which is the key to the electrochemical reaction, was monitored using attenuated total reflectance far- and deep-ultraviolet (ATR-FUV-DUV) spectroscopy. An original measurement system, which combined an ATR-FUV-DUV spectrometer with a Kretschmann type (fully metal-coated prism) electrochemical setup, was assembled. Spectral measurements and assignments were performed for the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI])/Pt electrode (∼7 nm) interface. The incident light in the FUV and DUV regions entered a measurement system comprising an [EMIM][TFSI]/Pt electrode/ATR sapphire prism, and the potential-dependent absorption spectra were measured in the 180-450 nm range. This in-situ spectroscopic technique is unique in that the electronic transition spectra of the interfacial IL can be obtained. By switching the applied potentials, temporal spectral changes (i.e. relaxation signals) were tracked at wavelengths of 450 nm and 221 nm, where the direct electronic absorption of the IL was active and inactive, respectively. Comparing these relaxation times, it was revealed that the absorption signal at 221 nm changed more slowly than that at 450 nm. This indicated that the molecular conformations that affected the electronic absorption of the interfacial ILs changed slowly. Considering the surface-normal dipole selection rule for molecules on a metal surface, it is suggested that the slow changes in the molecular conformations can be ascribed to the potential-dependent interfacial orientations of [EMIM]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Imai
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Taiki Sato
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan; Department of Photomolecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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11
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Zhang S, Baba H, Sakka T, Nishi N. Interfacial Viscosity and Ionic Reorientation Probed Using Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance at the Gold Electrode Interface of Ionic Liquids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Ratschmeier B, Braunschweig B. Role of imidazolium cations on the interfacial structure of room‐temperature ionic liquids in contact with Pt(111) electrodes. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Ratschmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
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13
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Tanabe I. Spectroscopic analysis focusing on ionic liquid/metal electrode and organic semiconductor interfaces in an electrochemical environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:615-623. [PMID: 34853835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04094d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid-liquid interface forms an electric double layer that enables the function of electronic devices and, thus, represents an important area of electrochemical research. Because ionic liquids (ILs) are becoming prominent candidates for new high-performing electrolytes, their interface with solid substrates (e.g., metal electrodes or organic semiconductors) attracts substantial attention. An example of improvement achieved using ILs as electrolytes is a decrease in the operating voltage of transistors from >10 V in traditional SiO2-gated transistors to <1 V in IL-gated electronic double-layer organic field-effect devices. This perspective discusses the investigation of poorly accessible IL/substrate interfaces using both attenuated total reflectance ultraviolet (ATR-UV) spectroscopy and a newly developed electrochemical setup combined with ATR-UV (EC-ATR-UV), which allows analysis of the interfacial area under the application of varying electric potential. The recent EC-ATR-UV applications in interfacial analytical chemistry are overviewed and compared to other spectroscopic methods described in the recent literature. Lastly, the supplementation of experimental data with theoretical calculations (e.g., quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations) is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Tanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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14
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Nishi N, Uchiyashiki J, Oda T, Hino M, Yamada NL. Overscreening Induced by Ionic Adsorption at the Ionic Liquid/Electrode Interface Detected Using Neutron Reflectometry with a Rational Material Design. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Junya Uchiyashiki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Tatsuro Oda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581
| | - Masahiro Hino
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494
| | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki 305-0801
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15
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Belotti M, Lyu X, Xu L, Halat P, Darwish N, Silvester DS, Goh C, Izgorodina EI, Coote ML, Ciampi S. Experimental Evidence of Long-Lived Electric Fields of Ionic Liquid Bilayers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17431-17440. [PMID: 34657417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that ionic liquids can form long-lived double layers, generating electric fields detectable by straightforward open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. In imidazolium-based ionic liquids an external negative voltage pulse leads to an exceedingly stable near-surface dipolar layer, whose field manifests as long-lived (∼1-100 h) discrete plateaus in OCP versus time traces. These plateaus occur within an ionic liquid-specific and sharp potential window, defining a simple experimental method to probe the onset of interfacial ordering phenomena, such as overscreening and crowding. Molecular dynamics modeling reveals that the OCP arises from the alignment of the individual ion dipoles to the external electric field pulse, with the magnitude of the resulting OCP correlating with the product of the projected dipole moment of the cation and the ratio between the cation diffusion coefficient and its volume. Our findings also reveal that a stable overscreened structure is more likely to form if the interface is first forced through crowding, possibly accounting for the scattered literature data on relaxation kinetics of near-surface structures in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Xin Lyu
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Longkun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Halat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ching Goh
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | | | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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16
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NISHI N, MINAMI E, SAKKA T. Adsorption Properties of Alkylsulfate Ions at the Ionic Liquid/Water Interfaces: Ionic Liquid Cation Dependence. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya NISHI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Eiji MINAMI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tetsuo SAKKA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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17
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Zhang S, Nishi N, Katakura S, Sakka T. Evaluation of static differential capacitance at the [C 4mim +][TFSA -]/electrode interface using molecular dynamics simulation combined with electrochemical surface plasmon resonance measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13905-13917. [PMID: 34132289 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been performed for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C4mim+][TFSA-]), an ionic liquid (IL), on a charged graphene electrode to achieve the quantitative analysis of the static differential capacitance using the electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR). The MD simulations have provided the surface charge density on the electrode and ionic distributions in the electric double layer, both of which are indispensable for the evaluation of static differential capacitance using ESPR but are difficult to be measured by experimental techniques. This approach has allowed the quantitative analysis and explanation of the SPR angle shift in ESPR. The major contribution to the SPR angle shift is found to be the change in ionic concentrations of the first ionic layer on the electrode, owing to higher polarizabilities of ions in the first ionic layer than those in the overlayers. Moreover, the ionic orientation on the electrode and ionic multilayer structure have also been investigated in detail. The butyl group of C4mim+ in the first ionic layer is found to provide extra room for C4mim+ in the second ionic layer but exclude TFSA-, which affects the interval and regularity of ionic multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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18
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Toda S, Clark R, Welton T, Shigeto S. Observation of the Pockels Effect in Ionic Liquids and Insights into the Length Scale of Potential-Induced Ordering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5193-5201. [PMID: 33886322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) under electric fields play essential roles in the electrochemical utilization of ILs. Recently, long-range organization of ILs in the vicinity of charged (and even neutral) surfaces has been revealed, but experimental evidence for such an ordering is still limited and its spatial length scale remains controversial. Here, we use confocal Raman microspectroscopy to investigate the effect of an applied electric potential on the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and its analogues in a space-resolved manner. Much to our surprise, the observed Raman difference spectra of the ILs obtained with and without an applied potential exhibit uniform intensity changes independent of vibrational modes of cations and anions, a finding in sharp contrast with the electric field effects on molecular liquids that we have previously observed. We interpret this unexpected finding in terms of the Pockels effect that occurs as a result of a potential-induced ordering of the IL near an IL-electrode interface. The refractive index changes due to the applied potential are estimated using the experimental Raman intensity changes. The results allow us to deduce that the length scale of the ordering in the ILs is tens to hundreds of nanometers, extending more than would be expected for the electrical double layer but not as far as a micrometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Toda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryan Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Shinsuke Shigeto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
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19
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Enhancement of the electrochemical stability of tetraglyme-Li[TFSA] electrolyte systems by adding [Bimps] zwitterion: An in-situ IV-SFG study. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Ezawa K, Nishi N, Sakka T. In-situ electrochemical SPR study of gold surface smoothing by repetitive cathodic deposition and anodic dissolution of copper in an ionic liquid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Nishi N, Yamazawa T, Sakka T, Hotta H, Ikeno T, Hanaoka K, Takahashi H. How Viscous Is the Solidlike Structure at the Interface of Ionic Liquids? A Study Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Spectroscopy with a Fluorescent Molecular Probe Sensitive to High Viscosity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10397-10403. [PMID: 32787009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the evaluation of the viscosity of the interfacial solidlike structure of ionic liquids (ILs), we performed total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy for N,N-diethyl-N'-phenyl-rhodamine (Ph-DER), a fluorescent probe that is sensitive to viscosity in a high-viscosity range. TIRF spectra at the glass interface of trioctylmethylammonium bis(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)amide (TOMAC4C4N), a hydrophobic IL, showed that the fluorescence intensity of Ph-DER increases with the decrease of the evanescence penetration depth, suggesting that there exists a high-viscosity region at the interface. In contrast, glycerol, which is a molecular liquid with a bulk viscosity similar to that of TOMAC4C4N, did not show such a fluorescence increase, supporting that the formation of a highly viscous solidlike structure at the interface is intrinsic to ILs. A model analysis suggested that the high viscous region at the glass interface of TOMAC4C4N is at least twice thicker than the ionic multilayers at the air interface, implying that the solid substrate enhances the ordering of the interfacial structure of ILs. The viscosity at the glass interface of TOMAC4C4N was found to be at least 40 times higher than that of the liquid bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazawa
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hotta
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takahashi
- System Instruments Co., Ltd, 776-2, Komiya-machi, Hachioji 192-0031, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Xiao J, Zhan H, Wang X, Xu ZQ, Xiong Z, Zhang K, Simon GP, Liu JZ, Li D. Electrolyte gating in graphene-based supercapacitors and its use for probing nanoconfined charging dynamics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:683-689. [PMID: 32572227 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanoporous materials have been extensively explored as high-capacity ion electrosorption electrodes for supercapacitors. However, little attention has been paid to exploiting the interactions between electrons that reside in the graphene lattice and the ions adsorbed between the individual graphene sheets. Here we report that the electronic conductance of a multilayered reduced graphene oxide membrane, when used as a supercapacitor electrode, can be modulated by the ionic charging state of the membrane, which gives rise to a collective electrolyte gating effect. This gating effect provides an in-operando approach for probing the charging dynamics of supercapacitors electrically. Using this approach, we observed a pore-size-dependent ionic hysteresis or memory effect in reduced graphene oxide membranes when the interlayer distance is comparable to the ion diameter. Our results may stimulate the design of novel devices based on the ion-electron interactions under nanoconfinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hualin Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhiyuan Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George P Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jefferson Zhe Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Zhang S, Nishi N, Sakka T. Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance measurements of camel-shaped static capacitance and slow dynamics of electric double layer structure at the ionic liquid/electrode interface. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044707. [PMID: 32752680 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) is applied to evaluate the relative static differential capacitance at the interface between 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ionic liquid (IL) and a gold electrode, based on the relationship between the SPR angle and surface charge density on the electrode. Potential-step and potential-scan ESPR measurements are used to probe the dynamics of the electric double layer (EDL) structure that exhibit anomalously slow and asymmetrical characteristics depending on the direction of potential perturbation. EDL dynamics respond at least 30 times more slowly to changes of potential in the positive direction than in the negative direction. ESPR experiments with the positive-going potential scan are significantly affected by the slow dynamics even at a slow scan. The surface charge density that reflects the relative static capacitance is obtained from the negative-going potential scans. The evaluated quasi-static differential capacitance exhibits a camel-shaped potential dependence, thereby agreeing with the prediction of the mean-field lattice gas model of the EDL in ILs. ESPR is shown to be an effective experimental method for determining relative values of the static differential capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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24
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Xu L, Izgorodina EI, Coote ML. Ordered Solvents and Ionic Liquids Can Be Harnessed for Electrostatic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12826-12833. [PMID: 32610899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we employ classical molecular dynamics simulations using the Drude oscillator-based polarizable force field, quantum chemical calculations, and ONIOM multiscale calculations to study (a) how an external field orders the solvent environment in a chemical reaction and then (b) whether in the absence of this same applied field the ordered solvent environment alone can electrostatically catalyze a chemical reaction when compared with the corresponding disordered solvent. Our results show that a 0.2 V/Å external electric field, which is below the threshold for bond breaking of solvent molecules, leads to significant ordering of bulk methanol solvent and the ionic liquid [EMIM][BF4]. Importantly, in the absence of this same field, the ordered solvent lowers the activation energy of the hydrogen-transfer reaction of o-alkylphenyl ketones in excess of 20 kcal/mol when the solvent is methanol and by over 30 kcal/mol for [EMIM][BF4]. Even a 0.1 V/Å external field has effects of ca. 10 and 20 kcal/mol, respectively. This work suggests a possible strategy for scaling electrostatic catalysis by applying a pulsed external field to the reaction medium to maintain solvent ordering while allowing the reaction to proceed largely in the absence of an external field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longkun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ekaterina I Izgorodina
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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25
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Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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26
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Iwahashi T, Ishiyama T, Sakai Y, Morita A, Kim D, Ouchi Y. Bi-layering at ionic liquid surfaces: a sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy- and molecular dynamics simulation-based study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12565-12576. [PMID: 32452479 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are being increasingly employed as novel solvents in several fields, including chemical engineering, electrochemistry, and synthetic chemistry. To further increase their usage potential, a better understanding of the structure of their surface layer is essential. Bi-layering at the surfaces of RTILs consisting of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmim]+; n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([TFSA]-) anions was demonstrated via infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (IV-SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It was found that the sum-frequency (SF) signal from the [TFSA]- anions decreases as the alkyl chain length increases, whereas the SF signal from the r+ mode (the terminal CH3 group) of the [Cnmim]+ cations is almost the same regardless of chain length. MD simulations show the formation of a bi-layered structure consisting of the outermost first layer and a submerged second layer in a "head-to-head" molecular arrangement. The decrease in the SF signals of the normal modes of the [TFSA]- anions is caused by destructive and out-of-phase interference of vibrations of corresponding molecular moieties oriented toward each other in the first and second layers. In contrast, the r+ mode of [Cnmim]+ does not experience destructive interference because the peak position of the r+ mode differs marginally at the surface and in the bulk. Our conclusions are not limited to the system presented here. Similar bi-layered structures can be expected for the surfaces of conventional RTILs, which necessitates the consideration of bi-layering in the design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwahashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Ishiyama
- Department of Environmental Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Doseok Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukio Ouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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27
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Katakura S, Nishi N, Kobayashi K, Amano KI, Sakka T. An electric double layer structure and differential capacitance at the electrode interface of tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide studied using a molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5198-5210. [PMID: 32090216 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics simulation at the electrode interface of a quaternary ammonium ionic liquid, tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([N1444+][TFSA-]), has been performed. Unlike the commonly used cations, such as 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1,1-alkylmethylpyrrolidinium cations, N1444+ has multiple long-alkyl groups (three butyl groups). The behavior of ions at the electrode interface, especially these butyl groups, has been investigated. N1444+ at the first layer mainly has two types of orientations, lying and standing. The lying orientation is dominant at moderately negative potentials. However, the standing one becomes dominant at the more negative potentials. Due to this orientational change, the number of N1444+ increases at the first layer as the potential becomes negative even at the potentials where the anions are completely depleted there. The change in orientation results in the upward deviation of the differential capacitance from the theoretical prediction at the negative potentials. The results suggest that the orientational preference caused by the steric constraint between alkyl groups plays an important role in the behavior of the electric double layer of the ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Katakura
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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28
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Tanabe I, Suyama A, Sato T, Fukui KI. Potential Dependence of Electronic Transition Spectra of Interfacial Ionic Liquids Studied by Newly Developed Electrochemical Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3436-3442. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Tanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Aki Suyama
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Taiki Sato
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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29
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Kadis R. Can the equilibrium interfacial tensions be more in magnitude than non-equilibrium ones? Comment on “Electrocapillarity and zero-frequency differential capacitance at the interface between mercury and ionic liquids measured using the pendant drop method” by N. Nishi et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17, 5219]. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Fukui KI. Development of Local Analysis Technique of Electric Double Layer at Electrode Interfaces and Its Application to Ionic Liquid Interfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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31
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Luo X, Deng S, Wang P. Temporal-spatial-resolved mapping of the electrical double layer changes by surface plasmon resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28266-28274. [PMID: 35542477 PMCID: PMC9084293 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrical double layer (EDL) is a specific distribution of ions at the electrolyte/electrode interface. As EDL plays a decisive role in the interfacial physical and chemical characteristics, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the EDL structure and its change dynamics is important for a wide range of fields, ranging from electrochemistry, energy storage and semiconductor materials to biotechnology. In this paper, we proposed a proof of concept method for temporal- and spatial-resolved mapping of the EDL structure and its change dynamics. A potential was applied on the interface and the potential induced ion re-arrangement process was monitored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging in real time. NaCl experiments were repeated six times and the coefficient of variation of the results was 5.17%, confirming the potential-induced SPR response. Experiments with different potential excitations, ion concentrations and species were performed and results indicated that the electron density change and ion re-arrangement contributed comparably to the potential induced SPR response. Additionally, the lateral distribution of the EDL formed at the interface between NaCl solutions and an Au film coated with arrays of 11-MUA spots was mapped. This method is temporally and spatially resolved, and thus has the potential to be a promising tool for EDL studies at heterogeneous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Shijie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 PR China
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32
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Lin L, Zhao P, Mason AJ, Zeng X. Characterization of the Ionic Liquid/Electrode Interfacial Relaxation Processes Under Potential Polarization for Ionic Liquid Amperometric Gas Sensor Method Development. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1126-1134. [PMID: 29781608 PMCID: PMC7192316 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical amperometric sensors require a constant or varying potential at the working electrode that drives redox reactions of the analyte for detection. The interfacial redox reaction(s) can result in the formation of new chemical products that could change the initial condition of the electrode/electrolyte interface. If the products are not inert and/or cannot be removed from the system such that the initial condition of the electrode/electrolyte interface cannot be restored, the sensor signal baseline would consequently drift, which is problematic for the continuous and real-time sensors. By setting the electrode potential with the periodical ON-OFF mode, electrolysis can be forestalled during the off mode which can minimize the sensor signal baseline drift and reduce the power consumption of the sensor. However, it is known that the relaxation of the structure in the electrical double layer at the ionic liquid/electrode interface to the steps of the electrode potential is slow. This work characterized the electrode/electrolyte interfacial relaxation process of an ionic liquid based electrochemical gas (IL-EG) sensor by performing multiple potential step experiments in which the potential is stepped from an open circuit potential (OCP) to the amperometric sensing potential at various frequencies with different time periods. Our results showed that by shortening the sensing period as well as extending the idle period (i.e., enlarge the ratio of idle period versus sensing period) of the potential step experiments, the electrode/electrolyte interface is prone to relax to its original state, and thus reduces the baseline drift. Additionally, the high viscosity of the ionic liquids is beneficial for electrochemical regeneration via the implementation of a conditioning step at zero volts at the electrode/electrolyte. By setting the working electrode at zero volts instead of OCP, our results showed that it could further minimize the baseline drift, enhance the sensing signal stability, and extend the functioning lifetime of a continuous IL-EG oxygen sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Andrew J. Mason
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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33
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Nishi N, Ikeda Y, Sakka T. Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance as a probe of redox reactions at the ionic liquid|gold interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Lucio AJ, Shaw SK. Capacitive hysteresis at the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate-polycrystalline gold interface. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4575-4586. [PMID: 29492622 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report potential-dependent capacitance curves over a 2-V potential range for the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate (Emim FAP)-polycrystalline gold interface, and examine the effect of potential scan direction on results. We find very small levels of capacitive hysteresis in the Emim FAP-polycrystalline Au electrochemical system, where capacitance curves show minor dependence on the potential scan direction employed. This is a considerably different response than that reported for the Emim FAP-Au(111) interface where significant hysteresis is observed based on the potential scan direction (Drüschler et al. in J Phys Chem C 115 (14):6802-6808, 2011). Hysteresis effects have previously been suggested to be a general feature of an ionic liquid (IL) at electrified interfaces due to slow interfacial processes and has been demonstrated for numerous electrochemical systems. We provide new evidence that the experimental procedure used to acquire capacitance data and data workup could also have implications on capacitance-potential relationships in ILs. This work serves to progress our understanding of the nature of capacitive hysteresis at the IL-electrode interface. Graphical abstract Subtle changes in experimental methods can lead to significantly different capacitance measurements in ionic liquids. Which is the best approach?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Lucio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Scott K Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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35
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Yokota Y, Miyamoto H, Imanishi A, Inagaki K, Morikawa Y, Fukui KI. Structural and dynamic properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide/mica and graphite interfaces revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6668-6676. [PMID: 29457158 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been observed that the properties of room temperature ionic liquids near solid substrates are different from those of bulk liquids, and these properties play an important role in the development of catalysts, lubricants, and electrochemical devices. In this paper, we report microscopic studies of ionic liquid/solid interfaces performed using molecular dynamics simulations. The structural and dynamic properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMIM-TFSI) on mica and graphite interfaces were thoroughly investigated to elucidate the microscopic origins of the formation of layered structures at the interfaces. Our investigation included the observation of structural and orientational changes of ions as a function of distance from the surfaces, and contour mappings of ions parallel and perpendicular to the surfaces. By virtue of such detailed analyses, we found that, during the 5 ns simulation, the closest layer of BMIM-TFSI behaves as a two-dimensional ionic crystal on mica and as a liquid or liquid crystal on graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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36
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Camci MT, Aydogan P, Ulgut B, Kocabas C, Suzer S. XPS enables visualization of electrode potential screening in an ionic liquid medium with temporal- and lateral-resolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28434-28440. [PMID: 27757457 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) investigation of potential screening across two gold electrodes fabricated on a porous polymer surface which is impregnated with the ionic liquid (IL) N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [DEME-TFSI]. The IL provides a sheet of conducting layers to the insulating polymer film, and allows monitoring charging and screening dynamics at the polymer + IL/vacuum interface in a laterally resolved fashion across the electrodes. Time-resolved measurements are also implemented by recording F1s peaks of the IL, while imposing 10 mHz square-wave (SQW) pulses across the two electrodes in a source-drain geometry. Variations in the F1s binding energy reflect directly the transient local electrical potential, and allow us to visualize screening of the otherwise built-in local voltage drop on and across the metal electrodes in the range of millimeters. Accordingly, the device is partitioned into two oppositely polarized regions, each following polarization of one electrode through the IL medium. On the other extreme, upon imposing relatively fast 1 kHz SQW pulses the charge screening is prevented and the device is brought to assume a simple resistor role. A simple equivalent circuit model also reproduces the observed voltage transients qualitatively. The presented structure and variants of XPS measurements, enabling us to record voltage transients in unexpectedly large lateral distances away from the electrodes, can impact the understanding of various electrochemical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Camci
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - P Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - B Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - C Kocabas
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - S Suzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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37
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Miyamoto H, Yokota Y, Imanishi A, Inagaki K, Morikawa Y, Fukui KI. Potential dependent changes in the structural and dynamical properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide on graphite electrodes revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19408-19415. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface distributions and the dynamic properties of an ionic liquid on charged graphite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Miyamoto
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | | | - Akihito Imanishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kouji Inagaki
- Department of Precision Science and Technology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Science and Technology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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38
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Lucio AJ, Shaw SK. Effects and controls of capacitive hysteresis in ionic liquid electrochemical measurements. Analyst 2018; 143:4887-4900. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capacitance vs. potential relationships help electrochemists better understand electrode–liquid interfacial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott K. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Iowa
- Iowa City
- USA
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39
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NISHI N, KOJIMA Y, KATAKURA S, SAKKA T. Static Capacitance at the Electrochemical Liquid-liquid Interface Between Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Ga-In Alloy Measured Using the Pendant Drop Method. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.17-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya NISHI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yasuro KOJIMA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Seiji KATAKURA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tetsuo SAKKA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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40
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Potential-induced restructuring dynamics of ionic liquids on a gold electrode: Steric effect of constituent ions studied by surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Nishi N, Yasui S, Hashimoto A, Sakka T. Anion dependence of camel-shape capacitance at the interface between mercury and ionic liquids studied using pendant drop method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Fang Y, Wang H, Yu H, Liu X, Wang W, Chen HY, Tao NJ. Plasmonic Imaging of Electrochemical Reactions of Single Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2614-2624. [PMID: 27662069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are involved in many natural phenomena, and are responsible for various applications, including energy conversion and storage, material processing and protection, and chemical detection and analysis. An electrochemical reaction is accompanied by electron transfer between a chemical species and an electrode. For this reason, it has been studied by measuring current, charge, or related electrical quantities. This approach has led to the development of various electrochemical methods, which have played an essential role in the understanding and applications of electrochemistry. While powerful, most of the traditional methods lack spatial and temporal resolutions desired for studying heterogeneous electrochemical reactions on electrode surfaces and in nanoscale materials. To overcome the limitations, scanning probe microscopes have been invented to map local electrochemical reactions with nanometer resolution. Examples include the scanning electrochemical microscope and scanning electrochemical cell microscope, which directly image local electrochemical reaction current using a scanning electrode or pipet. The use of a scanning probe in these microscopes provides high spatial resolution, but at the expense of temporal resolution and throughput. This Account discusses an alternative approach to study electrochemical reactions. Instead of measuring electron transfer electrically, it detects the accompanying changes in the reactant and product concentrations on the electrode surface optically via surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR is highly surface sensitive, and it provides quantitative information on the surface concentrations of reactants and products vs time and electrode potential, from which local reaction kinetics can be analyzed and quantified. The plasmonic approach allows imaging of local electrochemical reactions with high temporal resolution and sensitivity, making it attractive for studying electrochemical reactions in biological systems and nanoscale materials with high throughput. The plasmonic approach has two imaging modes: electrochemical current imaging and interfacial impedance imaging. The former images local electrochemical current associated with electrochemical reactions (faradic current), and the latter maps local interfacial impedance, including nonfaradic contributions (e.g., double layer charging). The plasmonic imaging technique can perform voltammetry (cyclic or square wave) in an analogous manner to the traditional electrochemical methods. It can also be integrated with bright field, dark field, and fluorescence imaging capabilities in one optical setup to provide additional capabilities. To date the plasmonic imaging technique has found various applications, including mapping of heterogeneous surface reactions, analysis of trace substances, detection of catalytic reactions, and measurement of graphene quantum capacitance. The plasmonic and other emerging optical imaging techniques (e.g., dark field and fluorescence microscopy), together with the scanning probe-based electrochemical imaging and single nanoparticle analysis techniques, provide new capabilities for one to study single nanoparticle electrochemistry with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. In this Account, we focus on imaging of electrochemical reactions at single nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Fang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - N. J. Tao
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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43
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Nishi N, Uruga T, Tanida H. Potential dependent structure of an ionic liquid at ionic liquid/water interface probed by x-ray reflectivity measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Uysal A, Zhou H, Feng G, Lee SS, Li S, Cummings PT, Fulvio PF, Dai S, McDonough JK, Gogotsi Y, Fenter P. Interfacial ionic 'liquids': connecting static and dynamic structures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:032101. [PMID: 25475119 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/3/032101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) often adopt a charge-separated layered structure, i.e. with alternating cation- and anion-rich layers, at electrified interfaces. However, the dynamic response of the layered structure to temporal variations in applied potential is not well understood. We used in situ, real-time x-ray reflectivity to study the potential-dependent electric double layer (EDL) structure of an imidazolium-based RTIL on charged epitaxial graphene during potential cycling as a function of temperature. The results suggest that the graphene-RTIL interfacial structure is bistable in which the EDL structure at any intermediate potential can be described by the combination of two extreme-potential structures whose proportions vary depending on the polarity and magnitude of the applied potential. This picture is supported by the EDL structures obtained by fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at various static potentials. The potential-driven transition between the two structures is characterized by an increasing width but with an approximately fixed hysteresis magnitude as a function of temperature. The results are consistent with the coexistence of distinct anion- and cation-adsorbed structures separated by an energy barrier (∼0.15 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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45
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Nishi N, Hashimoto A, Minami E, Sakka T. Electrocapillarity and zero-frequency differential capacitance at the interface between mercury and ionic liquids measured using the pendant drop method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5219-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05818f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zero-frequency differential capacitance measurements at the ionic liquid|mercury interface using the pendant drop method reveal predicted and unpredicted features of the potential dependence of the capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Atsunori Hashimoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Eiji Minami
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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46
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Vieira L, Schennach R, Gollas B. In situ PM-IRRAS of a glassy carbon electrode/deep eutectic solvent interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12870-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Firstin situPM-IRRAS studies of a carbon electrode/deep eutectic solvent interface show ad- and desorption of electrolyte components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Vieira
- CEST Competence Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology GmbH
- 2700 Wiener Neustadt
- Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
| | - Robert Schennach
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- CEST Competence Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology GmbH
- 2700 Wiener Neustadt
- Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
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47
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Yokota Y, Hara H, Morino Y, Bando KI, Imanishi A, Uemura T, Takeya J, Fukui KI. Molecularly clean ionic liquid/rubrene single-crystal interfaces revealed by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6794-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy was employed to show a molecularly clean interface between an ionic liquid and a rubrene single crystal for possible applications to electric double-layer field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hisaya Hara
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Morino
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Bando
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Akihito Imanishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
- Graduate School of Frontier Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8561
- Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
- Graduate School of Frontier Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8561
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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48
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Fukui KI, Yokota Y, Imanishi A. Local Analyses of Ionic Liquid/Solid Interfaces by Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy and Photoemission Spectroscopy. CHEM REC 2014; 14:964-73. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Akihito Imanishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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49
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Watanabe S, Nakano M, Miyake K, Tsuboi R, Sasaki S. Effect of molecular orientation angle of imidazolium ring on frictional properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8078-8084. [PMID: 24942825 DOI: 10.1021/la501099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have significant potential as lubricants, and it is known that ionic liquids exhibit characteristic behavior at solid-liquid interfaces. Although it is believed that the structure of ionic liquids at the interface contributes to the tribological properties in the region of boundary-mixed lubrication, this contribution has not been clarified because such analysis is difficult. In this research, we clarify the lubrication mechanism of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid by comparing the results of friction tests with interfacial molecular orientation analysis using sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Consequently, we clarify that the tilt angle of the imidazolium ring affects the friction coefficient of the ionic liquid; that is, the larger tilt angle, the lower the friction coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watanabe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science , 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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