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Long B, Fischer B, Zeng Y, Amerigian Z, Li Q, Bryant H, Li M, Dai SY, Yuan JS. Machine learning-informed and synthetic biology-enabled semi-continuous algal cultivation to unleash renewable fuel productivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:541. [PMID: 35087023 PMCID: PMC8795378 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal biofuel is regarded as one of the ultimate solutions for renewable energy, but its commercialization is hindered by growth limitations caused by mutual shading and high harvest costs. We overcome these challenges by advancing machine learning to inform the design of a semi-continuous algal cultivation (SAC) to sustain optimal cell growth and minimize mutual shading. An aggregation-based sedimentation (ABS) strategy is then designed to achieve low-cost biomass harvesting and economical SAC. The ABS is achieved by engineering a fast-growing strain, Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973, to produce limonene, which increases cyanobacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and enables efficient cell aggregation and sedimentation. SAC unleashes cyanobacterial growth potential with 0.1 g/L/hour biomass productivity and 0.2 mg/L/hour limonene productivity over a sustained period in photobioreactors. Scaling-up the SAC with an outdoor pond system achieves a biomass yield of 43.3 g/m2/day, bringing the minimum biomass selling price down to approximately $281 per ton. Growth limitation caused by mutual shading and the high harvest cost hamper algal biofuel production. Here, the authors overcome these two problems by designing a semi-continuous algal cultivation system and an aggregation-based sedimentation strategy to achieve high levels production of biomass and limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Long
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bart Fischer
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yining Zeng
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Zoe Amerigian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Henry Bryant
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub (SSBiH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Susie Y Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub (SSBiH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub (SSBiH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Infante Teixeira L, Landfester K, Thérien-Aubin H. Selective Oxidation of Polysulfide Latexes to Produce Polysulfoxide and Polysulfone in a Waterborne Environment. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3659-3667. [PMID: 34083842 PMCID: PMC8161668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing sulfur centers with high oxidation states in the main chain, polysulfoxide and polysulfone, display desirable properties such as thermomechanical and chemical stability. To circumvent their challenging direct synthesis, methods based on the oxidation of a parent polysulfide have been developed but are plagued by uncontrolled reactions, leading either to ill-defined mixtures of polysulfoxides and polysulfones or to polysulfones with reduced degrees of polymerization due to overoxidation of the polymer. We developed an alternative method to produce well-defined polysulfoxide and polysulfone in a waterborne colloidal emulsion using different oxidants to control the oxidation state of sulfur in the final materials. The direct oxidation of water-based polysulfide latexes avoided the use of volatile organic solvents and allowed for the control of the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms. Oxidation of parent polysulfides by tert-butyl hydroperoxide led to the production of pure polysulfoxides, even after 70 days of reaction time. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide produced both species through the course of the reaction but yielded fully converted polysulfones after 24 h. By employing mild oxidants, our approach controlled the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms in the final sulfur-containing polymer and prevented any overoxidation, thus ensuring the integrity of the polymer chains and colloidal stability of the system. We also verified the selectivity, versatility, and robustness of the method by applying it to polysulfides of different chemical compositions and structures. The universality demonstrated by this method makes it a powerful yet simple platform for the design of sulfur-containing polymers and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Fuchs DAH, Hübner H, Kraus T, Niebuur BJ, Gallei M, Frey H, Müller AHE. The effect of THF and the chelating modifier DTHFP on the copolymerisation of β-myrcene and styrene: kinetics, microstructures, morphologies, and mechanical properties. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00791b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polar modifiers strongly affect the statistical anionic copolymerization of biobased β-myrcene with styrene, leading to a variety of morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A. H. Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanna Hübner
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM-Leibniz-Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- INM-Leibniz-Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Development, Processing and Applications of a UV-Curable Polymer with Surface Active Thiol Groups. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091829. [PMID: 32937782 PMCID: PMC7558128 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present here a novel resist formulation with active thiol groups at the surface. The material is UV curable, and can be patterned at the micro- and nanoscale by UV nanoimprint lithography. The resist formulation development, its processing, patterning and surface characterization are presented here. In addition, a possible application, including its use to modify the electrical properties of graphene devices is shown. The cured material is highly transparent, intrinsically hydrophilic and can be made more hydrophilic following a UV-ozone or an O2 plasma activation. We evaluated the hydrophilicity of the polymer for different polymer formulations and curing conditions. In addition, a protocol for patterning of the polymer in the micro and nanoscale by nanoimprinting is given and preliminary etching rates together with the polymer selectivity are measured. The main characteristic and unique advantage of the polymer is that it has thiol functional groups at the surface and in the bulk after curing. These groups allow for direct surface modifications with thiol-based chemistry e.g., thiol-ene reactions. We prove the presence of the thiol groups by Raman spectroscopy and perform a thiol-ene reaction to show the potential of the easy “click chemistry”. This opens the way for very straightforward surface chemistry on nanoimprinted polymer samples. Furthermore, we show how the polymer improves the electrical properties of a graphene field effect transistor, allowing for optimal performance at ambient conditions.
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Illathvalappil R, Kurungot S. Co
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Nanoparticle‐Supported Nitrogen‐doped Carbon as a Robust Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Both Acidic and Alkaline Conditions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajith Illathvalappil
- Physical and Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra 411 008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- Physical and Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra 411 008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
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Wang S, Wu Y, Dai J, Teng N, Peng Y, Cao L, Liu X. Making organic coatings greener: Renewable resource, solvent-free synthesis, UV curing and repairability. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Drozdov FV, Tarasenkov AN, Cherkaev GV, Demchenko NV, Buzin MI, Leites LA, Muzafarov AM. Synthesis and properties of prepolymers and their siloxane analogues by thiol‐ene polyaddition of limonene with dithiols. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fedor V Drozdov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr N Tarasenkov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Georgij V Cherkaev
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nina V Demchenko
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michail I Buzin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Larissa A Leites
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aziz M Muzafarov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
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Kwasny MT, Watkins CM, Posey ND, Matta ME, Tew GN. Functional Polyethylenes with Precisely Placed Thioethers and Sulfoniums through Thiol–Ene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Posey
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Megan E. Matta
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Latorre-Sánchez A, Johansson M, Zhang Y, Malkoch M, Pomposo JA. Active quinine-based films able to release antimicrobial compounds via melt quaternization at low temperature. J Mater Chem B 2017; 6:98-104. [PMID: 32254197 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02739g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of antibacterial films based on renewable materials (e.g., chitosan) has attracted significant interest in fields such as food packaging, health care and medicine. However, exploiting the antibacterial properties of cinchona alkaloids to design active nanostructured films able to release quinine-based antimicrobial compounds has not been considered previously. Herein, we develop two different routes to produce active quinine-based nanostructured cross-linked films by exploiting the multiple reactive sites of quinine and, specifically, both the nitrogen atom and the vinyl group of the quinuclidine portion of the molecule, as well as their corresponding orthogonal quaternization and thiol-ene coupling reactions. The first synthetic strategy produces stiff and brittle nanostructured quinine-based films of limited utility for practical applications. Conversely, the second approach produces active, flexible and nanostructured quinine-based films (Tg = -14 °C, Young's modulus = 1.3 GPa), which are able to release antimicrobial compounds against E. coli that, remarkably, are noncytotoxic against mouse macrophage and human dermal fibroblast cells. These kinds of active cinchona alkaloid-based coatings are easy to prepare by means of simple, solvent-free, melt quaternization/spreading procedures at a relatively low temperature (120 °C), making this second approach one of the most facile reported procedures to date to produce active nanostructured bio-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Latorre-Sánchez
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain.
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Roosen J, Mullens S, Binnemans K. Multifunctional Alginate–Sulfonate–Silica Sphere-Shaped Adsorbent Particles for the Recovery of Indium(III) from Secondary Resources. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Roosen
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Sustainable
Materials Management, VITO, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Steven Mullens
- Sustainable
Materials Management, VITO, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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12
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Puskas JE, Sen S. Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyisobutylene Disulfides by Living Reversible Recombination Radical Polymerization (R3P): Macrocycles? Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judit E. Puskas
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Sanghamitra Sen
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Stößer T, Li C, Unruangsri J, Saini PK, Sablong RJ, Meier MAR, Williams CK, Koning C. Bio-derived polymers for coating applications: comparing poly(limonene carbonate) and poly(cyclohexadiene carbonate). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two fully bio-based polycarbonates, poly(limonene carbonate) and poly(cylcohexadiene carbonate), were post-functionalized via thiol–ene reactions and tested as future coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stößer
- Oxford Chemistry
- Chemical Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Chunliang Li
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rafaël J. Sablong
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)
- Materialwissenschaftliches Sentrum MSE
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | - Cor Koning
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven B.V. (PTG/e)
- 5600 HG Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- DSM Coating Resins
- 8022 AW Swolle
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Li C, van Berkel S, Sablong RJ, Koning CE. Post-functionalization of fully biobased poly(limonene carbonate)s: Synthesis, characterization and coating evaluation. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Parambath Kanoth B, Claudino M, Johansson M, Berglund LA, Zhou Q. Biocomposites from Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects of Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Both Reinforcing and Cross-Linking Agents via Free-Radical Thiol-ene Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16303-10. [PMID: 26151647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber/cellulose nanocrystals (NR/CNCs) form true biocomposites from renewable resources and are demonstrated to show significantly improved thermo-mechanical properties and reduced stress-softening. The nanocomposites were prepared from chemically functionalized CNCs bearing thiols. CNCs served as both reinforcing and cross-linking agents in the NR matrix, and the study was designed to prove the cross-linking function of modified CNCs. CNCs were prepared from cotton, and the cross-linkable mercapto-groups were introduced onto the surface of CNCs by esterification. Nanocomposite films were prepared by dispersing the modified CNCs (m-CNCs) in NR matrix by solution casting. The cross-links at the filler-matrix (m-CNCs-NR) interface were generated by photochemically initiated thiol-ene reactions as monitored by real-time FTIR analysis. The synergistic effects of reinforcement and chemical cross-linking at the m-CNCs-NR interface on structure, thermo-mechanical, and stress-softening behavior were investigated. Methods included field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), swelling tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests. Compared to biocomposites from NR with unmodified CNCs, the NR/m-CNCs nanocomposites showed 2.4-fold increase in tensile strength, 1.6-fold increase in strain-to-failure, and 2.9-fold increase in work-of-fracture at 10 wt % of m-CNCs in NR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Claudino
- ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Johansson
- †Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars A Berglund
- †Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- †Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- §School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Li C, Sablong RJ, Koning CE. Synthesis and characterization of fully-biobased α,ω-dihydroxyl poly(limonene carbonate)s and their initial evaluation in coating applications. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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