Fractional transfer of a free unpaired electron to overcome energy barriers in the formation of Fe(4+) from Fe(3+) during the core contraction of macrocycles: implication for heme distortion

Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities

Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.

Geometric deconstruction of core and electron activation of a π-system in a series of deformed porphyrins: mimics of heme

The predominant distortion of heme is responsible for its electronic activity, catalytic ability and spectral properties. In this work, altogether 12 new X-ray structures of saddled, waved and ruffled porphyrins are reported. Three types of deformed porphyrins as mimics of heme were evaluated and analyzed by geometric deconstruction, spectral comparison, and electrochemical tracking, which shows a unique relationship of deformation fashions and distortion degree to the geometry of the core and electron transfer ability of rings in these enzyme containing porphyrins. These mimics can adjust their core geometry for changing the structures of potential metals; while for rings themselves, they can also regulate the electron activity by switching the HOMO of the large π systems. These deformed porphyrins can be used as ideal mimics for heme. These findings help us to understand the principle and contribution of these deformations to electron transfer in catalytic oxidation and photoreactions. The nonplanar mimics have been synthesized through a modular synthetic approach under Adler-Longo or Lindsey condensation conditions.

Electron Transfer and Geometric Conversion of Co-NO Moiety in Saddled Porphyrins: Implications for Trigger Role of Tetrapyrrole Distortion

The electrons of NO and Co are strongly delocalized in normal {Co-NO}⁸ species. In this work, {Co-NO}⁸ complexes are induced to convert from (Co^II)^+•-NO^• to Co^III-NO^- by a core contraction of 0.06 Å in saddled cobalt(II) porphyrins. This intramolecular electron transfer mechanism indicates that nonplanarity of porphyrin is involved in driving conversion of the NO units from electrophilic NO^• as a bent geometry to nucleophilic NO^- as a linear geometry. This implies that distortion acts as a trigger in enzymes containing tetrapyrrole. The electronic behaviors of the Co^II ions and Co-NO moieties were confirmed by X-ray crystallography, EPR spectroscopy, theoretical calculation, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, and electrochemistry.