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Zhou D, Fei Z, Liu G, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Lin CSK, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. The bioproduction of astaxanthin: A comprehensive review on the microbial synthesis and downstream extraction. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108392. [PMID: 38825214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a valuable orange-red carotenoid with wide applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals areas. At present, the biological synthesis of astaxanthin mainly relies on Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, more recombinant microbial hosts have been genetically constructed for astaxanthin production including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. As multiple genes (15) were involved in the astaxanthin synthesis, it is particularly important to adopt different strategies to balance the metabolic flow towards the astaxanthin synthesis. Furthermore, astaxanthin is a fat-soluble compound stored intracellularly, hence efficient extraction methods are also essential for the economical production of astaxanthin. Several efficient and green extraction methods of astaxanthin have been reported in recent years, including the superfluid extraction, ionic liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively introduce the advances on the astaxanthin production and extraction by using different microbial hosts and strategies to improve the astaxanthin synthesis and extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Guannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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Maciel F, Madureira L, Geada P, Teixeira JA, Silva J, Vicente AA. The potential of Pavlovophyceae species as a source of valuable carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids for human consumption. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108381. [PMID: 38777244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are a group of microorganisms, mostly photoautotrophs with high CO2 fixation capacity, that have gained increased attention in the last decades due to their ability to produce a wide range of valuable metabolites, such as carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, for application in food/feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. Their increasing relevance has highlighted the importance of identifying and culturing new bioactive-rich microalgae species, as well as of a thorough understanding of the growth conditions to optimize the biomass production and master the biochemical composition according to the desired application. Thus, this review intends to describe the main cell processes behind the production of carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in order to understand the possible main triggers responsible for the accumulation of those biocompounds. Their economic value and the biological relevance for human consumption are also summarized. In addition, an extensive review of the impact of culture conditions on microalgae growth performance and their biochemical composition is presented, focusing mainly on the studies involving Pavlovophyceae species. A complementary description of the biochemical composition of these microalgae is also presented, highlighting their potential applications as a promising bioresource of compounds for large-scale production and human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Maciel
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Leandro Madureira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Geada
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - José António Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Joana Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE, Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal.
| | - António Augusto Vicente
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Li D, Jia C, Lin G, Dang J, Liu C, Wu Q. Impact of Methyl Jasmonate on Terpenoid Biosynthesis and Functional Analysis of Sesquiterpene Synthesis Genes in Schizonepeta tenuifolia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 39065447 PMCID: PMC11280979 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the volatile oil composition of Schizonepeta tenuifolia and elucidates the function of the StTPS45 gene, a key player in terpenoid biosynthesis. The effect of different concentrations of MeJA (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L) on the growth of S. tenuifolia adventitious bud clusters was analyzed over a 20 d period. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 17 compounds were identified from the adventitious bud clusters of S. tenuifolia. Significant changes in the levels of major monoterpenes, including increased contents of (+)-limonene and (+)-menthone, were observed, particularly at higher concentrations of MeJA. Analysis of transcriptome data from three groups treated with 0, 100, and 300 μmol/L MeJA revealed significant changes in the gene expression profiles following MeJA treatment. At 100 μmol/L MeJA, most terpene synthase (TPS) genes were overexpressed. Additionally, gene expression and functional predictions suggested that StTPS45 acts as germacrene D synthase. Therefore, StTPS45 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and enzyme activity assays confirmed its function as a germacrene D synthase. Molecular docking and structural prediction of StTPS45 further suggested specific interactions with farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), aligning with its role in the terpenoid synthesis pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the modulation of secondary metabolite pathways by jasmonate signaling and underscore the potential of genetic engineering approaches to enhance the production of specific terpenoids in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishuai Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Congling Jia
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Guyin Lin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jingjie Dang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Chanchan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Bellucci M, Mostofa MG, Weraduwage SM, Xu Y, Abdelrahman M, De Gara L, Loreto F, Sharkey TD. The effect of constitutive root isoprene emission on root phenotype and physiology under control and salt stress conditions. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e617. [PMID: 38973810 PMCID: PMC11227114 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon, is typically emitted from the leaves of many plant species. Given its well-known function in plant growth and defense aboveground, we examined its effects on root physiology. We used isoprene-emitting (IE) lines and a non-emitting (NE) line of Arabidopsis and investigated their performance by analyzing root phenotype, hormone levels, transcriptome, and metabolite profiles under both normal and salt stress conditions. We show that IE lines emitted tiny amounts of isoprene from roots and showed an increased root/shoot ratio compared with NE line. Isoprene emission exerted a noteworthy influence on hormone profiles related to plant growth and stress response, promoting root development and salt-stress resistance. Methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway metabolites, precursors of isoprene and hormones, were higher in the roots of IE lines than in the NE line. Transcriptome data indicated that the presence of isoprene increased the expression of key genes involved in hormone metabolism/signaling. Our findings reveal that constitutive root isoprene emission sustains root growth under saline conditions by regulating and/or priming hormone biosynthesis and signaling mechanisms and expression of key genes relevant to salt stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bellucci
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the EnvironmentUniversità Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress ToleranceTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the EnvironmentUniversità Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionThe National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐IPSP)Sesto Fiorentino (Florence)Italy
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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5
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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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6
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Perez-Gil J, Behrendorff J, Douw A, Vickers CE. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway as an oxidative stress sense and response system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5303. [PMID: 38906898 PMCID: PMC11192765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is responsible for biosynthesis of the precursors of isoprenoid compounds in eubacteria and plastids. It is a metabolic alternative to the well-known mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid production found in archaea and eukaryotes. Recently, a role for the MEP pathway in oxidative stress detection, signalling, and response has been identified. This role is executed in part through the unusual cyclic intermediate, methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP). We postulate that this response is triggered through the oxygen sensitivity of the MEP pathway's terminal iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster enzymes. MEcDP is the substrate of IspG, the first Fe-S cluster enzyme in the pathway; it accumulates under oxidative stress conditions and acts as a signalling molecule. It may also act as an antioxidant. Furthermore, evidence is emerging for a broader and highly nuanced role of the MEP pathway in oxidative stress responses, implemented through a complex system of differential regulation and sensitivity at numerous nodes in the pathway. Here, we explore the evidence for such a role (including the contribution of the Fe-S cluster enzymes and different pathway metabolites, especially MEcDP), the evolutionary implications, and the many questions remaining about the behaviour of the MEP pathway in the presence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Perez-Gil
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - James Behrendorff
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Andrew Douw
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
- BioBuilt Solutions, Corinda, QLD, 4075, Australia.
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7
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Samanta D, Rauniyar S, Saxena P, Sani RK. From genome to evolution: investigating type II methylotrophs using a pangenomic analysis. mSystems 2024; 9:e0024824. [PMID: 38695578 PMCID: PMC11237726 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00248-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive pangenomic approach was employed to analyze the genomes of 75 type II methylotrophs spanning various genera. Our investigation revealed 256 exact core gene families shared by all 75 organisms, emphasizing their crucial role in the survival and adaptability of these organisms. Additionally, we predicted the functionality of 12 hypothetical proteins. The analysis unveiled a diverse array of genes associated with key metabolic pathways, including methane, serine, glyoxylate, and ethylmalonyl-CoA (EMC) metabolic pathways. While all selected organisms possessed essential genes for the serine pathway, Methylooceanibacter marginalis lacked serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), and Methylobacterium variabile exhibited both isozymes of SHMT, suggesting its potential to utilize a broader range of carbon sources. Notably, Methylobrevis sp. displayed a unique serine-glyoxylate transaminase isozyme not found in other organisms. Only nine organisms featured anaplerotic enzymes (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) for the glyoxylate pathway, with the rest following the EMC pathway. Methylovirgula sp. 4MZ18 stood out by acquiring genes from both glyoxylate and EMC pathways, and Methylocapsa sp. S129 featured an A-form malate synthase, unlike the G-form found in the remaining organisms. Our findings also revealed distinct phylogenetic relationships and clustering patterns among type II methylotrophs, leading to the proposal of a separate genus for Methylovirgula sp. 4M-Z18 and Methylocapsa sp. S129. This pangenomic study unveils remarkable metabolic diversity, unique gene characteristics, and distinct clustering patterns of type II methylotrophs, providing valuable insights for future carbon sequestration and biotechnological applications. IMPORTANCE Methylotrophs have played a significant role in methane-based product production for many years. However, a comprehensive investigation into the diverse genetic architectures across different genera of methylotrophs has been lacking. This study fills this knowledge gap by enhancing our understanding of core hypothetical proteins and unique enzymes involved in methane oxidation, serine, glyoxylate, and ethylmalonyl-CoA pathways. These findings provide a valuable reference for researchers working with other methylotrophic species. Furthermore, this study not only unveils distinctive gene characteristics and phylogenetic relationships but also suggests a reclassification for Methylovirgula sp. 4M-Z18 and Methylocapsa sp. S129 into separate genera due to their unique attributes within their respective genus. Leveraging the synergies among various methylotrophic organisms, the scientific community can potentially optimize metabolite production, increasing the yield of desired end products and overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- BuG ReMeDEE Consortium, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
| | - Shailabh Rauniyar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering, Science and Technology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
| | - Priya Saxena
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- Data Driven Material Discovery Center for Bioengineering Innovation, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- BuG ReMeDEE Consortium, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering, Science and Technology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- Data Driven Material Discovery Center for Bioengineering Innovation, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
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8
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McBee DP, Hulsey ZN, Hedges MR, Baccile JA. Biological Demands and Toxicity of Isoprenoid Precursors in Bacillus Subtilis Through Cell-Permeant Analogs of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate and Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400064. [PMID: 38568158 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial isoprenoids are necessary for many biological processes, including maintaining membrane integrity, facilitating intercellular communication, and preventing oxidative damage. All bacterial isoprenoids are biosynthesized from two five carbon structural isomers, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), which are cell impermeant. Herein, we demonstrate exogenous delivery of IPP and DMAPP into Bacillus subtilis by utilizing a self-immolative ester (SIE)-caging approach. We initially evaluated native B. subtilis esterase activity, which revealed a preference for short straight chain esters. We then examined the viability of the SIE-caging approach in B. subtilis and demonstrate that the released caging groups are well tolerated and the released IPP and DMAPP are bioavailable, such that isoprenoid biosynthesis can be rescued in the presence of pathway inhibitors. We further show that IPP and DMAPP are both toxic and inhibit growth of B. subtilis at the same concentration. Lastly, we establish the optimal ratio of IPP to DMAPP (5 : 1) for B. subtilis growth and find that, surprisingly, DMAPP alone is insufficient to rescue isoprenoid biosynthesis under high concentrations of fosmidomycin. These findings showcase the potential of the SIE-caging approach in B. subtilis and promise to both aid in novel isoprenoid discovery and to inform metabolic engineering efforts in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P McBee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Zackary N Hulsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Makayla R Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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9
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhu G, Zhu H. Developing carotenoids-enhanced tomato fruit with multi-transgene stacking strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108575. [PMID: 38554536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
As natural dominant pigments, carotenoids and their derivatives not only contribute to fruit color and flavor quality but are regarded as phytochemicals beneficial to human health because of various bioactivities. Tomato is one of the most important vegetables as well as a main dietary source of carotenoids. So, it's of great importance to generate carotenoid-biofortified tomatoes. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is a network co-regulated by multiple enzymes and regulatory genes. Here, we assembled four binary constructs containing different combinations of four endogenous carotenoids metabolic-related genes, including SlORHis, SlDXS, SlPSY, and SlBHY by using a high efficiency multi-transgene stacking system and a series of fruit-specific promotors. Transgenic lines overexpression SlORHis alone, three genes (SlORHis/SlDXS/SlPSY), two genes (SlORHis/SlBHY), and all these four genes (SlORHis/SlDXS/SlPSY/SlBHY) were enriched with carotenoids to varying degrees. Notably, overexpressing SlORHis alone showed comparable effects with simultaneous overexpression of the key regulatory enzyme coding genes SlDXS, SlPSY, and SlORHis in promoting carotenoid accumulation. Downstream carotenoid derivatives zeaxanthin and violaxanthin were detected only in lines containing SlBHY. In addition, the sugar content and total antioxidant capacity of these carotenoids-enhanced tomatoes was also increased. These data provided useful information for the future developing of biofortified tomatoes with different carotenoid profiles, and confirmed a promising system for generation of nutrients biofortified tomatoes by multiple engineering genes stacking strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guoning Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Sichuan Advanced Agricultural & Industrial Institute, China Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611430, Sichuan, PR China.
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10
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González-Cabanelas D, Perreca E, Rohwer JM, Schmidt A, Engl T, Raguschke B, Gershenzon J, Wright LP. Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Does Not Play a Major Role in Regulating the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4181. [PMID: 38673766 PMCID: PMC11049974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies the precursors of a large variety of essential plant isoprenoids, but its regulation is still not well understood. Using metabolic control analysis (MCA), we examined the first enzyme of this pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), in multiple grey poplar (Populus × canescens) lines modified in their DXS activity. Single leaves were dynamically labeled with 13CO2 in an illuminated, climate-controlled gas exchange cuvette coupled to a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer, and the carbon flux through the MEP pathway was calculated. Carbon was rapidly assimilated into MEP pathway intermediates and labeled both the isoprene released and the IDP+DMADP pool by up to 90%. DXS activity was increased by 25% in lines overexpressing the DXS gene and reduced by 50% in RNA interference lines, while the carbon flux in the MEP pathway was 25-35% greater in overexpressing lines and unchanged in RNA interference lines. Isoprene emission was also not altered in these different genetic backgrounds. By correlating absolute flux to DXS activity under different conditions of light and temperature, the flux control coefficient was found to be low. Among isoprenoid end products, isoprene itself was unchanged in DXS transgenic lines, but the levels of the chlorophylls and most carotenoids measured were 20-30% less in RNA interference lines than in overexpression lines. Our data thus demonstrate that DXS in the isoprene-emitting grey poplar plays only a minor part in controlling flux through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Johann M. Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Tobias Engl
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bettina Raguschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
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11
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Feng K, Yan YJ, Sun N, Yang ZY, Zhao SP, Wu P, Li LJ. Exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment induced the transcriptional responses and accumulation of volatile terpenoids in Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131017. [PMID: 38513909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Water dropwort is favored by consumers for its unique flavor and medicinal value. Terpenoids were identified as the main volatile compounds related to its flavor. In this study, water dropwort was treated with different concentrations of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The contents of volatile terpenoids were determined under various MeJA treatments. The results indicated that 0.1 mM of MeJA most effectively promoted the biosynthesis of flavor-related terpenoids in water dropwort. Terpinolene accounted the highest proportion among terpene compounds in water dropwort. The contents of jasmonates in water dropwort were also increased after exogenous MeJA treatments. Transcriptome analysis indicated that DEGs involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were upregulated. The TPS family was identified from water dropwort, and the expression levels of Oj0473630, Oj0287510 and Oj0240400 genes in TPS-b subfamily were consistent with the changes of terpene contents under MeJA treatments. Oj0473630 was cloned from the water dropwort and designated as OjTPS3, which is predicted to be related to the biosynthesis of terpinolene in water dropwort. Subcellular localization indicated that OjTPS3 protein was localized in chloroplast. Protein purification and enzyme activity of OjTPS3 protein were conducted. The results showed that the purified OjTPS3 protein catalyzed the biosynthesis of terpinolene by using geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate in vitro. This study will facilitate to further understand the molecular mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis and provide a strategy to improve the flavor of water dropwort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Jie Yan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nan Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shu-Ping Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liang-Jun Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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12
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Zhou J, Xu S, Li H, Xi H, Cheng W, Yang C. A Ribulose-5-phosphate Shunt from the Calvin-Benson Cycle to Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway for Enhancing Photosynthetic Terpenoid Production. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:876-887. [PMID: 38362836 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are attractive hosts for photosynthetic terpenoid production, using CO2 as the sole carbon source. Although the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is superior to the mevalonate pathway for cyanobacterial terpenoid synthesis, the first reaction of the MEP pathway, which is catalyzed by 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase, involves complex regulation and carbon loss. Here, we constructed a direct route linking ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) in the Calvin-Benson (CB) cycle with DXP in the MEP pathway in a cyanobacterium to increase the terpenoid yield from CO2 and bypass the DXS-targeted regulations. By employing the adaptive laboratory evolution, we identified new RibB variants including RibB 90-92del with a high activity of synthesizing DXP from Ru5P. These RibB variants were introduced into Synechococcus elongatus, resulting in the significantly increased photosynthetic production of isopentenol. The 13C tracer experiments demonstrated a direct carbon flow from Ru5P in the CB cycle to the MEP pathway; thus, this direct route was denoted as the Ru5P shunt. The strain harboring the Ru5P shunt produced 105.2 mg L-1 of isopentenol with an average rate of 17.5 mg L-1 d-1 under continuous light conditions, which is higher than those ever reported for five-carbon alcohol production by photoautotrophic microorganisms. Utilization of the Ru5P shunt in cyanobacterial cells also improved the pinene production, which demonstrates that this shunt can be used to enhance the photosynthetic production of diverse terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suxian Xu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huachao Xi
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Son SH, Kang J, Shin Y, Lee C, Sung BH, Lee JY, Lee W. Sustainable production of natural products using synthetic biology: Ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:140-148. [PMID: 38465212 PMCID: PMC10920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches offer potential for large-scale and sustainable production of natural products with bioactive potency, including ginsenosides, providing a means to produce novel compounds with enhanced therapeutic properties. Ginseng, known for its non-toxic and potent qualities in traditional medicine, has been used for various medical needs. Ginseng has shown promise for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and it has been used as a potential agent to boost immunity against various infections when used together with other drugs and vaccines. Given the increasing demand for ginsenosides and the challenges associated with traditional extraction methods, synthetic biology holds promise in the development of therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent developments in microorganism producer engineering and ginsenoside production in microorganisms using synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Son
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChaeYoung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Polito JT, Lange I, Barton KE, Srividya N, Lange BM. Characterization of a Unique Pair of Ferredoxin and Ferredoxin NADP + Reductase Isoforms That Operates in Non-Photosynthetic Glandular Trichomes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:409. [PMID: 38337942 PMCID: PMC10857128 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Our recent investigations indicated that isoforms of ferredoxin (Fd) and ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR) play essential roles for the reductive steps of the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis in peppermint glandular trichomes (GTs). Based on an analysis of several transcriptome data sets, we demonstrated the presence of transcripts for a leaf-type FNR (L-FNR), a leaf-type Fd (Fd I), a root-type FNR (R-FNR), and two root-type Fds (Fd II and Fd III) in several members of the mint family (Lamiaceae). The present study reports on the biochemical characterization of all Fd and FNR isoforms of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.). The redox potentials of Fd and FNR isoforms were determined using photoreduction methods. Based on a diaphorase assay, peppermint R-FNR had a substantially higher specificity constant (kcat/Km) for NADPH than L-FNR. Similar results were obtained with ferricyanide as an electron acceptor. When assayed for NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, the specificity constant with the Fd II and Fd III isoforms (when compared to Fd I) was slightly higher for L-FNR and substantially higher for R-FNR. Based on real-time quantitative PCR assays with samples representing various peppermint organs and cell types, the Fd II gene was expressed very highly in metabolically active GTs (but also present at lower levels in roots), whereas Fd III was expressed at low levels in both roots and GTs. Our data provide evidence that high transcript levels of Fd II, and not differences in the biochemical properties of the encoded enzyme when compared to those of Fd III, are likely to support the formation of copious amounts of monoterpene via the MEP pathway in peppermint GTs. This work has laid the foundation for follow-up studies to further investigate the roles of a unique R-FNR-Fd II pair in non-photosynthetic GTs of the Lamiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA; (J.T.P.); (I.L.); (K.E.B.); (N.S.)
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15
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Luckie BA, Kashyap M, Pearson AN, Chen Y, Liu Y, Valencia LE, Carrillo Romero A, Hudson GA, Tao XB, Wu B, Petzold CJ, Keasling JD. Development of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a monoterpene production platform. Metab Eng 2024; 81:110-122. [PMID: 38056688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are commonly known for their role in the flavors and fragrances industry and are also gaining attention for other uses like insect repellant and as potential renewable fuels for aviation. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Generally Recognized as Safe microbe, has been a choice organism in industry for the annual million ton-scale bioproduction of amino acids for more than 50 years; however, efforts to produce monoterpenes in C. glutamicum have remained relatively limited. In this study, we report a further expansion of the C. glutamicum biosynthetic repertoire through the development and optimization of a mevalonate-based monoterpene platform. In the course of our plasmid design iterations, we increased flux through the mevalonate-based bypass pathway, measuring isoprenol production as a proxy for monoterpene precursor abundance and demonstrating the highest reported titers in C. glutamicum to date at 1504.6 mg/L. Our designs also evaluated the effects of backbone, promoter, and GPP synthase homolog origin on monoterpene product titers. Monoterpene production was further improved by disrupting competing pathways for isoprenoid precursor supply and by implementing a biphasic production system to prevent volatilization. With this platform, we achieved 321.1 mg/L of geranoids, 723.6 mg/L of 1,8-cineole, and 227.8 mg/L of linalool. Furthermore, we determined that C. glutamicum first oxidizes geraniol through an aldehyde intermediate before it is asymmetrically reduced to citronellol. Additionally, we demonstrate that the aldehyde reductase, AdhC, possesses additional substrate promiscuity for acyclic monoterpene aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Luckie
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Meera Kashyap
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allison N Pearson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuzhong Liu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Luis E Valencia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Carrillo Romero
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham A Hudson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xavier B Tao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan Wu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China.
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16
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Bouyahya A, Bakrim S, Chamkhi I, Taha D, El Omari N, El Mneyiy N, El Hachlafi N, El-Shazly M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Goh KW, Ming LC, Goh BH, Aanniz T. Bioactive substances of cyanobacteria and microalgae: Sources, metabolism, and anticancer mechanism insights. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115989. [PMID: 38103309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae contain various phytochemicals, including bioactive components in the form of secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins, with remarkable anticancer effects. This review highlights the recent advances in bioactive compounds, with potential anticancer activity, produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae. Previous in vitro investigations showed that many of these bioactive compounds exhibit potent effects against different human cancer types, such as leukemia and breast cancers. Multiple mechanisms implicated in the antitumor effect of these compounds were elucidated, including their ability to target cellular, subcellular, and molecular checkpoints linked to cancer development and promotion. Recent findings have highlighted various mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae, including induction of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of telomerase and protein kinases, as well as modulation of epigenetic modifications. In vivo investigations have demonstrated a potent anti-angiogenesis effect on solid tumors, as well as a reduction in tumor volume. Some of these compounds were examined in clinical investigations for certain types of cancers, making them potent candidates/scaffolds for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies, and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Mneyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34025 Taouanate, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo 11432, Egypt
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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17
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Su B, Deng MR, Zhu H. Advances in the Discovery and Engineering of Gene Targets for Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Recombinant Strains. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1747. [PMID: 38136618 PMCID: PMC10742120 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are abundant in the natural world. Due to their excellent antioxidant attributes, carotenoids are widely utilized in various industries, including the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries, and others. Plants, algae, and microorganisms are presently the main sources for acquiring natural carotenoids. However, due to the swift progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, along with the continuous and thorough investigation of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, recombinant strains have emerged as promising candidates to produce carotenoids. The identification and manipulation of gene targets that influence the accumulation of the desired products is a crucial challenge in the construction and metabolic regulation of recombinant strains. In this review, we provide an overview of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, followed by a summary of the methodologies employed in the discovery of gene targets associated with carotenoid production. Furthermore, we focus on discussing the gene targets that have shown potential to enhance carotenoid production. To facilitate future research, we categorize these gene targets based on their capacity to attain elevated levels of carotenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming-Rong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
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18
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Yao L, Wu X, Jiang X, Shan M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang A, Li Y, Yang C. Subcellular compartmentalization in the biosynthesis and engineering of plant natural products. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108258. [PMID: 37722606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) are specialized metabolites with diverse bioactivities. They are extensively used in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and food industries. PNPs are synthesized in plant cells by enzymes that are distributed in different subcellular compartments with unique microenvironments, such as ions, co-factors and substrates. Plant metabolic engineering is an emerging and promising approach for the sustainable production of PNPs, for which the knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization of their biosynthesis is instrumental. In this review we describe the state of the art on the role of subcellular compartments in the biosynthesis of major types of PNPs, including terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and glucosinolates, and highlight the efforts to target biosynthetic pathways to subcellular compartments in plants. In addition, we will discuss the challenges and strategies in the field of plant synthetic biology and subcellular engineering. We expect that newly developed methods and tools, together with the knowledge gained from the microbial chassis, will greatly advance plant metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Xiuming Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Muhammad Shan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Zhuoxiang Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Changqing Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China.
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19
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Cao K, Cui Y, Sun F, Zhang H, Fan J, Ge B, Cao Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Yao Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Meng C, Gao Z. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value natural pigments in Microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108236. [PMID: 37586543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds using photosynthesis. Microalgae contain a variety of high value-added natural pigments such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and chlorophylls. These pigments play an important role in many areas such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Natural pigments have a health value that is unmatched by synthetic pigments. However, the current commercial production of natural pigments from microalgae is not able to meet the growing market demand. The use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biological strategies to improve the production performance of microalgal cell factories is essential to promote the large-scale production of high-value pigments from microalgae. This paper reviews the health and economic values, the applications, and the synthesis pathways of microalgal pigments. Overall, this review aims to highlight the latest research progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in constructing engineered strains of microalgae with high-value pigments and the application of CRISPR technology and multi-omics in this context. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the bottlenecks and challenges of microalgal pigment production and their future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255090, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinju Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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20
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Tian C, Quan H, Jiang R, Zheng Q, Huang S, Tan G, Yan C, Zhou J, Liao H. Differential roles of Cassia tora 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase in trade-off between plant growth and drought tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1270396. [PMID: 37929171 PMCID: PMC10623318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1270396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, drought is emerging as a major threat to plant growth and agricultural productivity. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in plant drought tolerance, however, its retarding effects on plant growth cannot be ignored. The reactions catalyzed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) proteins are critical steps within the isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Here, five DXS (CtDXS1-5) and two DXR (CtDXR1-2) genes were identified from Cassia tora genome. Based on multiple assays including the phylogeny, cis-acting element, expression pattern, and subcellular localization, CtDXS1 and CtDXR1 genes might be potential candidates controlling the isoprenoid biosynthesis. Intriguingly, CtDXS1 transgenic plants resulted in drought tolerance but retardant growth, while CtDXR1 transgenic plants exhibited both enhanced drought tolerance and increased growth. By comparison of β-carotene, chlorophyll, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin 3 (GA3) contents in wild-type and transgenic plants, the absolute contents and (or) altered GA3/ABA levels were suggested to be responsible for the balance between drought tolerance and plant growth. The transcriptome of CtDXR1 transgenic plants suggested that the transcript levels of key genes, such as DXS, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCED), ent-kaurene synthase (KS) and etc, involved with chlorophyll, β-carotene, ABA and GA3 biosynthesis were induced and their contents increased accordingly. Collectively, the trade-off effect induced by CtDXR1 was associated with redesigning architecture in phytohormone homeostasis and thus was highlighted for future breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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21
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Ducker C, French S, Pathak M, Taylor H, Sainter A, Askem W, Dreveny I, Santana AEG, Pickett JA, Oldham NJ. Characterisation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 161:104001. [PMID: 37619821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a debilitating and often fatal neglected tropical disease. Males from sub-populations of the Leishmania-harbouring sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, produce the diterpene sex and aggregation pheromone, sobralene, for which geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the likely isoprenoid precursor. We have identified a GGPP synthase (lzGGPPS) from L. longipalpis, which was recombinantly expressed in bacteria and purified for functional and kinetic analysis. In vitro enzymatic assays using LC-MS showed that lzGGPPS is an active enzyme, capable of converting substrates dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), (E)-geranyl diphosphate (GPP), (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with co-substrate isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) into (E,E,E)-GGPP, while (Z,E)-FPP was also accepted with low efficacy. Comparison of metal cofactors for lzGGPPS highlighted Mg2+ as most efficient, giving increased GGPP output when compared against other divalent metal ions tested. In line with previously characterised GGPPS enzymes, GGPP acted as an inhibitor of lzGGPPS activity. The molecular weight in solution of lzGGPPS was determined to be ∼221 kDa by analytical SEC, suggesting a hexameric assembly, as seen in the human enzyme, and representing the first assessment of GGPPS quaternary structure in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ducker
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stanley French
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monika Pathak
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Adam Sainter
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Askem
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Pl, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Neil J Oldham
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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22
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Fordjour E, Liu CL, Hao Y, Sackey I, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Tan T, Bai Z. Engineering Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for high-yield production of germacrene A, a precursor of β-elemene via combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3039-3056. [PMID: 37309999 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
β-elemene is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in cancer treatment. As a plant-derived natural chemical, biologically engineering microorganisms to produce germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene harbors great expectations since chemical synthesis and plant isolation methods come with their production deficiencies. In this study, we report the design of an Escherichia coli cell factory for the de novo production of germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene from a simple carbon source. A series of systematic approaches of engineering the isoprenoid and central carbon pathways, translational and protein engineering of the sesquiterpene synthase, and exporter engineering yielded high-efficient β-elemene production. Specifically, deleting competing pathways in the central carbon pathway ensured the availability of acetyl-coA, pyruvate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate for the isoprenoid pathways. Adopting lycopene color as a high throughput screening method, an optimized NSY305N was obtained via error-prone polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis. Further overexpression of key pathway enzymes, exporter genes, and translational engineering produced 1161.09 mg/L of β-elemene in a shake flask. Finally, we detected the highest reported titer of 3.52 g/L of β-elemene and 2.13 g/L germacrene A produced by an E. coli cell factory in a 4-L fed-batch fermentation. The systematic engineering reported here generally applies to microbial production of a broader range of chemicals. This illustrates that rewiring E. coli central metabolism is viable for producing acetyl-coA-derived and pyruvate-derived molecules cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Isaac Sackey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Yankun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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23
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Carroll E, Ravi Gopal B, Raghavan I, Mukherjee M, Wang ZQ. A cytochrome P450 CYP87A4 imparts sterol side-chain cleavage in digoxin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4042. [PMID: 37422531 PMCID: PMC10329713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Digoxin extracted from the foxglove plant is a widely prescribed natural product for treating heart failure. It is listed as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization. However, how the foxglove plant synthesizes digoxin is mostly unknown, especially the cytochrome P450 sterol side chain cleaving enzyme (P450scc), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step. Here we identify the long-speculated foxglove P450scc through differential transcriptomic analysis. This enzyme converts cholesterol and campesterol to pregnenolone, suggesting that digoxin biosynthesis starts from both sterols, unlike previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this enzyme arises from a duplicated cytochrome P450 CYP87A gene and is distinct from the well-characterized mammalian P450scc. Protein structural analysis reveals two amino acids in the active site critical for the foxglove P450scc's sterol cleavage ability. Identifying the foxglove P450scc is a crucial step toward completely elucidating digoxin biosynthesis and expanding the therapeutic applications of digoxin analogs in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Baradwaj Ravi Gopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Indu Raghavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Minakshi Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Q Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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24
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Selma S, Ntelkis N, Nguyen TH, Goossens A. Engineering the plant metabolic system by exploiting metabolic regulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1149-1163. [PMID: 36799285 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the most sophisticated biofactories and sources of food and biofuels present in nature. By engineering plant metabolism, the production of desired compounds can be increased and the nutritional or commercial value of the plant species can be improved. However, this can be challenging because of the complexity of the regulation of multiple genes and the involvement of different protein interactions. To improve metabolic engineering (ME) capabilities, different tools and strategies for rerouting the metabolic pathways have been developed, including genome editing and transcriptional regulation approaches. In addition, cutting-edge technologies have provided new methods for understanding uncharacterized biosynthetic pathways, protein degradation mechanisms, protein-protein interactions, or allosteric feedback, enabling the design of novel ME approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Selma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Ntelkis
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trang Hieu Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Krause T, Wiesinger P, González-Cabanelas D, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Rohwer J, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. HDR, the last enzyme in the MEP pathway, differently regulates isoprenoid biosynthesis in two woody plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:767-788. [PMID: 36848194 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) serves as the universal C5 precursors of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. These compounds are formed by the last step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, catalyzed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR). In this study, we investigated the major HDR isoforms of two woody plant species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens), to determine how they regulate isoprenoid formation. Since each of these species has a distinct profile of isoprenoid compounds, they may require different proportions of DMADP and IDP with proportionally more IDP being needed to make larger isoprenoids. Norway spruce contained two major HDR isoforms differing in their occurrence and biochemical characteristics. PaHDR1 produced relatively more IDP than PaHDR2 and it encoding gene was expressed constitutively in leaves, likely serving to form substrate for production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and other primary isoprenoids derived from a C20 precursor. On the other hand, Norway spruce PaHDR2 produced relatively more DMADP than PaHDR1 and its encoding gene was expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, both constitutively and after induction with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate. This second HDR enzyme likely forms a substrate for the specialized monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene (C20) metabolites of spruce oleoresin. Gray poplar contained only one dominant isoform (named PcHDR2) that produced relatively more DMADP and the gene of which was expressed in all organs. In leaves, where the requirement for IDP is high to make the major carotenoid and chlorophyll isoprenoids derived from C20 precursors, excess DMADP may accumulate, which could explain the high rate of isoprene (C5) emission. Our results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in woody plants under conditions of differentially regulated biosynthesis of the precursors IDP and DMADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Piera Wiesinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Johann Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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26
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González-Hernández RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:194. [PMID: 37169980 PMCID: PMC10175467 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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27
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Wang W, Wang MY, Zeng Y, Chen X, Wang X, Barrington AM, Tao J, Atkinson RG, Nieuwenhuizen NJ. The terpene synthase (TPS) gene family in kiwifruit shows high functional redundancy and a subset of TPS likely fulfil overlapping functions in fruit flavour, floral bouquet and defence. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:9. [PMID: 37789478 PMCID: PMC10514967 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit. Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit. To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants, a systematic gene, chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases (TPS) was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models, of which fifteen encode full-length TPS. Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli. The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol. Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes. Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana (brown-headed leaf roller) and emission, but not accumulation, of (E)- and (Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory. Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anne M. Barrington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jianmin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niels J. Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Di X, Ortega-Alarcon D, Kakumanu R, Iglesias-Fernandez J, Diaz L, Baidoo EEK, Velazquez-Campoy A, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Perez-Gil J. MEP pathway products allosterically promote monomerization of deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase to feedback-regulate their supply. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100512. [PMID: 36575800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a very large and diverse family of metabolites required by all living organisms. All isoprenoids derive from the double-bond isomers isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which are produced by the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria and plant plastids. It has been reported that IPP and DMAPP feedback-regulate the activity of deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the main flux-controlling step of the MEP pathway. Here we provide experimental insights into the underlying mechanism. Isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering approaches showed that IPP and DMAPP can allosterically bind to DXS in vitro, causing a size shift. In silico ligand binding site analysis and docking calculations identified a potential allosteric site in the contact region between the two monomers of the active DXS dimer. Modulation of IPP and DMAPP contents in vivo followed by immunoblot analyses confirmed that high IPP/DMAPP levels resulted in monomerization and eventual aggregation of the enzyme in bacterial and plant cells. Loss of the enzymatically active dimeric conformation allows a fast and reversible reduction of DXS activity in response to a sudden increase or decrease in IPP/DMAPP supply, whereas aggregation and subsequent removal of monomers that would otherwise be available for dimerization appears to be a more drastic response in the case of persistent IPP/DMAPP overabundance (e.g., by a blockage in their conversion to downstream isoprenoids). Our results represent an important step toward understanding the regulation of the MEP pathway and rational design of biotechnological endeavors aimed at increasing isoprenoid contents in microbial and plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Di
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ortega-Alarcon
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramu Kakumanu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Lucia Diaz
- Nostrum Biodiscovery SL, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Perez-Gil
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rodrigues JS, Kovács L, Lukeš M, Höper R, Steuer R, Červený J, Lindberg P, Zavřel T. Characterizing isoprene production in cyanobacteria - Insights into the effects of light, temperature, and isoprene on Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129068. [PMID: 37084984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering cyanobacteria for the production of isoprene and other terpenoids has gained increasing attention in the field of biotechnology. Several studies have addressed optimization of isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria via enzyme and pathway engineering. However, only little attention has been paid to the optimization of cultivation conditions. In this study, an isoprene-producing strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and two control strains were grown under a variety of cultivation conditions. Isoprene production, as quantified by modified membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) and interpreted using Flux Balance Analysis (FBA), increased under violet light and at elevated temperature. Increase of thermotolerance in the isoprene producer was attributed to the physical presence of isoprene, similar to plants. The results demonstrate a beneficial effect of isoprene on cell survival at higher temperatures. This increased thermotolerance opens new possibilities for sustainable bio-production of isoprene and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - László Kovács
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martin Lukeš
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Rune Höper
- Institute for Biology, Theoretical Biology (ITB), Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Steuer
- Institute for Biology, Theoretical Biology (ITB), Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Červený
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zavřel
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Gao J, Chen Y, Gao M, Wu L, Zhao Y, Wang Y. LcWRKY17, a WRKY Transcription Factor from Litsea cubeba, Effectively Promotes Monoterpene Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087210. [PMID: 37108396 PMCID: PMC10138983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The WRKY gene family is one of the most significant transcription factor (TF) families in higher plants and participates in many secondary metabolic processes in plants. Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Person is an important woody oil plant that is high in terpenoids. However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the WRKY TFs that regulate the synthesis of terpene in L. cubeba. This paper provides a comprehensive genomic analysis of the LcWRKYs. In the L. cubeba genome, 64 LcWRKY genes were discovered. According to a comparative phylogenetic study with Arabidopsis thaliana, these L. cubeba WRKYs were divided into three groups. Some LcWRKY genes may have arisen from gene duplication, but the majority of LcWRKY evolution has been driven by segmental duplication events. Based on transcriptome data, a consistent expression pattern of LcWRKY17 and terpene synthase LcTPS42 was found at different stages of L. cubeba fruit development. Furthermore, the function of LcWRKY17 was verified by subcellular localization and transient overexpression, and overexpression of LcWRKY17 promotes monoterpene synthesis. Meanwhile, dual-Luciferase and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) experiments showed that the LcWRKY17 transcription factor binds to W-box motifs of LcTPS42 and enhances its transcription. In conclusion, this research provided a fundamental framework for future functional analysis of the WRKY gene families, as well as breeding improvement and the regulation of secondary metabolism in L. cubeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
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Jeong BR, Jang J, Jin E. Genome engineering via gene editing technologies in microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128701. [PMID: 36746216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas has revolutionized genetic modification with its comparative simplicity and accuracy, and it can be used even at the genomic level. Microalgae are excellent feedstocks for biofuels and nutraceuticals because they contain high levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, and other metabolites; however, genome engineering for microalgae is not yet as developed as for other model organisms. Microalgal engineering at the genetic and metabolic levels is relatively well established, and a few genomic resources are available. Their genomic information was used for a "safe harbor" site for stable transgene expression in microalgae. This review proposes further genome engineering schemes including the construction of sgRNA libraries, pan-genomic and epigenomic resources, and mini-genomes, which can together be developed into synthetic biology for carbon-based engineering in microalgae. Acetyl-CoA is at the center of carbon metabolic pathways and is further reviewed for the production of molecules including terpenoids in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Ryool Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Junhwan Jang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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Traber MG, Cross C. Alpha-Tocopherol from people to plants is an essential cog in the metabolic machinery. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:775-791. [PMID: 36793193 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protection from oxygen, a di-radical, became a necessity with the evolution of photosynthetic organisms about 2.7 billion years. α-Tocopherol plays an essential role in organisms from plants to people. An overview of human conditions that result in severe vitamin E (α-tocopherol) deficiency is provided. RECENT ADVANCES α-Tocopherol has a critical role in the oxygen protection system by stopping lipid peroxidation, its induced damage and cellular death by ferroptosis. Recent findings in bacteria and plants support the concept of why lipid peroxidation is so dangerous to life and why the family of tocochromanols are essential for aerobic organisms and for plants. CRITICAL ISSUES The hypothesis that prevention of the propagation of lipid peroxidation is the basis for the α-tocopherol requirement in vertebrates is proposed and further that its absence dysregulates energy metabolism, one-carbon metabolism and thiol homeostasis. By recruiting intermediate metabolites from adjacent pathways to sustain effective lipid hydroperoxide elimination, α-tocopherol function is linked not only to NADPH metabolism and its formation through the pentose phosphate pathway via glucose metabolism, but also to sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, and to one-carbon metabolism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Evidence from humans, animals and plants support the hypothesis but future studies are needed to assess the genetic sensors that detect lipid peroxidation and cause the ensuing metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Oregon State University, 2694, Linus Pauling Institute, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331-4501;
| | - Carroll Cross
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, 12218, Sacramento, California, United States;
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Bilska-Markowska M, Kaźmierczak M. Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as an excellent tool in the synthesis of fluoro-containing biologically important compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1095-1120. [PMID: 36632995 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective introduction of a double bond motif into a multifunctional organic compound is always a big challenge. The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is one of the most reliable, simple, and stereoselective olefination methods, widely used in organic chemistry. To the best of our knowledge, no review article on the application of HWE reaction in the synthesis of fluoroorganic compounds with direct biological interest has been published in recent years. The importance of the HWE reaction should be emphasised due to its simplicity and stereoselectivity. Under mild conditions and in one step, valuable compounds can be obtained. The HWE reaction is primarily a great tool in the synthesis of fluoroolefins that are, among others, peptide bond mimetics. Therefore, it can serve as an indispensable approach to access peptide bioisosteres and, consequently, analogues of numerous enzyme inhibitors. The protocol may be utilized to obtain florinated vinylphosphonate, vinylsulfone or sulfonate derivatives, which exhibit biological activity. In this review article, we would like to summarize the HWE reaction output of the last 12 years (since 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bilska-Markowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. .,Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Li J, Yu H, Liu M, Chen B, Dong N, Chang X, Wang J, Xing S, Peng H, Zha L, Gui S. Transcriptome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors and their expression profiles in response to methyl jasmonate in Platycodon grandiflorus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2089473. [PMID: 35730590 PMCID: PMC9225661 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2089473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus, a perennial flowering plant widely distributed in China and South Korea, is an excellent resource for both food and medicine. The main active compounds of P. grandiflorus are triterpenoid saponins. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are among the largest gene families in plants and play an important role in regulating plant terpenoid accumulation, physiological metabolism, and stress response. Numerous studies have been reported on other medicinal plants; however, little is known about WRKY genes in P. grandiflorus. In this study, 27 PgWRKYs were identified in the P. grandiflorus transcriptome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PgWRKY genes were clustered into three main groups and five subgroups. Transcriptome analysis showed that the PgWRKY gene expression patterns in different tissues differed between those in Tongcheng City (Southern Anhui) and Taihe County (Northern Anhui). Gene expression analysis based on RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis showed that most PgWRKY genes were expressed after induction with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Co-expressing PgWRKY genes with triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway genes revealed four PgWRKY genes that may have functions in triterpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, functional annotation and protein-protein interaction analysis of PgWRKY proteins were performed to predict their roles in potential regulatory networks. Thus, we systematically analyzed the structure, evolution, and expression patterns of PgWRKY genes to provide an important theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular basis and regulatory mechanism of WRKY TFs in triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hanwen Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shihai Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesState Key Laboratory of Dao-Di, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of traditional Chinese medicine resources, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CONTACT Liangping Zha College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Shuangying Gui College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, Chinai
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Park S, Mani V, Kim JA, Lee SI, Lee K. Combinatorial transient gene expression strategies to enhance terpenoid production in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034893. [PMID: 36582649 PMCID: PMC9793405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The monoterpenoid linalool and sesquiterpenoid costunolide are ubiquitous plant components that have been economically exploited for their respective essential oils and pharmaceutical benefits. In general, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are produced by the plastid 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathways, respectively. Herein, we investigated the individual and combinatorial potential of MEP and MVA pathway genes in increasing linalool and costunolide production in Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods First, six genes from the MEP (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and linalool synthase) and MVA (acetoacetyl-CoA-thiolase, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, germacrene A synthase, germacrene A oxidase, and costunolide synthase) pathways were separately cloned into the modular cloning (MoClo) golden gateway cassette. Second, the cassettes were transformed individually or in combination into the leaves of N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Results and discussion Five days post infiltration (DPI), all selected genes were transiently 5- to 94-fold overexpressed. Quantification using gas chromatography-Q-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) determined that the individual and combinatorial expression of MEP genes increased linalool production up to 50-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Likewise, MVA genes increased costunolide production up to 70-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Our findings highlight that the transient expression of MEP and MVA pathway genes (individually or in combination) enhances linalool and costunolide production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kijong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Niu Z, Ye S, Liu J, Lyu M, Xue L, Li M, Lyu C, Zhao J, Shen B. Two apicoplast dwelling glycolytic enzymes provide key substrates for metabolic pathways in the apicoplast and are critical for Toxoplasma growth. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011009. [PMID: 36449552 PMCID: PMC9744290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many apicomplexan parasites harbor a non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast, which hosts important metabolic pathways like the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that synthesizes isoprenoid precursors. Yet many details in apicoplast metabolism are not well understood. In this study, we examined the physiological roles of four glycolytic enzymes in the apicoplast of Toxoplasma gondii. Many glycolytic enzymes in T. gondii have two or more isoforms. Endogenous tagging each of these enzymes found that four of them were localized to the apicoplast, including pyruvate kinase2 (PYK2), phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2), triosephosphate isomerase 2 (TPI2) and phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (GAPDH2). The ATP generating enzymes PYK2 and PGK2 were thought to be the main energy source of the apicoplast. Surprisingly, deleting PYK2 and PGK2 individually or simultaneously did not cause major defects on parasite growth or virulence. In contrast, TPI2 and GAPDH2 are critical for tachyzoite proliferation. Conditional depletion of TPI2 caused significant reduction in the levels of MEP pathway intermediates and led to parasite growth arrest. Reconstitution of another isoprenoid precursor synthesis pathway called the mevalonate pathway in the TPI2 depletion mutant partially rescued its growth defects. Similarly, knocking down the GAPDH2 enzyme that produces NADPH also reduced isoprenoid precursor synthesis through the MEP pathway and inhibited parasite proliferation. In addition, it reduced de novo fatty acid synthesis in the apicoplast. Together, these data suggest a model that the apicoplast dwelling TPI2 provides carbon source for the synthesis of isoprenoid precursor, whereas GAPDH2 supplies reducing power for pathways like MEP, fatty acid synthesis and ferredoxin redox system in T. gondii. As such, both enzymes are critical for parasite growth and serve as potential targets for anti-toxoplasmic intervention designs. On the other hand, the dispensability of PYK2 and PGK2 suggest additional sources for energy in the apicoplast, which deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Shu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Mengyu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Lilan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Muxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Congcong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Orsi E, Claassens NJ, Nikel PI, Lindner SN. Optimizing microbial networks through metabolic bypasses. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108035. [PMID: 36096403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism has long been considered as a relatively stiff set of biochemical reactions. This somewhat outdated and dogmatic view has been challenged over the last years, as multiple studies exposed unprecedented plasticity of metabolism by exploring rational and evolutionary modifications within the metabolic network of cell factories. Of particular importance is the emergence of metabolic bypasses, which consist of enzymatic reaction(s) that support unnatural connections between metabolic nodes. Such novel topologies can be generated through the introduction of heterologous enzymes or by upregulating native enzymes (sometimes relying on promiscuous activities thereof). Altogether, the adoption of bypasses resulted in an expansion in the capacity of the host's metabolic network, which can be harnessed for bioproduction. In this review, we discuss modifications to the canonical architecture of central carbon metabolism derived from such bypasses towards six optimization purposes: stoichiometric gain, overcoming kinetic limitations, solving thermodynamic barriers, circumventing toxic intermediates, uncoupling product synthesis from biomass formation, and altering redox cofactor specificity. The metabolic costs associated with bypass-implementation are likewise discussed, including tailoring their design towards improving bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nico J Claassens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen N Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Nirati Y, Purushotham N, Alagesan S. Quantitative insight into the metabolism of isoprene-producing Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using steady state 13C-MFA. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:195-206. [PMID: 36070060 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria, widely studied for the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to useful platform chemicals. Isoprene is one such industrially important chemical, primarily used for production of synthetic rubber and biofuels. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a genetically amenable cyanobacterium, produces isoprene on heterologous expression of isoprene synthase gene, albeit in very low quantities. Rationalized metabolic engineering to re-route the carbon flux for enhanced isoprene production requires in-dept knowledge of the metabolic flux distribution in the cell. Hence, in the present study, we undertook steady state 13C-metabolic flux analysis of glucose-tolerant wild-type (GTN) and isoprene-producing recombinant (ISP) Synechocystis sp. to understand and compare the carbon flux distribution in the two strains. The R-values for amino acids, flux analysis predictions and gene expression profiles emphasized predominance of Calvin cycle and glycogen metabolism in GTN. Alternatively, flux analysis predicted higher activity of the anaplerotic pathway through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme in ISP. The striking difference in the Calvin cycle, glycogen metabolism and anaplerotic pathway activity in GTN and ISP suggested a possible role of energy molecules (ATP and NADPH) in regulating the carbon flux distribution in GTN and ISP. This claim was further supported by the transcript level of selected genes of the electron transport chain. This study provides the first quantitative insight into the carbon flux distribution of isoprene-producing cyanobacterium, information critical for developing Synechocystis sp. as a single cell factory for isoprenoid/terpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasha Nirati
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, 560100, India
| | - Nidhish Purushotham
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, 560100, India
- Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swathi Alagesan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, 560100, India.
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Conneely LJ, Berkowitz O, Lewsey MG. Emerging trends in genomic and epigenomic regulation of plant specialised metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113427. [PMID: 36087823 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of specialised metabolism genes is multilayered and complex, influenced by an array of genomic, epigenetic and epigenomic mechanisms. Here, we review the most recent knowledge in this field, drawing from discoveries in several plant species. Our aim is to improve understanding of how plant genome structure and function influence specialised metabolism. We also highlight key areas for future exploration. Gene regulatory mechanisms influencing specialised metabolism include gene duplication and neo-functionalization, conservation of operon-like clusters of specialised metabolism genes, local chromatin modifications, and the organisation of higher order chromatin structures within the nucleus. Genomic and epigenomic research to-date in the discipline have focused on a relatively small number of plant species, primarily at whole organ or tissue level. This is largely due to the technical demands of the experimental methods needed. However, a high degree of cell-type specificity of function exists in specialised metabolism, driven by similarly specific gene regulation. In this review we focus on the genomic characteristics of genes that are found in different types of clusters within the genome. We propose that acquisition of cell-resolution epigenomic datasets in emerging models, such as the glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa, will yield important advances. Data such as chromatin accessibility and histone modification profiles can pinpoint which regulatory sequences are active in individual cell types and at specific times in development. These could provide fundamental biological insight as well as novel targets for genetic engineering and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Conneely
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Lee S, Jo SH, Hong CE, Lee J, Cha B, Park JM. Plastid methylerythritol phosphate pathway participates in the hypersensitive response-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032682. [PMID: 36388595 PMCID: PMC9645581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), a characteristic feature of hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, is an important cellular process often associated with the defense response against pathogens. Here, the involvement of LytB, a gene encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase that participates in the final step of the plastid methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, in plant HR cell death was studied. In Nicotiana benthmiana plants, silencing of the NbLytB gene using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) caused plant growth retardation and albino leaves with severely malformed chloroplasts. In NbLytB-silenced plants, HR-related cell death mediated by the expression of either the human proapoptotic protein gene Bax or an R gene with its cognate Avr effector gene was inhibited, whereas that induced by the nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 was enhanced. To dissect the isoprenoid pathway and avoid the pleiotropic effects of VIGS, chemical inhibitors that specifically inhibit isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants were employed. Treatment of N. benthamiana plants with fosmidomycin, a specific inhibitor of the plastid MEP pathway, effectively inhibited HR-related PCD, whereas treatment with mevinolin (a cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway inhibitor) and fluridone (a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor) did not. Together, these results suggest that the MEP pathway as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the chloroplast play an important role in HR-related PCD, which is not displaced by the cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chi Eun Hong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Byeongjin Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
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Zhou T, Bai G, Hu Y, Ruhsam M, Yang Y, Zhao Y. De novo genome assembly of the medicinal plant Gentiana macrophylla provides insights into the genomic evolution and biosynthesis of iridoids. DNA Res 2022; 29:6748869. [PMID: 36197098 PMCID: PMC9724787 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana macrophylla is a perennial herb in the Gentianaceae family, whose dried roots are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of G. macrophylla using a combination of Nanopore, Illumina, and Hi-C scaffolding approaches. The final genome size was ~1.79 Gb (contig N50 = 720.804 kb), and 98.89% of the genome sequences were anchored on 13 pseudochromosomes (scaffold N50 = 122.73 Mb). The genome contained 55,337 protein-coding genes, and 73.47% of the assemblies were repetitive sequences. Genome evolution analysis indicated that G. macrophylla underwent two rounds of whole-genome duplication after the core eudicot γ genome triplication event. We further identified candidate genes related to the biosynthesis of iridoids, and the corresponding gene families mostly expanded in G. macrophylla. In addition, we found that root-specific genes are enriched in pathways involved in defense responses, which may greatly improve the biological adaptability of G. macrophylla. Phylogenomic analyses showed a sister relationship of asterids and rosids, and all Gentianales species formed a monophyletic group. Our study contributes to the understanding of genome evolution and active component biosynthesis in G. macrophylla and provides important genomic resource for the genetic improvement and breeding of G. macrophylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Corresponding author: Tel. +86 29 8265 5424. (T.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | | | - Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Yanci Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teachers’ College, Baotou, China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- Corresponding author: Tel. +86 29 8265 5424. (T.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Metabolic Engineering of the Isopentenol Utilization Pathway Enhanced the Production of Terpenoids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090577. [PMID: 36135766 PMCID: PMC9505001 DOI: 10.3390/md20090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic green microalgae show considerable promise for the sustainable light-driven biosynthesis of high-value fine chemicals, especially terpenoids because of their fast and inexpensive phototrophic growth. Here, the novel isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP) was introduced into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to enhance the hemiterpene (isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) titers. Then, diphosphate isomerase (IDI) and limonene synthase (MsLS) were further inserted for limonene production. Transgenic algae showed 8.6-fold increase in IPP compared with the wild type, and 23-fold increase in limonene production compared with a single MsLS expressing strain. Following the culture optimization, the highest limonene production reached 117 µg/L, when the strain was cultured in a opt2 medium supplemented with 10 mM isoprenol under a light: dark regimen. This demonstrates that transgenic algae expressing the IUP represent an ideal chassis for the high-value terpenoid production. The IUP will facilitate further the metabolic and enzyme engineering to enhance the terpenoid titers by significantly reducing the number of enzyme steps required for an optimal biosynthesis.
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Rautela A, Kumar S. Engineering plant family TPS into cyanobacterial host for terpenoids production. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1791-1803. [PMID: 35789422 PMCID: PMC9253243 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are synthesized naturally by plants as secondary metabolites, and are diverse and complex in structure with multiple applications in bioenergy, food, cosmetics, and medicine. This makes the production of terpenoids such as isoprene, β-phellandrene, farnesene, amorphadiene, and squalene valuable, owing to which their industrial demand cannot be fulfilled exclusively by plant sources. They are synthesized via the Methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) and the Mevalonate pathway (MVA), both existing in plants. The advent of genetic engineering and the latest accomplishments in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering allow microbial synthesis of terpenoids. Cyanobacteria manifest to be the promising hosts for this, utilizing sunlight and CO2. Cyanobacteria possess MEP pathway to generate precursors for terpenoid synthesis. The terpenoid synthesis can be amplified by overexpressing the MEP pathway and engineering MVA pathway genes. According to the desired terpenoid, terpene synthases unique to the plant kingdom must be incorporated in cyanobacteria. Engineering an organism to be used as a cell factory comes with drawbacks such as hampered cell growth and disturbance in metabolic flux. This review set forth a comparison between MEP and MVA pathways, strategies to overexpress these pathways with their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Requena-Ramírez MD, Rodríguez-Suárez C, Flores F, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Marker-Trait Associations for Total Carotenoid Content and Individual Carotenoids in Durum Wheat Identified by Genome-Wide Association Analysis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152065. [PMID: 35956543 PMCID: PMC9370666 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Yellow pigment content is one of the main traits considered for grain quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The yellow color is mostly determined by carotenoid pigments, lutein being the most abundant in wheat endosperm, although zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are present in minor quantities. Due to the importance of carotenoids in human health and grain quality, modifying the carotenoid content and profile has been a classic target. Landraces are then a potential source for the variability needed for wheat breeding. In this work, 158 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection were characterized for carotenoid content and profile and genotyped using the DArTSeq platform for association analysis. A total of 28 marker-trait associations were identified and their co-location with previously described QTLs and candidate genes was studied. The results obtained confirm the importance of the widely described QTL in 7B and validate the QTL regions recently identified by haplotype analysis for the semolina pigment. Additionally, copies of the Zds and Psy genes on chromosomes 7B and 5B, respectively, may have a putative role in determining zeaxanthin content. Finally, genes for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPPI) carotenoid precursor pathways were revealed as additional sources of untapped variation for carotenoid improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. Campus El Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra de Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio G. Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo, S/N, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Khodavirdipour A, Safaralizadeh R, Haghi M, Hosseinpourfeizi MA. Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of flower and root of Oliveria decumbens Vent. to identify putative genes in terpenes biosynthesis pathway. Front Genet 2022; 13:916183. [PMID: 35991569 PMCID: PMC9386285 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.916183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oliveria decumbens Vent. is a wild, rare, annual medicinal plant and endemic plant of Iran that has metabolites (mostly terpenes) which make it a precious plant in Persian Traditional Medicine and also a potential chemotherapeutic agent. The lack of genetic resources has slowed the discovery of genes involved in the terpenes biosynthesis pathway. It is a wild relative of Daucus carota. In this research, we performed the transcriptomic differences between two samples, flower and root of Oliveria decumbens, and also analyze the expression value of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis by RNA-seq and its essential oil’s phytochemicals analyzed by GC/MS. In total, 136,031,188 reads from two samples of flower and root have been produced. The result shows that the MEP pathway is mostly active in the flower and the MVA in the root. Three genes of GPP, FPPS, and GGPP that are the precursors in the synthesis of mono, di, and triterpenes are upregulated in root and 23 key genes were identified that are involved in the biosynthesis of terpenes. Three genes had the highest upregulation in the root including, and on the other hand, another three genes had the expression only in the flower. Meanwhile, 191 and 185 upregulated genes in the flower and root of the plant, respectively, were selected for the gene ontology analysis and reconstruction of co-expression networks. The current research is the first of its kind on Oliveria decumbens transcriptome and discussed 67 genes that have been deposited into the NCBI database. Collectively, the information obtained in this study unveils the new insights into characterizing the genetic blueprint of Oliveria decumbens Vent. which paved the way for medical/plant biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry in the future.
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Huang Y, Chen I, Kao Y, Hsu Y, Tsai C. The gibberellic acid derived from the plastidial MEP pathway is involved in the accumulation of Bamboo mosaic virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1543-1557. [PMID: 35524450 PMCID: PMC9543464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gene upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection was revealed as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (NbDXR). DXR is the key enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate. Knockdown and overexpression of NbDXR followed by BaMV inoculation revealed that NbDXR is involved in BaMV accumulation. Treating leaves with fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of DXR function, reduced BaMV accumulation. Subcellular localization confirmed that DXR is a chloroplast-localized protein by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, knockdown of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase, one of the enzymes in the MEP pathway, also reduced BaMV accumulation. The accumulation of BaMV increased significantly in protoplasts treated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Thus, the metabolites of the MEP pathway could be involved in BaMV infection. To identify the critical components involved in BaMV accumulation, we knocked down the crucial enzyme of isoprenoid synthesis, NbGGPPS11 or NbGGPPS2. Only NbGGPPS2 was involved in BaMV infection. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesized by NbGGPPS2 is known for gibberellin synthesis. We confirmed this result by supplying gibberellic acid exogenously on leaves, which increased BaMV accumulation. The de novo synthesis of gibberellic acid could assist BaMV accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Shun Kao
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
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Mittal R, Srivastava G, Ganjewala D. An update on the progress of microbial biotransformation of commercial monoterpenes. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 77:225-240. [PMID: 34881551 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, a class of isoprenoid compounds, are extensively used in flavor, fragrance, perfumery, and cosmetics. They display many astonishing bioactive properties of biological and pharmacological significance. All monoterpenes are derived from universal precursor geranyl diphosphate. The demand for new monoterpenoids has been increasing in flavor, fragrances, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals. Chemical methods, which are harmful for human and the environment, synthesize most of these products. Over the years, researchers have developed alternative methods for the production of newer monoterpenoids. Microbial biotransformation is one of them, which relied on microbes and their enzymes. It has produced many new desirable commercially important monoterpenoids. A growing number of reports reflect an ever-expanding scope of microbial biotransformation in food and aroma industries. Simultaneously, our knowledge of the enzymology of monoterpene biosynthetic pathways has been increasing, which facilitated the biotransformation of monoterpenes. In this article, we have covered the progress made on microbial biotransformation of commercial monoterpenes with a brief introduction to their biosynthesis. We have collected several reports from authentic web sources, including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus published in the past few years to extract information on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Mittal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201303, UP, India
| | - Gauri Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201303, UP, India
| | - Deepak Ganjewala
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201303, UP, India
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Ezediokpu MN, Krause K, Kunert M, Hoffmeister D, Boland W, Kothe E. Ectomycorrhizal Influence on the Dynamics of Sesquiterpene Release by Tricholoma vaccinum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:555. [PMID: 35736037 PMCID: PMC9224709 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricholoma vaccinum is an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete with high host specificity. The slow-growing fungus is able to produce twenty sesquiterpenes, including α-barbatene, sativene, isocaryophyllene, α-cuprenene, β-cedrene, ß-copaene, 4-epi-α-acoradiene, and chamigrene in axenic culture. For the three major compounds, Δ6-protoilludene, β-barbatene, and an unidentified oxygenated sesquiterpene (m/z 218.18), changed production during co-cultivation with the ectomycorrhizal partner tree, Picea abies, could be shown with distinct dynamics. During the mycorrhizal growth of T. vaccinum-P. abies, Δ6-protoilludene and the oxygenated sesquiterpene appeared at similar times, which warranted further studies of potential biosynthesis genes. In silico analyses identified a putative protoilludene synthesis gene, pie1, as being up-regulated in the mycorrhizal stage, in addition to the previously identified, co-regulated geosmin synthase, ges1. We therefore hypothesize that the sesquiterpene synthase pie1 has an important role during mycorrhization, through Δ6-protoilludene and/or its accompanied oxygenated sesquiterpene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycolette Ndidi Ezediokpu
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.N.E.); (K.K.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.N.E.); (K.K.)
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.N.E.); (K.K.)
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Bibik JD, Weraduwage SM, Banerjee A, Robertson K, Espinoza-Corral R, Sharkey TD, Lundquist PK, Hamberger BR. Pathway Engineering, Re-targeting, and Synthetic Scaffolding Improve the Production of Squalene in Plants. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2121-2133. [PMID: 35549088 PMCID: PMC9208017 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants are increasingly becoming an option for sustainable bioproduction of chemicals and complex molecules like terpenoids. The triterpene squalene has a variety of biotechnological uses and is the precursor to a diverse array of triterpenoids, but we currently lack a sustainable strategy to produce large quantities for industrial applications. Here, we further establish engineered plants as a platform for production of squalene through pathway re-targeting and membrane scaffolding. The squalene biosynthetic pathway, which natively resides in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, was re-targeted to plastids, where screening of diverse variants of enzymes at key steps improved squalene yields. The highest yielding enzymes were used to create biosynthetic scaffolds on co-engineered, cytosolic lipid droplets, resulting in squalene yields up to 0.58 mg/gFW or 318% higher than a cytosolic pathway without scaffolding during transient expression. These scaffolds were also re-targeted to plastids where they associated with membranes throughout, including the formation of plastoglobules or plastidial lipid droplets. Plastid scaffolding ameliorated the negative effects of squalene biosynthesis and showed up to 345% higher rates of photosynthesis than without scaffolding. This study establishes a platform for engineering the production of squalene in plants, providing the opportunity to expand future work into production of higher-value triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Bibik
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aparajita Banerjee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ka’shawn Robertson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Peter K. Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Björn R. Hamberger
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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50
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Ma X, Liang H, Pan Q, Prather KLJ, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G, Zhou K. Optimization of the Isopentenol Utilization Pathway for Isoprenoid Synthesis in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3512-3520. [PMID: 35286075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering microbes to produce isoprenoids can be limited by the competition between product formation and cell growth because biomass and isoprenoids are naturally derived from central metabolism. Recently, a two-step synthetic pathway was developed to partially decouple isoprenoid formation from central carbon metabolism. The pathway used exogenously added isopentenols as substrates. In the present study, we systematically optimized this isopentenol utilization pathway in Escherichia coli by comparing enzyme variants from different species, tuning enzyme expression levels, and using a two-stage process. Under the optimal conditions found in this study, ∼300 mg/L lycopene was synthesized from 2 g/L isopentenol in 24 h. The strain could be easily modified to synthesize two other isoprenoid molecules efficiently (248 mg/L β-carotene or 364 mg/L R-(-)-linalool produced from 2 g/L isopentenol). This study lays a solid foundation for producing agri-food isoprenoids at high titer/productivity from cost-effective feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Ma
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Qiuchi Pan
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Kristala L J Prather
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kang Zhou
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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