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Zhong L, Zhu B, Su W, Liang W, Wang H, Li T, Cao D, Ruan T, Chen J, Jiang G. Molecular characterization of diverse quinone analogs for discrimination of aerosol-bound persistent pyrolytic and photolytic radicals. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:612-620. [PMID: 38101961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-bound organic radicals, including environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), are key components that affect climate, air quality, and human health. While putative structures have been proposed, the molecular characteristics of EPFRs remain unknown. Here, we report a surrogate method to characterize EPFRs in real ambient samples using mass spectrometry. The method identifies chemically relevant oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OxPAH) that interconvert with oxygen-centered EPFR (OC-EPFR). We found OxPAH compounds most relevant to OC-EPFRs are structurally rich and diverse quinones, whose diversity is strongly associated with OC-EPFR levels. Both atmospheric oxidation and combustion contributed to OC-EPFR formation. Redundancy analysis and photochemical aging model show pyrolytic sources generated more oxidized OC-EPFRs than photolytic sources. Our study reveals the detailed molecular characteristics of OC-EPFRs and shows that oxidation states can be used to identify the origins of OC-EPFRs, offering a way to track the development and evolution of aerosol particles in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laijin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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2
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao K, Zheng H, Guo H. Oxidative potential, environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species of size-resolved ambient particles near highways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122858. [PMID: 37967708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a group of atmospheric pollutants with an uncertain toxicity, particularly when collected near highways. This study examined the oxidative potential (OP) of, as well as the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in PM samples collected near highways in Xiamen, China. Our findings revealed that PM had a relatively high OP, ranging from 3.8 to 18.5 nmol/min/μg, surpassing values reported in previous research. The oxidative potential of the water-insoluble fraction (OPWIS), which accounted for 68% of the total oxidative potential (OPTotal), demonstrated rapid toxicity, whereas the oxidative potential of the water-soluble fraction (OPWS) displayed a steadier toxicity release pattern. The primary free radicals detected in PM were oxygen-centered. The measured concentration of EPFRs was 6.073 × 1014 spins/m3, which is lower than that reported in previous studies, possibly because of the high relative humidity of the road environment in Xiamen. We also investigated the interaction between PM and water near highways and observed the generation of R and OH radicals. Additionally, we analysed the sample composition and evaluated the contributions of the different components to OPTotal. Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were identified as the major contributors, accounting for 33.2% of the OPTotal. The positive correlation observed between EPFRs and ROS suggests that EPFRs may be involved in ROS generation. The correlation analysis indicated that the oxidative potential measured using the DTT method (OPDTT) could serve as an indicator of ROS generation. Finally, based on the relationship between OPDTT, EPFRs, and ROS, we propose that reducing the emission of transition metals, particularly Fe, represents an effective control measure for mitigating PM toxicity near highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Kaixing Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China.
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3
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Vejerano EP, Ahn J. Leaves are a Source of Biogenic Persistent Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:662-667. [PMID: 37577362 PMCID: PMC10413942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonsenescent and senescent leaves of selected coniferous and broadleaf plants contained substantial levels of naturally occurring persistent free radicals (PFRs). These biogenic PFRs (BPFRs) were stable and persistent despite multiple wetting and drying cycles, implying that BPFRs can leach and sorb on soil particles. Results suggest that endogenous chemicals in plants and their transformation byproducts can stabilize unpaired electrons in leaves under ambient conditions. Thus, the vast amount and perpetual supply of leaf litter is an unaccounted natural source of BPFRs. If toxic, inhaling and accidentally ingesting fine soil dust and powder from degraded leaf litter may increase our environmental and health burdens to PFRs. We expect that this finding will generate more studies on natural sources of PFRs, establish their properties, and distinguish them from those formed from combustion and thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Vejerano
- Center for Environmental
Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Arnold School of Public Health, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jeonghyeon Ahn
- Center for Environmental
Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Arnold School of Public Health, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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4
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Ai J, Qin W, Chen J, Sun Y, Yu Q, Xin K, Huang H, Zhang L, Ahmad M, Liu X. Pollution characteristics and light-driven evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in two typical northern cities of China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131466. [PMID: 37099909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 can pose significant health risks by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, Beijing and Yuncheng were chosen as two representative northern cities of China that mainly relied on natural gas and coal respectively as the energy source for domestic heating in winter. The pollution characteristics and exposure risks of EPFRs in PM2.5 around the heating season of 2020 were investigated and compared between the two cities. Through laboratory simulation experiments, the decay kinetics and secondary formation of EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in both cities were also studied. EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in Yuncheng in the heating period showed longer lifetime and lower reactivity, suggesting that EPFRs originated from coal combustion were more stable in the atmosphere. However, the generation rate of hydroxyl radical (·OH) by the newly formed EPFRs in PM2.5 in Beijing under ambient conditions was 4.4 times of that in Yuncheng, suggesting higher oxidative potential of EPFRs from the atmospheric secondary processes. Accordingly, the control strategies of EPFRs and their health risks were raised for the two cities, which would also have direct implication for the control of EPFRs in other areas of similar atmospheric emission and reaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Sarmiento DJ, Majestic BJ. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from the Irradiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37316958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) provide a complex matrix for environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) to stabilize in particulate matter, allowing them to be transported over long distances in the atmosphere while participating in light-driven reactions and causing various cardiopulmonary diseases. In this study, four PAHs ranging from three to five rings (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[e]pyrene) were investigated for EPFR formation upon photochemical and aqueous-phase aging. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it was found that approximately 1015 to 1016 spins g-1 of EPFRs were formed from the PAH upon aging. EPR analysis also revealed that carbon-centered and monooxygen-centered radicals were predominantly formed by irradiation. However, oxidation and fused-ring matrices have added complexity to the chemical environment of these carbon-centered radicals, as observed by their g-values. This study showed that atmospheric aging results not only in the transformation of PAH-derived EPFR but also in an increase in EPFR concentrations of up to 1017 spins g-1. Therefore, because of their stability and photosensitivity, PAH-derived EPFRs have a major impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree J Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Brian J Majestic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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6
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Xu Y, Lu X, Su G, Chen X, Meng J, Li Q, Wang C, Shi B. Scientific and regulatory challenges of environmentally persistent free radicals: From formation theory to risk prevention strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131674. [PMID: 37236112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
EPFRs (Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals) are a class of pollutants that have been identified as potential environmental contaminants due to their persistence and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause oxidative stress in living organisms. However, no study has comprehensively summarized the production conditions, influencing factors and toxic mechanisms of EPFRs, impeding exposure toxicity assessments and risk prevention strategies. To bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical application, a thorough literature review to summarize the formation, environmental effects, and biotoxicity of EPFRs are conducted. A total of 470 relevant papers were screened in Web of Science Core collection databases. The transfer of electrons between interfaces and the cleavage of covalent bonds of persistent organic pollutants is crucial to the generation of EPFRs, which is induced by external sources of energy, including thermal energy, light energy, transition metal ions, and others. In the thermal system, the stable covalent bond of organic matter can be destroyed by heat energy at low temperature to form EPFRs, while the formed EPFRs can be destroyed at high temperature. Light can also accelerate the production of free radicals and promote the degradation of organic matter. The persistence and stability of EPFRs are synergistically influenced by individual environmental factors such as environmental humidity, oxygen content, organic matter content, and environmental pH. Studying the formation mechanism of EPFRs and their biotoxicity is essential for fully understanding the hazards posed by these emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Sun Y, Chen J, Qin W, Yu Q, Xin K, Ai J, Huang H, Liu X. Gas-PM 2.5 partitioning, health risks, and sources of atmospheric PAHs in a northern China city: Impact of domestic heating. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120156. [PMID: 36096260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal variation, gas-particle partitioning, health risks, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a northern basin city of China in winter, 2020. The mean concentrations of particulate and gaseous PAHs were 87.90 ng m-3 and 69.65 ng m-3, respectively, and their concentrations were considerably enhanced during the domestic heating period. The relationship between the gas-particle partitioning coefficient of PAHs (KP) and subcooled liquid vapor pressure of PAHs (PL0) indicated organic absorption as the mechanism for this partitioning. However, the dual sorption model confirmed adsorption onto elemental carbon (EC). The health risks indicated by several equivalent parameters showed an important health effect of PAHs, especially of particulate PAHs bound onto PM2.5 during the heating period. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were also studied as an auxiliary parameter to evaluate the health impact of PAHs. According to the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and PMF model results, petroleum volatilization and coal combustion were the dominant sources of particulate PAHs during the non-heating and heating periods, respectively. The source apportionment results can help efficiently control PAHs and their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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8
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Edwards KC, Klodt AL, Galeazzo T, Schervish M, Wei J, Fang T, Donahue NM, Aumont B, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from α-Pinene and Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7361-7372. [PMID: 36194388 PMCID: PMC9574922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) play an important role in chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols and adverse aerosol health effects. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen oxides (NOx) during photooxidation of α-pinene and naphthalene on the EPFR content and ROS formation from secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was applied to quantify EPFR content and ROS formation. While no EPFR were detected in α-pinene SOA, we found that naphthalene SOA contained about 0.7 pmol μg-1 of EPFR, and NOx has little influence on EPFR concentrations and oxidative potential. α-Pinene and naphthalene SOA generated under low NOx conditions form OH radicals and superoxide in the aqueous phase, which was lowered substantially by 50-80% for SOA generated under high NOx conditions. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed the substantial formation of nitroaromatics and organic nitrates in a high NOx environment. The modeling results using the GECKO-A model that simulates explicit gas-phase chemistry and the radical 2D-VBS model that treats autoxidation predicted reduced formation of hydroperoxides and enhanced formation of organic nitrates under high NOx due to the reactions of peroxy radicals with NOx instead of their reactions with HO2. Consistently, the presence of NOx resulted in the decrease of peroxide contents and oxidative potential of α-pinene SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexandra L Klodt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Tommaso Galeazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bernard Aumont
- CNRS, LISA, Univ of Paris Est Creteil and University Paris Cité, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM2.5 and the Influence of Air Pollutants in Shihezi, Northwestern China. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070341. [PMID: 35878247 PMCID: PMC9321939 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a kind of hazardous substance that exist stably in the atmosphere for a long time. EPFRs combined with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human respiratory tract through respiration, causing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and they are also closely related to lung cancer. In this study, the inhalation risk for EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk were assessed using the equivalent number of cigarette tar EPFRs. The daily inhalation exposure for EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be equivalent to 0.66–8.40 cigarette tar EPFRs per day. The concentration level and species characteristics were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration of EPFRs in the study ranged from 1.353–4.653 × 1013 spins/g, and the types of EPFRs were mainly oxygen- or carbon-centered semiquinone-type radicals. Our study showed that there is a strong correlation between the concentrations of EPFRs and conventional pollutants, except for sulfur dioxide. The major factors influencing EPFR concentration in the atmosphere were temperature and wind speed; the higher the temperature and wind speed, the lower the concentration of EPFRs. The findings of this study provide an important basis for further research on the formation mechanism and health effects of EPFRs.
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10
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Li Z, Zhao H, Li X, Bekele TG. Characteristics and sources of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in Dalian, Northeast China: correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24612-24622. [PMID: 34822091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging class of environmental hazardous contaminants that extensively, stably exist in airborne particulate matter and pose harmful effects on human health. However, there was little research about the sources of EPFRs in actual atmospheric conditions. This study reported the occurrence, characteristics, and sources of EPFRs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 collected in Dalian, China. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound EPFRs ranged from 1.13 × 1013 to 8.97 × 1015 spins/m3 (mean value: 1.14 × 1015 spins/m3). Carbon-centered radicals and carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms were detected. The concentration of ∑PAHs ranged from 1.09 to 76.24 ng/m3, and PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW) were predominant species in PM2.5. Correlation of EPFRs with SO2, NO2, O3, and 12 kinds of PAHs indicated that both fuel (coal and biomass) combustion and photoreaction in atmosphere influenced the concentrations of EPFR. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results have shown that the primary sources contributed most of the EPFRs and those of secondary sources had a little proportion. Coal combustion (52.4%) was the primary contributor of EPFRs, followed by traffic emission (22.6%), industrial sources (9.6%), and secondary sources (9.2%) during the heating period, whereas industrial emission (39.2%) was the primary contributor, followed by coal combustion (38.1%), vehicular exhaust (23.5%), and secondary sources (9.6%) during the non-heating period. The finding of the present study provides an important evidence for further study on the formation mechanism of EPFRs in actual atmospheric to control the air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
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11
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Guo C, Richmond-Bryant J. A critical review of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) solvent extraction methodology and retrieval efficiency. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131353. [PMID: 34225117 PMCID: PMC8487994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) exposures have been shown in toxicology studies to lead to respiratory and cardiovascular effects, which were thought to be due to the persistence of EPFR and their ability to produce reactive oxygen species. To characterize EPFR exposure and resulting health impacts, it is necessary to identify and systematize analysis protocols. Both direct measurement and solvent extraction methods have been applied to analyze environmental samples containing EPFR. The use of different protocols and solvents in EPFR analyses makes it difficult to compare results among studies. In this work, we reviewed EPFR studies that involved solvent extraction and carefully reported the details of the extraction methodology and retrieval recovery. EPFR recovery depends on the structure of the radical species and the solvent. For the limited number of studies available for review, the polar solvents had superior recovery in more studies. Radicals appeared to be more oxygen-centered following extraction for fly ash and particulate matter (PM) samples. Different solvent extraction methods to retrieve EPFR may produce molecular products during the extraction, thus potentially changing the sample toxicity. The number of studies reporting detailed methodologies is limited, and data in these studies were not consistently reported. Thus, inference about the solvent and protocol that leads to the highest EPFR extraction efficiency for certain types of radicals is not currently possible. Based on our review, we proposed reporting criteria to be included for future EPFR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi Guo
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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12
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Guo C, Hasan F, Lay D, Dela Cruz ALN, Ghimire A, Lomnicki SM. Phytosampling-a supplementary tool for particulate matter (PM) speciation characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39310-39321. [PMID: 33755885 PMCID: PMC8713460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) and PM-associated environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been documented to contribute to pollution-related health effects. Studies of ambient air PM potentially bear artifacts stemming from the collection methods. We have investigated the applicability of PM phytosampling (PHS) as a supplementary tool to a classic PM sampler in respect of achieving better PM chemical composition assessment (primarily organic fraction). Phytosampling is a static PM collection method relying on the particle entrapment by the plant's leaf through electrostatic forces and surface trichomes. We have investigated the differences in the EPFR and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) speciation and concentration on ambient air PM for PHS and high-volume PM sampler (HVS). The advantages of PHS are easy particle recovery from the matrix, collection under natural environmental conditions, and the ability to apply a dense collection network to accurately represent spatial pollutant distribution. The experimental results show that the PHS can provide valuable speciation information, sometimes different from that observed for HVS. For PM collected by PHS, we detected the larger contribution of oxygen-centered EPFRs, different decay behavior, and more consistent PAH distribution between different PM sizes compared to the PM from HVS. These results indicate that the isolation of samples from the ambient during HVS sampling and exposure to high-volume airflow may alter the chemical composition of the samples, while the PHS method could provide details on the original speciation and concentration and be more representative of the PM surface. However, PHS cannot evaluate an absolute air concentration of PM, so it serves as an excellent supplementary tool to work in conjunction with the standard PM collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi Guo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Dean Lay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Albert Leo N Dela Cruz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ajit Ghimire
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Slawo M Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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13
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Nandy A, Kazi I, Guha S, Sekar G. Visible-Light-Driven Halogen-Bond-Assisted Direct Synthesis of Heteroaryl Thioethers Using Transition-Metal-Free One-Pot C–I Bond Formation/C–S Cross-Coupling Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2570-2581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Imran Kazi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somraj Guha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindasamy Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Li X, Shen C, Zhao H, Jiang J, Ban Z, Chen Z, Qu B. Photoformation of persistent free radicals on a montmorillonite-humic acid complex simulated as particulate organic matter in an aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1842-1851. [PMID: 32966458 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the formation of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on particulate organic matter (POM) under irradiation in water. A montmorillonite-humic acid complex (Mnt-HA complex) was prepared to simulate POM, and the generated PFRs were detected by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. EPR signals with the trend of an initial increase and then a decrease were observed under irradiation for 8 days, and the g factors were in the range of 2.0034-2.0039, which indicated the generation of carbon-centered radicals with electrophilic moieties. Different concentrations and types of halophenols and transition-metal ions were respectively adsorbed on the Mnt-HA complex to probe their influence on the formation of PFRs. The amount of PFRs generated in the Mnt-HA complexes was in the order: 2-bromophenol (2-BP) > 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) > 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), which implied that halogen substitution and the number of substituents in the halophenols could affect the generation of PFRs. The effects of transition-metal ions that resulted in the reduction of PFRs when adsorbed on the Mnt-HA complex were as follows: Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Mn2+, and this is in agreement with their redox capacity. Analyzing the induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrons on POM, it is found that halophenols and transition metal ions also affected this process under irradiation. These findings indicate that the photoformation of PFRs on POM could be a source of PFRs in aqueous environments and requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zixin Ban
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Baocheng Qu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China. and Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
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15
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Shi Y, Zhu K, Dai Y, Zhang C, Jia H. Evolution and stabilization of environmental persistent free radicals during the decomposition of lignin by laccase. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125931. [PMID: 32000035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial enzymes may induce lignin decomposition, accompanied by generation of free radicals. The evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during laccase-catalyzed lignin decomposition remains unclear. Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed gradually increased concentration of EPFRs, with maximum levels within 6 h that remained constant, accompanied by the increase in g-factor from 2.0037 to 2.0041. The results suggested the generation of oxygen-centered radicals on lignin. The EPFRs produced on solid samples slowly decreased by 17.2% over 17 d. ROS were also detected to have a similar trend as that of the evolution of EPFRs. Scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses suggested the demethylation and oxidation of lignin. We clarify the biogeochemical transformation of lignin and potential contributions to the generation of EPFRs and ROS in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Shi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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16
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Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Novák J, Arangio AM, Codling GP, Filippi A, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Příbylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Tong H, Wietzoreck M. Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air-Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2615-2625. [PMID: 31950831 PMCID: PMC7307896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Garry P. Codling
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Toronto 12843, Canada
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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17
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Liu C, Zhou Z, Qin J, Li F, Yu C, Liu G, Huang H, Wu W. Influence of Titanium Species on the Ordered Mesoporous Structure of V‐Zr Catalysts for Naphthalene Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Juan Qin
- Productivity Center of Jiangsu Province Technology and Finance Service Center of Jiangsu Province Nanjing 210042 P. R. China
| | - Fanqing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Guang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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18
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Chen Q, Sun H, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Han Y. Environmentally Persistent Free Radical (EPFR) Formation by Visible-Light Illumination of the Organic Matter in Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10053-10061. [PMID: 31389239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A secondary process may be an important source of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particulates; yet, this process remains to be elucidated. This study demonstrated that secondary EPFRs could be generated by visible-light illumination of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), and their lifetimes were only 30 min to 1 day, which were much shorter than the lifetimes of the original EPFRs in PM. The yields of secondary EPFRs produced by PM could reach 15-60% of those of the original EPFRs. The extractable organic matter contributed to the formation of secondary EPFRs (∼55%), and a humic-like substance was the main precursor of the secondary EPFRs and was also the most productive precursor compared to the other aerosol components. The results of simulation experiments showed that the secondary EPFRs generated by the extractable and nonextractable PM components were similar to those produced by phenolic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. We have found that oxygen molecules play an important role in the photochemical generation and decay of EPFRs. The reactive oxygen capture experiments showed that the original EPFRs may contribute to singlet oxygen generation, while the secondary EPFRs generated by photoexcitation may not produce singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Yuemei Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
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19
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Zhao S, Gao P, Miao D, Wu L, Qian Y, Chen S, Sharma VK, Jia H. Formation and Evolution of Solvent-Extracted and Nonextractable Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10120-10130. [PMID: 31403286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging contaminants occurring in combustion-borne particulates and atmospheric particulate matter, but information on their formation and behavior on fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators is scarce. Here, we have found that MSW-associated fly ash samples contain an EPFR concentration of 3-10 × 1015 spins g-1, a line width (ΔHp-p) of ∼8.6 G, and a g-factor of 2.0032-2.0038. These EPFRs are proposed to be mixtures of carbon-centered and oxygen-centered free radicals. Fractionation of the fly ash-associated EPFRs into solvent-extracted and nonextractable radicals suggests that the solvent-extracted part accounts for ∼45-73% of the total amount of EPFRs. Spin densities of solvent-extracted EPFRs correlate positively with the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, and Zn, whereas similar correlations are comparatively insignificant for nonextractable EPFRs. Under natural conditions, these two types of EPFRs exhibit different stabilization that solvent-extracted EPFRs are relatively unstable, whereas the nonextractable fraction possesses a long life span. Significant correlations between concentrations of solvent-extracted EPFRs and generation of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are found. Overall, our results suggest that the fractionated solvent-extracted and nonextractable EPFRs may experience different formation and stabilization processes and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Duo Miao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Lan Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Yajie Qian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Shanping Chen
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 200232 , China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , China
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20
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Liu J, Li S, Zeng J, Mekic M, Yu Z, Zhou W, Loisel G, Gandolfo A, Song W, Wang X, Zhou Z, Herrmann H, Li X, Gligorovski S. Assessing indoor gas phase oxidation capacity through real-time measurements of HONO and NO x in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1393-1402. [PMID: 31322150 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00194h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is one of the most important oxidants controlling the oxidation capacity of the indoor atmosphere. One of the main OH sources indoors is the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO). In this study, real-time measurements of HONO, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) in an indoor environment in Guangzhou, China, were performed under two different conditions: (1) in the absence of any human activity and (2) in the presence of cooking. The maximum NOx and HONO levels drastically increased from 15 and 4 ppb in the absence of human activity to 135 and 40 ppb during the cooking event, respectively. The photon flux was determined for the sunlit room, which has a closed south-east oriented window. The photon flux was used to estimate the photolysis rate constants of NO2, J(NO2), and HONO, J(HONO), which span the range between 8 × 10-5 and 1.5 × 10-5 s-1 in the morning from 9:30 to 11:45, and 8.5 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-4 s-1 at noon, respectively. The OH concentrations calculated by photostationary state (PSS) approach, observed around noon, are very similar, i.e., 2.4 × 106 and 3.1 × 106 cm-3 in the absence of human activity and during cooking, respectively. These results suggest that under "high NOx" conditions (NOx higher than a few ppb) and with direct sunlight in the room, the NOx and HONO chemistry would be similar, independent of the geographic location of the indoor environment, which facilitates future modeling studies focused on indoor gas phase oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China.
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21
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Xiang J, Weschler CJ, Zhang J, Zhang L, Sun Z, Duan X, Zhang Y. Ozone in urban China: Impact on mortalities and approaches for establishing indoor guideline concentrations. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:604-615. [PMID: 31077433 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reducing indoor ozone levels may be an effective strategy to reduce total exposure and associated mortality. Here we estimate (a) premature mortalities attributable to ozone for China's urban population ≥25 years of age; (b) the fraction of total exposure occurring indoors; and (c) mortalities that can be potentially avoided through meeting current and more stringent indoor ozone standards/guidelines based on 1-hour daily maxima. To estimate ozone-attributable premature mortalities, we used hourly outdoor ozone concentrations measured at 1497 monitoring stations located in 339 Chinese cities and a published concentration-response model. We proceeded to estimate province-specific infiltration factors and co-occurring hourly indoor ozone concentrations. For the year 2015, we estimated that indoor exposures accounted for 59% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26%-79%) of the total ozone exposure that resulted in 70800 (95% CI: 35 900-137 700) premature all-cause mortalities in urban China. If the current Chinese indoor ozone standards (80 ppbv (160 µg/m3 ); 56 ppbv (112 µg/m3 )) were met, the mean estimates of reduction in mortalities would be indistinguishable from zero. With stricter 1-hour indoor ozone guidelines, the expected mortality reductions increase exponentially per unit decrease in indoor ozone. The analysis in this paper should help facilitate formulating present and future indoor ozone guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global and Environmental Health, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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22
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Ruan X, Sun Y, Du W, Tang Y, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Doherty W, Frost RL, Qian G, Tsang DCW. Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:457-468. [PMID: 30827730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to abundant biomass and eco-friendliness, biochar is exemplified as one of the most promising candidates to mediate the degradation of environmental contaminants. Recently, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been detected in biochars, which can activate S2O82- or H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species for effective degradation of organic and inorganic contaminants. Comprehending the formation mechanisms of EPFRs in biochars and their interactions with contaminants is indispensable to further develop their environmental applications, e.g., direct and indirect EPFR-mediated removal of organics/inorganics by biochars. With reference to the information of EPFRs in environmental matrices, this article critically reviews the formation mechanisms, characteristics, interactions, and environmental applications of EPFRs in biochars. Synthesis conditions and loading of metals/organics are considered as key parameters controlling their concentrations, types, and activities. This review provides new and important insights into the fate and emerging applications of surface-bound EPFRs in biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Ruan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weimeng Du
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuyuan Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - William Doherty
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Ray L Frost
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Jia H, Zhao S, Shi Y, Zhu K, Gao P, Zhu L. Mechanisms for light-driven evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals and photolytic degradation of PAHs on Fe(III)-montmorillonite surface. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:92-98. [PMID: 30236946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been widely detected in superfund sites and atmospheric particles contaminated with organic contaminants, but the impacts of environmental factors such as light irradiation on the formation and evolution of EPFRs remain unclear. In the present study, in-situ irradiated Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and electron paramagnetic resonance were applied to probe the formation mechanisms of EPFRs during photo-transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on montmorillonite surface. EPFRs were only detected on Fe(III)-montmorillonite containing PAHs with relatively high electron-donating ability, such as anthracene (ANT), but not in the systems of Fe(III)-montmorillonite spiked with phenanthrene or Na(I)-montmorillonite. The 1/e lifetime of the EPFRs was much shorter under light irradiation (5.49 h) than in dark (30.3 h), suggesting that light irradiation facilitated the transformation of EPFRs. On the one hand, light irradiation promoted direct electron transfer from ANT to the mineral surface, accelerating the formation of PAHs-type radical cations. On the other hand, light irradiation induced the generation of reactive oxygen species, which facilitated the transformation from radical cations to oxygenic EPFRs, which finally led to ANT degradation. This work clarified the underlying mechanisms for EPFRs generation and evolution on clay minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Song Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yafang Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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24
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Chen Q, Wang M, Sun H, Wang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu Z. Enhanced health risks from exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals and the oxidative stress of PM 2.5 from Asian dust storms in Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:260-268. [PMID: 30223202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Asian dust storms can increase the level of atmospheric pollution over regions downwind of dust storms and may have adverse health effects on residents along the sandstorm transmission route. This study was the first to report the concentration levels, properties and possible sources of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and oxidative potential in atmospheric PM2.5 at the three sites of Erenhot, Zhangbei, and Jinan along the transport route of Asian dust storms during the occurrence of Asian dust storms in the spring of 2016. Under non-sandstorm weather conditions, the average EPFR concentrations at the three sites were Zhangbei>Jinan>Erenhot, while the PM-induced oxidative potential levels were Erenhot>Jinan>Zhangbei. The PM2.5 concentration increased significantly during dust storm events, and the total atmospheric concentration of EPFRs (spins/m3) and total oxidation potential (a.u./m3) of PM2.5 simultaneously increased. However, the EPFR concentration in PM2.5 (spins/g) and the unit mass of the PM oxidation potential (a.u./g) were significantly reduced. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis combined with backward trajectory analysis and MODIS products showed that Asian dust storms can carry EPFRs over long distances. Correlation analysis showed that the atmospheric concentrations of EPFRs were positively correlated with elemental carbon (EC) for the Zhangbei and Jinan samples but were not significantly correlated with EC for the Erenhot samples, indicating that combustion may be an important source of EPFRs for the Zhangbei and Jinan samples. In contrast, the EPFRs in the Erenhot samples were more affected by dust/sand. The EPFR concentration levels showed a significant positive correlation with the oxidation potentials for the Erenhot and Zhangbei samples and showed negative correlations for the Jinan samples, suggesting that the EPFRs in the Erenhot and Zhangbei samples may provide an important contribution to the oxidative stress in PM2.5. In contrast, the oxidation potential for the Jinan samples was mainly caused by substances other than EPFRs. This study presents a basic understanding of the potential health effects of Asian dust storms, and this information can be used to assess the health risks of Asian dust storms in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yanguang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Xi'an 710054, China; Xi'an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhen Mu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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25
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Tong H, Lakey PSJ, Arangio AM, Socorro J, Shen F, Lucas K, Brune WH, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Reactive Oxygen Species Formed by Secondary Organic Aerosols in Water and Surrogate Lung Fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11642-11651. [PMID: 30234977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in adverse health effects of air pollutants. Respiratory deposition of fine air particulate matter can lead to the formation of ROS in epithelial lining fluid, potentially causing oxidative stress and inflammation. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a large fraction of fine particulate matter, but their role in adverse health effects is unclear. Here, we quantify and compare the ROS yields and oxidative potential of isoprene, β-pinene, and naphthalene SOA in water and surrogate lung fluid (SLF). In pure water, isoprene and β-pinene SOA were found to produce mainly OH and organic radicals, whereas naphthalene SOA produced mainly H2O2 and O2•-. The total molar yields of ROS of isoprene and β-pinene SOA were 11.8% and 8.2% in water and decreased to 8.5% and 5.2% in SLF, which can be attributed to ROS removal by lung antioxidants. A positive correlation between the total peroxide concentration and ROS yield suggests that organic (hydro)peroxides may play an important role in ROS formation from biogenic SOA. The total molar ROS yields of naphthalene SOA was 1.7% in water and increased to 11.3% in SLF. This strong increase is likely due to redox reaction cycles involving environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) or semiquinones, antioxidants, and oxygen, which may promote the formation of H2O2 and the adverse health effects of anthropogenic SOA from aromatic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Tong
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Joanna Socorro
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Fangxia Shen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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26
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Zgadzai O, Twig Y, Wolfson H, Ahmad R, Kuppusamy P, Blank A. Electron-Spin-Resonance Dipstick. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7830-7836. [PMID: 29856211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a powerful analytical technique used for the detection, quantification, and characterization of paramagnetic species ranging from stable organic free radicals and defects in crystals to gaseous oxygen. Traditionally, ESR requires the use of complex instrumentation, including a large magnet and a microwave resonator in which the sample is placed. Here, we present an alternative to the existing approach by inverting the typical measurement topology, namely placing the ESR magnet and resonator inside the sample rather than the other way around. This new development relies on a novel self-contained ESR sensor with a diameter of just 2 mm and length of 3.6 mm, which includes both a small permanent magnet assembly and a tiny (∼1 mm in size) resonator for spin excitation and detection at a frequency of ∼2.6 GHz. The spin sensitivity of the sensor has been measured to be ∼1011 spins/√Hz, and its concentration sensitivity is ∼0.1 mM, using reference samples with a measured volume of just ∼10 nL. Our new approach can be applied for monitoring the partial pressure of oxygen in vitro and in vivo through its paramagnetic interaction with another stable radical, as well as for simple online quantitative inspection of free radicals generated in reaction vessels and electrochemical cells via chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Zgadzai
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200008 , Israel
| | - Ygal Twig
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200008 , Israel
| | - Helen Wolfson
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200008 , Israel
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine , Dartmouth College , Lebanon , New Hampshire 03756 , United States
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200008 , Israel
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27
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Jia H, Zhao S, Shi Y, Zhu L, Wang C, Sharma VK. Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Modified Montmorillonite: The Role of Surface Metal Ions and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecular Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5725-5733. [PMID: 29658709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the transformation of PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene) on montmorillonite clays that are modified by transition-metal ions [Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), or Zn(II)] at room temperature (∼23 °C). The decay of these PAHs follows first-order kinetics, and the dependence of the observed rate constants ( kobs, day-1) on the presence of metal ions follows the order Fe(III) > Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II). The values of kobs show reasonable linear relationships with the oxidation potentials of the PAHs and the redox potentials of the metal ions. Notably, transformation of these PAHs results in the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are of major concern due to their adverse effects on human health. The potential energy surface (PES) calculations using density functional theory were performed to understand the trends in kobs and the plausible mechanisms for radical formation from the PAHs on modified clays. The yields and stability of these EPFRs from anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene on clay surfaces varies with both the parent PAH and the metal ion. The results demonstrated the potential role of metals in the formation and fate of PAH-induced EPFR at co-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Song Zhao
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Yafang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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28
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Wang D, Zhao L, Wang D, Yan L, Jing C, Zhang H, Guo LH, Tang N. Direct evidence for surface long-lived superoxide radicals photo-generated in TiO2 and other metal oxide suspensions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18978-18985. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface long-lived O2˙− were verified in photo-irradiated TiO2 suspensions by chemiluminescence and density functional theory calculations, which made great contribution to photocatalytic reactions, responsible for about 50% of reduction by TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Li Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
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29
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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30
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Wells JR, Schoemaecker C, Carslaw N, Waring MS, Ham JE, Nelissen I, Wolkoff P. Reactive indoor air chemistry and health-A workshop summary. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1222-1229. [PMID: 28964679 PMCID: PMC6388628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of indoor air changes due to the reactive nature of the indoor environment. Historically, only the stable parent compounds were investigated due to their ease of measurement by conventional methods. Today, however, scientists can better characterize oxidation products (gas and particulate-phase) formed by indoor chemistry. An understanding of occupant exposure can be developed through the investigation of indoor oxidants, the use of derivatization techniques, atmospheric pressure detection, the development of real-time technologies, and improved complex modeling techniques. Moreover, the connection between exposure and health effects is now receiving more attention from the research community. Nevertheless, a need still exists for improved understanding of the possible link between indoor air chemistry and observed acute or chronic health effects and long-term effects such as work-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wells
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - M S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Ham
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - P Wolkoff
- National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Zhou S, Yeung LWY, Forbes MW, Mabury S, Abbatt JPD. Epoxide formation from heterogeneous oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene with gas-phase ozone and indoor air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1292-1299. [PMID: 28848957 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of two classes of epoxide products from the heterogeneous reaction of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with gas-phase ozone was demonstrated. BaP was coated on a Pyrex glass tube and oxidized with different concentrations of ozone. After oxidation, the epoxide products were derivatized by N-acetylcystein (NAC) and then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show that in addition to mono-epoxides, diol-epoxides were also formed. BaP exposed to genuine indoor air also produces mono- and diol-epoxides, having similar chromatograms to those produced by oxidation of BaP by low concentrations of ozone. Although it is well recognized that diol-epoxides are formed from BaP oxidation in the human body and that they exhibit carcinogenicity via formation of adducts with DNA, this is the first demonstration that such classes of compounds can be formed by abiotic heterogeneous oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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