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Zhang H, Yang S, Zeng J, Li X, Chuai R. A Genosensor Based on the Modification of a Microcantilever: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:427. [PMID: 36838127 PMCID: PMC9959632 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When the free end of a microcantilever is modified by a genetic probe, this sensor can be used for a wider range of applications, such as for chemical analysis, biological testing, pharmaceutical screening, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, to clarify the preparation and detection process of a microcantilever sensor with genetic probe modification, the core procedures, such as probe immobilization, complementary hybridization, and signal extraction and processing, are combined and compared. Then, to reveal the microcantilever's detection mechanism and analysis, the influencing factors of testing results, the theoretical research, including the deflection principle, the establishment and verification of a detection model, as well as environmental influencing factors are summarized. Next, to demonstrate the application results of the genetic-probe-modified sensors, based on the classification of detection targets, the application status of other substances except nucleic acid, virus, bacteria and cells is not introduced. Finally, by enumerating the application results of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever combined with a microfluidic chip, the future development direction of this technology is surveyed. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the future design of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever, with further exploration of the sensitive mechanism, optimization of the design and processing methods, expansion of the application fields, and promotion of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-024-2549-6401
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Kumemura M, Pekin D, Menon VA, Van Seuningen I, Collard D, Tarhan MC. Fabricating Silicon Resonators for Analysing Biological Samples. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1546. [PMID: 34945396 PMCID: PMC8708134 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptability of microscale devices allows microtechnologies to be used for a wide range of applications. Biology and medicine are among those fields that, in recent decades, have applied microtechnologies to achieve new and improved functionality. However, despite their ability to achieve assay sensitivities that rival or exceed conventional standards, silicon-based microelectromechanical systems remain underutilised for biological and biomedical applications. Although microelectromechanical resonators and actuators do not always exhibit optimal performance in liquid due to electrical double layer formation and high damping, these issues have been solved with some innovative fabrication processes or alternative experimental approaches. This paper focuses on several examples of silicon-based resonating devices with a brief look at their fundamental sensing elements and key fabrication steps, as well as current and potential biological/biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kumemura
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan;
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; (D.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Deniz Pekin
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; (D.P.); (D.C.)
- CNRS/IIS/COL/Lille University, SMMiL-E Project, CNRS Délégation Nord-Pas de Calais et Picardie, 2 rue de Canonniers, CEDEX, 59046 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Vivek Anand Menon
- Division of Mechanical Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan;
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Dominique Collard
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; (D.P.); (D.C.)
- CNRS/IIS/COL/Lille University, SMMiL-E Project, CNRS Délégation Nord-Pas de Calais et Picardie, 2 rue de Canonniers, CEDEX, 59046 Lille, France
| | - Mehmet Cagatay Tarhan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; (D.P.); (D.C.)
- CNRS/IIS/COL/Lille University, SMMiL-E Project, CNRS Délégation Nord-Pas de Calais et Picardie, 2 rue de Canonniers, CEDEX, 59046 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520—IEMN, Institut
d’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F-59000 Lille, France
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Jia H, Xu P, Li X. Integrated Resonant Micro/Nano Gravimetric Sensors for Bio/Chemical Detection in Air and Liquid. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060645. [PMID: 34073049 PMCID: PMC8227694 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resonant micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) with on-chip integrated excitation and readout components, exhibit exquisite gravimetric sensitivities which have greatly advanced the bio/chemical sensor technologies in the past two decades. This paper reviews the development of integrated MEMS/NEMS resonators for bio/chemical sensing applications mainly in air and liquid. Different vibrational modes (bending, torsional, in-plane, and extensional modes) have been exploited to enhance the quality (Q) factors and mass sensing performance in viscous media. Such resonant mass sensors have shown great potential in detecting many kinds of trace analytes in gas and liquid phases, such as chemical vapors, volatile organic compounds, pollutant gases, bacteria, biomarkers, and DNA. The integrated MEMS/NEMS mass sensors will continuously push the detection limit of trace bio/chemical molecules and bring a better understanding of gas/nanomaterial interaction and molecular binding mechanisms.
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Fatahi Y, Rabiee M, Bagherzadeh M, Dinarvand R, Bagheri B, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Webster TJ. Nanotechnology-assisted microfluidic systems: from bench to bedside. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:237-258. [PMID: 33501839 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With significant advancements in research technologies, and an increasing global population, microfluidic and nanofluidic systems (such as point-of-care, lab-on-a-chip, organ-on-a-chip, etc) have started to revolutionize medicine. Devices that combine micron and nanotechnologies have increased sensitivity, precision and versatility for numerous medical applications. However, while there has been extensive research on microfluidic and nanofluidic systems, very few have experienced wide-spread commercialization which is puzzling and deserves our collective attention. For the above reasons, in this article, we review research advances that combine micro and nanotechnologies to create the next generation of nanomaterial-based microfluidic systems, the latest in their commercialization success and failure and highlight the value of these devices both in industry and in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lin G, Makarov D, Schmidt OG. Magnetic sensing platform technologies for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1884-1912. [PMID: 28485417 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of a variety of micro- and nanoscale entities, e.g. molecules, cells, and particles, are crucial components of modern biomedical research, in which biosensing platform technologies play a vital role. Confronted with the drastic global demographic changes, future biomedical research entails continuous development of new-generation biosensing platforms targeting even lower costs, more compactness, and higher throughput, sensitivity and selectivity. Among a wide choice of fundamental biosensing principles, magnetic sensing technologies enabled by magnetic field sensors and magnetic particles offer attractive advantages. The key features of a magnetic sensing format include the use of commercially available magnetic field sensing elements, e.g. magnetoresistive sensors which bear huge potential for compact integration, a magnetic field sensing mechanism which is free from interference by complex biomedical samples, and an additional degree of freedom for the on-chip handling of biochemical species rendered by magnetic labels. In this review, we highlight the historical basis, routes, recent advances and applications of magnetic biosensing platform technologies based on magnetoresistive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Wang T, Guo HC, Chen XY, Lu M. Low-temperature thermal reduction of suspended graphene oxide film for electrical sensing of DNA-hybridization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nanomaterial-based in vitro analytical system for diagnosis and therapy in microfluidic device. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-0409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dak P, Ebrahimi A, Swaminathan V, Duarte-Guevara C, Bashir R, Alam MA. Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 27089377 PMCID: PMC4931474 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Low cost, portable sensors can transform health care by bringing easily available diagnostic devices to low and middle income population, particularly in developing countries. Sample preparation, analyte handling and labeling are primary cost concerns for traditional lab-based diagnostic systems. Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms based on droplet-based microfluidics promise to integrate and automate these complex and expensive laboratory procedures onto a single chip; the cost will be further reduced if label-free biosensors could be integrated onto the LoC platforms. Here, we review some recent developments of label-free, droplet-based biosensors, compatible with "open" digital microfluidic systems. These low-cost droplet-based biosensors overcome some of the fundamental limitations of the classical sensors, enabling timely diagnosis. We identify the key challenges that must be addressed to make these sensors commercially viable and summarize a number of promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Dak
- Purdue University, West Lafayette 47906, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Rashid Bashir
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, IL, USA.
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Lafleur JP, Jönsson A, Senkbeil S, Kutter JP. Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip for biosensing applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 76:213-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Advanced nanoporous materials for micro-gravimetric sensing to trace-level bio/chemical molecules. SENSORS 2014; 14:19023-56. [PMID: 25313499 PMCID: PMC4239959 DOI: 10.3390/s141019023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized nanoporous materials have been developed recently as bio/chemical sensing materials. Due to the huge specific surface of the nano-materials for molecular adsorption, high hopes have been placed on gravimetric detection with micro/nano resonant cantilevers for ultra-sensitive sensing of low-concentration bio/chemical substances. In order to enhance selectivity of the gravimetric resonant sensors to the target molecules, it is crucial to modify specific groups onto the pore-surface of the nano-materials. By loading the nanoporous sensing material onto the desired region of the mass-type transducers like resonant cantilevers, the micro-gravimetric bio/chemical sensors can be formed. Recently, such micro-gravimetric bio/chemical sensors have been successfully applied for rapid or on-the-spot detection of various bio/chemical molecules at the trace-concentration level. The applicable nanoporous sensing materials include mesoporous silica, zeolite, nanoporous graphene oxide (GO) and so on. This review article focuses on the recent achievements in design, preparation, functionalization and characterization of advanced nanoporous sensing materials for micro-gravimetric bio/chemical sensing.
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