1
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Hwang YH, Lee JH, Um T, Lee H. 3D printing of monolithic gravity-assisted step-emulsification device for scalable production of high viscosity emulsion droplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 39324255 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology widely used in generating monodisperse emulsion droplets often suffers from complexity, scalability, applicability to practical fluids, as well as operation instability due to its susceptibility to flow perturbations, low clearance, and depletion of surfactants. Herein, we present a monolithic 3D-printed step-emulsification device (3D-PSD) for scalable and robust production of high viscosity emulsion droplets up to 208.16 mPa s, which cannot be fully addressed using conventional step-emulsification devices. By utilizing stereo-lithography (SLA), 24 triangular nozzles with a pair of 3D void flow distributors are integrated within the 3D-PSD to ensure uniform flow distribution followed by monodisperse droplet formation. The outlets positioned vertically downward enables gravity-assisted clearing to prevent droplet accumulation and thereby maintain size monodispersity. Deposition of silica nanoparticles (SiNP) within the device was also shown to alter the surface wettability from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, enabling the production of both water-in-oil (W/O) as well as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion droplets, operated at a maximum production rate of up to 50 mL h-1. The utility of the device is further verified through continuous production of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles using O/W emulsion as templates. We envision that the 3D-PSD presented in this work marks a significant leap in high-throughput production of high viscosity emulsion droplets as well as the particle analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ho Hwang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoong Um
- Mechatronics R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Malic L, Clime L, Moon BU, Nassif C, Da Fonte D, Brassard D, Lukic L, Geissler M, Morton K, Charlebois D, Veres T. Sample-to-answer centrifugal microfluidic droplet PCR platform for quantitation of viral load. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 39301752 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) stands out as a highly sensitive diagnostic technique that is gaining traction in infectious disease diagnostics due to its ability to quantitate very low numbers of viral gene copies. By partitioning the sample into thousands of droplets, ddPCR enables precise and absolute quantification without relying on a standard curve. However, current ddPCR systems often exhibit relatively low levels of integration, and the analytical process remains dependent on elaborate workflows for up-front sample preparation. Here, we introduce a fully-integrated system seamlessly combining viral lysis, RNA extraction, emulsification, reverse transcription (RT) ddPCR, and fluorescence readout in a sample-to-answer format. The system comprises a disposable microfluidic cartridge housing buffers and reagents required for the assay, and a centrifugal platform that allows for pneumatic actuation of liquids during rotation, enabling automation of the workflow. Highly monodisperse droplets (∼50 μm in diameter) are produced using centrifugal step emulsification and automatically transferred to an integrated heating module for target amplification. The platform is equipped with a miniature fluorescence imaging system enabling on-chip read-out of droplets after RT-ddPCR. We demonstrate sample-to-answer detection of SARS-CoV-2 N and E genes, along with RNase P endogenous reference, using hydrolysis probes and multiplexed amplification within single droplets for concentrations as low as 0.1 copy per μL. We also tested 14 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients and were able to distinguish positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 samples with 100% accuracy, surpassing results obtained by conventional real-time amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Malic
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 775 Rue University, Suite 316, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Liviu Clime
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Byeong-Ui Moon
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Christina Nassif
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dillon Da Fonte
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Brassard
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ljuboje Lukic
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith Morton
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis Charlebois
- Canadian Space Agency, 6767 Route de l'Aéroport, Saint-Hubert, QC, J3Y 8Y9, Canada
| | - Teodor Veres
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Applications of Fluidic Technologies (CRAFT) @ NRC and University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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3
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Peng K, Wu Z, Feng Z, Deng R, Ma X, Fan B, Liu H, Tang Z, Zhao Z, Li Y. A highly integrated digital PCR system with on-chip heating for accurate DNA quantitative analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 253:116167. [PMID: 38422813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is extensively used for highly sensitive disease diagnosis due to its single-molecule detection ability. However, current dPCR systems require intricate DNA sample distribution, rely on cumbersome external heaters, and exhibit sluggish thermal cycling, hampering efficiency and speed of the dPCR process. Herein, we presented the development of a microwell array based dPCR system featuring an integrated self-heating dPCR chip. By utilizing hydrodynamic and electrothermal simulations, the chip's structure is optimized, resulting in improved partitioning within microwells and uniform thermal distribution. Through strategic hydrophilic/hydrophobic modifications on the chip's surface, we effectively secured the compartmentalization of sample within the microwells by employing an overlaying oil phase, which renders homogeneity and independence of samples in the microwells. To achieve precise, stable, uniform, and rapid self-heating of the chip, the ITO heating layer and the temperature control algorithm are deliberately designed. With a capacity of 22,500 microwells that can be easily expanded, the system successfully quantified EGFR plasmid solutions, exhibiting a dynamic linear range of 105 and a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction. To further validate its performance, we employed the dPCR platform for quantitative detection of BCR-ABL1 mutation gene fragments, where its performance was compared against the QuantStudio 3D, and the self-heating dPCR system demonstrated similar analytical accuracy to the commercial dPCR system. Notably, the individual chip is produced on a semiconductor manufacturing line, benefiting from mass production capabilities, so the chips are cost-effective and conducive to widespread adoption and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Peng
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Zhongxin Feng
- Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ruijun Deng
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Xiangguo Ma
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Beiyuan Fan
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Haonan Liu
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Zhuzhu Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China.
| | - Yanzhao Li
- BOE Technology Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100176, PR China.
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4
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Ganguly R, Lee CS. A Poisson-Independent Approach to Precision Nucleic Acid Quantification in Microdroplets. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3441-3451. [PMID: 38658190 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Digital PCR (dPCR) has become indispensable in nucleic acid (NA) detection across various fields, including viral diagnostics and mutant detection. However, misclassification of partitions in dPCR can significantly impact accuracy. Despite existing methods to minimize misclassification bias, accurate classification remains elusive, especially for nonamplified target partitions. To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative microdroplet-based competitive PCR platform for nucleic acid quantification in microfluidic devices independent of Poisson statistics. In this approach, the target concentration (T) is determined from the concentration of competitor DNA (C) at the equivalence point (E.P.), where C/T is 1. Competitive PCR ensures that the ratio of target to competitor DNA remains constant during amplification, reflected in the resultant fluorescence intensity, allowing the quantification of target DNA concentration at the equivalence point. The unique amplification technique eliminates Poisson distribution, addressing misclassification challenges. Additionally, our approach reduces the need for post-PCR procedures and shortens analytical time. We envision this platform as versatile, reproducible, and easily adaptable for driving significant progress in molecular biology and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reya Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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5
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Xing Y, Wang Y, Li X, Pang S. Digital microfluidics methods for nucleic acid detection: A mini review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021501. [PMID: 38456173 PMCID: PMC10917463 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Many serious infectious diseases have occurred throughout human history. Rapid and accurate detection as well as the isolation of infected individuals, through nucleic acid testing, are effective means of containing the spread of these viruses. However, traditional nucleic acid testing methods rely on complex machines and specialized personnel, making it difficult to achieve large-scale, high-throughput, and rapid detection. In recent years, digital microfluidics has emerged as a promising technology that integrates various fields, including electrokinetics, acoustics, optics, magnetism, and mechanics. By leveraging the advantages of these different technologies, digital microfluidic chips offer several benefits, such as high detection throughput, integration of multiple functions, low reagent consumption, and portability. This rapid and efficient testing is crucial in the timely detection and isolation of infected individuals to prevent the virus spread. Another advantage is the low reagent consumption of digital microfluidic chips. Compared to traditional methods, these chips require smaller volumes of reagents, resulting in cost savings and reduced waste. Furthermore, digital microfluidic chips are portable and can be easily integrated into point-of-care testing devices. This enables testing to be conducted in remote or resource-limited areas, where access to complex laboratory equipment may be limited. Onsite testing reduces the time and cost associated with sample transportation. In conclusion, bioassay technologies based on digital microfluidic principles have the potential to significantly improve infectious disease detection and control. By enabling rapid, high-throughput, and portable testing, these technologies enhance our ability to contain the spread of infectious diseases and effectively manage public health outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqiang Xing
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong 518000, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangran Pang
- Jinzhong Normal Junior College, 189 Guang'an Street, Yuci District, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Julius L, Saeed MM, Kuijpers T, Sandu S, Henihan G, Dreo T, Schoen CD, Mishra R, Dunne NJ, Carthy E, Ducrée J, Kinahan DJ. Low-High-Low Rotationally Pulse-Actuated Serial Dissolvable Film Valves Applied to Solid Phase Extraction and LAMP Isothermal Amplification for Plant Pathogen Detection on a Lab-on-a-Disc. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3262-3275. [PMID: 38284094 PMCID: PMC10809376 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The ability of the centrifugal Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) platform to closely mimic the "on bench" liquid handling steps (laboratory unit operations (LUOs)) such as metering, mixing, and aliquoting supports on-disc automation of bioassay without the need for extensive biological optimization. Thus, well-established bioassays, normally conducted manually using pipettes or using liquid handling robots, can be relatively easily automated in self-contained microfluidic chips suitable for use in point-of-care or point-of-use settings. The LoaD's ease of automation is largely dependent on valves that can control liquid movement on the rotating disc. The optimum valving strategy for a true low-cost and portable device is rotationally actuated valves, which are actuated by changes in the disc spin-speed. However, due to tolerances in disc manufacturing and variations in reagent properties, most of these valving technologies have inherent variation in their actuation spin-speed. Most valves are actuated through stepped increases in disc spin-speed until the motor reaches its maximum speed (rarely more than 6000 rpm). These manufacturing tolerances combined with this "analogue" mechanism of valve actuation limits the number of LUOs that can be placed on-disc. In this work, we present a novel valving mechanism called low-high-low serial dissolvable film (DF) valves. In these valves, a DF membrane is placed in a dead-end pneumatic chamber. Below an actuation spin-speed, the trapped air prevents liquid wetting and dissolving the membrane. Above this spin-speed, the liquid will enter and wet the DF and open the valve. However, as DFs take ∼40 s to dissolve, the membrane can be wetted, and the disc spin-speed reduced before the film opens. Thus, by placing valves in a series, we can govern on which "digital pulse" in spin-speeding a reagent is released; a reservoir with one serial valve will open on the first pulse, a reservoir with two serial valves on the second, and so on. This "digital" flow control mechanism allows the automation of complex assays with high reliability. In this work, we first describe the operation of the valves, outline the theoretical basis for their operation, and support this analysis with an experiment. Next, we demonstrate how these valves can be used to automate the solid-phase extraction of DNA on on-disc LAMP amplification for applications in plant pathogen detection. The disc was successfully used to extract and detect, from a sample lysed off-disc, DNA indicating the presence of thermally inactivated Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm), a bacterial pathogen on tomato leaf samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes
AN Julius
- Fraunhofer
Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
- School
of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Muhammad Mubashar Saeed
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Centre
for Research Training in Machine Learning (ML-Laboratories), Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Tim Kuijpers
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sergei Sandu
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Henihan
- Fraunhofer
Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
- School
of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Tanja Dreo
- National
Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cor D Schoen
- Wageningen
University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit Mishra
- Fraunhofer
Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
- School
of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin Carthy
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School
of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - David J Kinahan
- National
Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- Biodesign
Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
- School
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 V209, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Yin W, Zhuang J, Li J, Xia L, Hu K, Yin J, Mu Y. Digital Recombinase Polymerase Amplification, Digital Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, and Digital CRISPR-Cas Assisted Assay: Current Status, Challenges, and Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303398. [PMID: 37612816 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Digital nucleic acid detection based on microfluidics technology can quantify the initial amount of nucleic acid in the sample with low equipment requirements and simple operations, which can be widely used in clinical and in vitro diagnosis. Recently, isothermal amplification technologies such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) assisted technologies have become a hot spot of attention and state-of-the-art digital nucleic acid chips have provided a powerful tool for these technologies. Herein, isothermal amplification technologies including RPA, LAMP, and CRISPR-Cas assisted methods, based on digital nucleic acid microfluidics chips recently, have been reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of digital isothermal amplification and possible strategies to address them are discussed. Finally, future directions of digital isothermal amplification technology, such as microfluidic chip and device manufacturing, multiplex detection, and one-pot detection, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianjian Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Li
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liping Xia
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kai Hu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- School of information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, P. R. China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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8
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Li J, Shang MY, Deng SL, Li M, Su N, Ren XD, Sun XG, Li WM, Li YW, Li RX, Huang Q, Lu WP. Development of a novel integrated isothermal amplification system for detection of bacteria-spiked blood samples. AMB Express 2023; 13:135. [PMID: 38019349 PMCID: PMC10686969 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by bacteria is highly pathogenic and lethal, and easily develops whole-body inflammatory state. Immediate identification of disease-causing bacteria can improve patient prognosis. Traditional testing methods are not only time-consuming, but such tests are limited to laboratories. Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) holds great promise for rapid nucleic acid detection, but the uncapping operation after amplification easily contaminates laboratories. Therefore, the establishment of a more effective integrated isothermal amplification system has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, we designed and fabricated a hermetically sealed integrated isothermal amplification system. Combining with this system, a set of RPA-LFD assays for detecting S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI were established and evaluated. The whole process could be completed in less than 15 min and the results can be visualized by the naked eye. The developed RPA-LFD assays displayed a good sensitivity, and no cross-reactivity was observed in seven similar bacterial genera. The results obtained with 60 clinical samples indicated that the developed RPA-LFD assays had high specifcity and sensitivity for identifying S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI. In conclusion, our results showed that the developed RPA-LFD assay is an alternative to existing PCR-based methods for detection of S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI in primary hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yun Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Li Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Ge Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Man Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Xu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
| | - Wei-Ping Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
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9
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Zhang N, Yue C, Zhan X, Cheng Z, Li C, Du Y, Tian F. Quantitative analysis of respiratory viruses based on lab-on-a-chip platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6561-6571. [PMID: 37682312 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of respiratory viruses is of great importance for rapid diagnosis, precision medicine, and prognosis. Several current quantitative analysis systems have been proposed and commercialized. Although they have been proven in trials, quantitative analyzes based on real samples are still complex, time-consuming, and expensive. Therefore, they are not able to directly quantify real samples. In this work, we presented a lab-on-a-chip platform combined with an automated control system to achieve quantitative analysis from samples to results. We developed a multilayer integrated chip to rapidly extract and quantify RNA of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pseudovirus from large-volume nasal swab samples. The dependence of the magnetic bead size and the interfacial effect was studied for the first time, and the conditions of immiscible filtration assisted by surface tension (IFAST) method for nucleic acid extraction were optimized to increase the nucleic acid recovery rate up to 85%. Inside the chip, a pneumatic valve was developed for automatic opening and closing of the liquid channel. The integrated chip platform and automatic control system presented here are advantageous for use in resource-limited settings (RLS). In addition, our method can be extended to other respiratory viruses and other sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China
| | - Chao Yue
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhan
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China
| | - Chao Li
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China
| | - Yaohua Du
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100166, China.
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10
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Zhang N, Li C, Dou X, Du Y, Tian F. Test Article for automation purposes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023; 53:1969-1989. [PMID: 37881955 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Digital recombinase polymerase amplification (dRPA) aims to quantify the initial amount of nucleic acid by dividing nucleic acid and all reagents required for the RPA reaction evenly into numerous individual reaction units, such as chambers or droplets. dRPA turns out to be a prominent technique for quantifying the absolute quantity of target nucleic acid because of its advantages including low equipment requirements, short time consumption, as well as high sensitivity and specificity. dRPA combined with microfluidics are recognized as simple, various, and high-throughput nucleic acid quantization systems. This paper classifies the microfluidic dRPA systems over the last decade. We analyze and summarize the vital technologies of various microfluidic dRPA systems (e.g., chip preparation process, segmentation principle, microfluidic control, and statistical analysis methods), and major efforts to address limitations (e.g., prevention of evaporation and contamination, accurate initiation, and reduction of manual operation). In addition, this paper summarizes key factors and potential constraints to the success of the microfluidic dRPA to help more researchers, and possible strategies to overcome the mentioned challenges. Lastly, actual suggestions and strategies are proposed for the subsequent development of microfluidic dRPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuechen Dou
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaohua Du
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
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11
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Lai YK, Kao YT, Hess JF, Calabrese S, von Stetten F, Paust N. Interfacing centrifugal microfluidics with linear-oriented 8-tube strips and multichannel pipettes for increased throughput of digital assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2623-2632. [PMID: 37158238 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00339f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a centrifugal microfluidic cartridge for the eight-fold parallel generation of monodisperse water-in-oil droplets using standard laboratory equipment. The key element is interfacing centrifugal microfluidics with its design based on polar coordinates to the linear structures of standard high-throughput laboratory automation. Centrifugal step emulsification is used to simultaneously generate droplets from eight samples directly into standard 200 μl PCR 8-tube strips. To ensure minimal manual liquid handling, the design of the inlets allows the user to load the samples and the oil via a standard multichannel pipette. Simulation-based design of the cartridge ensures that the performance is consistent in each droplet generation unit despite the varying radial positions that originate from the interface to the linear oriented PCR 8-tube strip and from the integration of linear oriented inlet holes for the multichannel pipettes. Within 10 minutes, sample volumes of 50 μl per droplet generation unit are emulsified at a fixed rotation speed of 960 rpm into 1.47 × 105 monodisperse droplets with a mean diameter of 86 μm. The overall coefficient of variation (CV) of the droplet diameter was below 4%. Feasibility is demonstrated by an exemplary digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay which showed high linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) across all of the eight tubes of the strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Lai
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Ting Kao
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Friedrich Hess
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Calabrese
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Paust
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Jiang L, Lan X, Ren L, Yang M, Wei B, Wang Y. Design of a Digital LAMP Detection Platform Based on Droplet Microfluidic Technology. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051077. [PMID: 37241700 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid and high-yield amplification technology for specific DNA or RNA molecules. In this study, we designed a digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (digital-LAMP)-functioning microfluidic chip to achieve higher sensitivity for detection of nucleic acids. The chip could generate droplets and collect them, based on which we could perform Digital-LAMP. The reaction only took 40 min at a constant temperature of 63 °C. The chip enabled highly accurate quantitative detection, with the limit of detection (LOD) down to 102 copies μL-1. For better performance while reducing the investment of money and time in chip structure iterations, we used COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate different droplet generation ways by including flow-focusing structure and T-junction structure. Moreover, the linear structure, serpentine structure, and spiral structure in the microfluidic chip were compared to study the fluid velocity and pressure distribution. The simulations provided a basis for chip structure design while facilitating chip structure optimization. The digital-LAMP-functioning chip proposed in the work provides a universal platform for analysis of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Jiang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Academy for Quantum Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianghao Lan
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Linjiao Ren
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Beijing Research Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100143, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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13
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Choi JW, Seo WH, Kang T, Kang T, Chung BG. Droplet digital recombinase polymerase amplification for multiplexed detection of human coronavirus. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2389-2398. [PMID: 37083004 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), detection technologies have been attracting a great deal of attention in molecular diagnosis applications. In particular, the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has become a promising tool as it offers absolute quantification of target nucleic acids with high specificity and sensitivity. In recent years, the combination of the isothermal amplification strategies has made ddPCR a popular method for on-site testing by enabling amplification at a constant temperature. However, the current isothermal ddPCR assays are still challenging due to inherent non-specific amplification. In this paper, we present a multiplexed droplet digital recombinase polymerase amplification (MddRPA) with precise initiation of the reaction. First, the reaction temperature and dynamic range of reverse transcription (RT) and RPA were characterized by real-time monitoring of fluorescence intensities. Using a droplet-based microfluidic chip, the master mix and the initiator were fractionated and rapidly mixed within well-confined droplets. Due to the high heat transfer and mass transfer of the droplets, the precise initiation of the amplification was enabled and the entire assay could be conducted within 30 min. The concentrations of target RNA in the range from 5 copies per μL to 2500 copies per μL could be detected with high linearity (R2 > 0.999). Furthermore, the multiplexed detection of three types of human coronaviruses was successfully demonstrated with high specificity (>96%). Finally, we compared the performance of the assay with a commercial RT-qPCR system using COVID-19 clinical samples. The MddRPA assay showed a 100% concordance with the RT-qPCR results, indicating its reliability and accuracy in detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids in clinical samples. Therefore, our MddRPA assay with rapid detection, precise quantification, and multiplexing capability would be an interesting method for molecular diagnosis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wook Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Won Ho Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Geun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Mishra R, Julius LA, Condon J, Pavelskopfa P, Early PL, Dorrian M, Mrvova K, Henihan G, Mangwanya F, Dreo T, Ducrée J, Macdonald NP, Schoen C, Kinahan DJ. Plant pathogen detection on a lab-on-a-disc using solid-phase extraction and isothermal nucleic acid amplification enabled by digital pulse-actuated dissolvable film valves. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1258:341070. [PMID: 37087288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of its ruggedness, portability, rapid processing times, and ease-of-use, academic and commercial interest in centrifugal microfluidic systems has soared over the last decade. A key advantage of the LoaD platform is the ability to automate laboratory unit operations (LUOs) (mixing, metering, washing etc.) to support direct translation of 'on-bench' assays to 'on-chip'. Additionally, the LoaD requires just a low-cost spindle motor rather than specialized and expensive microfluidic pumps. Furthermore, when flow control (valves) is implemented through purely rotational changes in this same spindle motor (rather than using additional support instrumentation), the LoaD offers the potential to be a truly portable, low-cost and accessible platform. Current rotationally controlled valves are typically opened by sequentially increasing the disc spin-rate to a specific opening frequency. However, due lack of manufacturing fidelity these specific opening frequencies are better described as spin frequency 'bands'. With low-cost motors typically having a maximum spin-rate of 6000 rpm (100 Hz), using this 'analogue' approach places a limitation on the number of valves, which can be serially actuated thus limiting the number of LUOs that can be automated. In this work, a novel flow control scheme is presented where the sequence of valve actuation is determined by architecture of the disc while its timing is governed by freely programmable 'digital' pulses in its spin profile. This paradigm shift to 'digital' flow control enables automation of multi-step assays with high reliability, with full temporal control, and with the number of LUOs theoretically only limited by available space on the disc. We first describe the operational principle of these valves followed by a demonstration of the capability of these valves to automate complex assays by screening tomato leaf samples against plant pathogens. Reagents and lysed sample are loaded on-disc and then, in a fully autonomous fashion using only spindle-motor control, the complete assay is automated. Amplification and fluorescent acquisition take place on a custom spin-stand enabling the generation of real-time LAMP amplification curves using custom software. To prevent environmental contamination, the entire discs are sealed from atmosphere following loading with internal venting channels permitting easy movement of liquids about the disc. The disc was successfully used to detect the presence of thermally inactivated Clavibacter michiganensis. Michiganensis (CMM) bacterial pathogen on tomato leaf samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mishra
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Lourdes An Julius
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jack Condon
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricija Pavelskopfa
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip L Early
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Dorrian
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katarina Mrvova
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Henihan
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faith Mangwanya
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tanya Dreo
- National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall P Macdonald
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cor Schoen
- Wageningen University Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David J Kinahan
- Fraunhofer Project Centre at Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland; National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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Xu D, Zhang W, Li H, Li N, Lin JM. Advances in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction on microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1258-1278. [PMID: 36752545 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The PCR technique has been known to the general public since the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. This technique has progressed through three stages: from simple PCR to real-time fluorescence PCR to digital PCR. Among them, the microfluidic-based droplet digital PCR technique has attracted much attention and has been widely applied due to its advantages of high throughput, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption, low cross-contamination, and absolute quantification ability. In this review, we introduce various designs of microfluidic-based ddPCR developed within the last decade. The microfluidic-based droplet generation methods, thermal cycle strategies, and signal counting approaches are described, and the applications in the fields of single-cell analysis, disease diagnosis, and pathogen detection are introduced. Further, the challenges and prospects of microfluidic-based ddPCR are discussed. We hope that this review can contribute to the further development of the microfluidic-based ddPCR technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), China.
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), China.
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16
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Fabrication of planar monolayer microreactor array for visual statistical analysis and droplet-based digital quantitative analysis in situ. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:627-637. [PMID: 36504285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planar monolayer microreactor arrays (PMMRAs) make droplet-based numerical measurements and statistical analysis cheap and easy. However, PMMRAs are typically produced in complex microfluidic devices and, moreover, still requires stringent control to reduce droplet loss during heating. In this paper, a simple, reliable, and flexible method for fabricating PMMRAs in a 96-well plate is described in detail by using simple materials and low-cost equipment. The partitioned droplets spontaneously assemble into PMMRAs in the plates, and this distribution is maintained even after incubation. This is advantageous for in situ analysis based on an individual droplet in droplet digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ddLAMP) and does not require the transfer of positive droplets. Precise and reproducible quantification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) extracts was executed in these PMMRAs to verify its availability. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only provides a flexible and controllable execution scheme for droplet-based nucleic acid quantification in resource-limited laboratories but also opens new perspectives for numerous analytical and biochemical applications using droplets as versatile plastic microreactors.
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17
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Cho Y, Kim J, Park J, Kim HS, Cho Y. Monodisperse Micro-Droplet Generation in Microfluidic Channel with Asymmetric Cross-Sectional Shape. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:223. [PMID: 36677284 PMCID: PMC9866528 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro-droplets are widely used in the fields of chemical and biological research, such as drug delivery, material synthesis, point-of-care diagnostics, and digital PCR. Droplet-based microfluidics has many advantages, such as small reagent consumption, fast reaction time, and independent control of each droplet. Therefore, various micro-droplet generation methods have been proposed, including T-junction breakup, capillary flow-focusing, planar flow-focusing, step emulsification, and high aspect (height-to-width) ratio confinement. In this study, we propose a microfluidic device for generating monodisperse micro-droplets, the microfluidic channel of which has an asymmetric cross-sectional shape and high hypotenuse-to-width ratio (HTWR). It was fabricated using basic MEMS processes, such as photolithography, anisotropic wet etching of Si, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding. Due to the geometric similarity of a Si channel and a PDMS mold, both of which were created through the anisotropic etching process of a single crystal Si, the microfluidic channel with the asymmetric cross-sectional shape and high HTWR was easily realized. The effects of HTWR of channels on the size and uniformity of generated micro-droplets were investigated. The monodisperse micro-droplets were generated as the HTWR of the asymmetric channel was over 3.5. In addition, it was found that the flow direction of the oil solution (continuous phase) affected the size of micro-droplets due to the asymmetric channel structures. Two kinds of monodisperse droplets with different sizes were successfully generated for a wider range of flow rates using the asymmetric channel structure in the developed microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseo Cho
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Park
- OJEong Resilience Institute (OJERI), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghak Cho
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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18
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Sieskind R, Cortajarena AL, Manteca A. Cell-Free Production Systems in Droplet Microfluidics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 185:91-127. [PMID: 37306704 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell-free production systems in droplet microfluidic devices has gained significant interest during the last decade. Encapsulating DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein expression systems in water-in-oil drops allows for the interrogation of unique molecules and high-throughput screening of libraries of industrial and biomedical interest. Furthermore, the use of such systems in closed compartments enables the evaluation of various properties of novel synthetic or minimal cells. In this chapter, we review the latest advances in the usage of the cell-free macromolecule production toolbox in droplets, with a special emphasis on new on-chip technologies for the amplification, transcription, expression, screening, and directed evolution of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Sieskind
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unité d'Architecture et de Dynamique des Macromolécules Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitor Manteca
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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19
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Ruan L, Su M, Qin X, Ruan Q, Lang W, Wu M, Chen Y, Lv Q. Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100394. [PMID: 36042853 PMCID: PMC9420381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained-release drug-loaded microspheres provide a long-acting sustained release, with targeted and other effects. There are many types of sustained-release drug microspheres and various preparation methods, and they are easy to operate. For these reasons, they have attracted widespread interest and are widely used in tissue engineering and other fields. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. First, we introduce this new type of drug delivery system (sustained-release drug carriers), describe the types of sustained-release drug microspheres, and summarize the characteristics of different microspheres. Second, we summarize the preparation methods of sustained-release drug microspheres and summarize the materials required for preparing microspheres. Third, various applications of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering are summarized. Finally, we summarize the shortcomings and discuss future prospects in the development of sustained-release drug microspheres. The purpose of this paper was to provide a further systematic understanding of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering for the personnel engaged in related fields and to provide inspiration and new ideas for studies in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Mengrong Su
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Xinyun Qin
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Qingting Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Wen Lang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Minhui Wu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin, 537000, China
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20
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Shen R, Lv A, Yi S, Wang P, Mak PI, Martins RP, Jia Y. Nucleic acid analysis on electrowetting-based digital microfluidics. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Hu WW, He JW, Guo SL, Li J. Development and evaluation of a rapid and sensitive multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification with a lateral flow dipstick assay for detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in spiked blood specimens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010201. [PMID: 36339332 PMCID: PMC9626983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to establish the multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification with a lateral flow dipstick (MIRA-LFD) assay and evaluate its performance in detection of A. baumannii in spiked blood specimens. Methods The study was divided into two stages: a pilot study to establish the methodology and a clinical validation study to evaluate its performance. In the first step, we designed primers specific to detect A. baumannii, optimized the MIRA-LFD assay and analyzed its performance regarding limits of detection, reproducibility, specificity, and efficiency of detection using real-time PCR method. In the second step, we obtained 50 spiked blood isolates and detected these pathogens by MIRA-LFD assay. The MIRA-LFD time was 15 min from DNA sample amplification to complete pathogen detection. Results The developed MIRA-LFD assay displayed a detection limit of 6 CFU/mL for detecting A. baumannii, which was significantly better than that of real-time PCR method, and no cross-reactivity was observed in other non-A. baumannii studied. The results obtained with 50 spiked blood isolates suggested that the developed MIRA-LFD assay had high specificity and sensitivity for identifying A. baumannii. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the established MIRA-LFD assay is time-saving, more effective and sensitive, which may become a powerful tool for rapid and reliable diagnosis of bloodstream infection caused by A. baumannii in primary hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Liang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Li, ; Shu-Liang Guo,
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Li, ; Shu-Liang Guo,
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22
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Ren Y, Cao L, You M, Ji J, Gong Y, Ren H, Xu F, Guo H, Hu J, Li Z. “SMART” digital nucleic acid amplification technologies for lung cancer monitoring from early to advanced stages. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Curtin K, Fike BJ, Binkley B, Godary T, Li P. Recent Advances in Digital Biosensing Technology. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090673. [PMID: 36140058 PMCID: PMC9496261 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Digital biosensing assays demonstrate remarkable advantages over conventional biosensing systems because of their ability to achieve single-molecule detection and absolute quantification. Unlike traditional low-abundance biomarking screening, digital-based biosensing systems reduce sample volumes significantly to the fL-nL level, which vastly reduces overall reagent consumption, improves reaction time and throughput, and enables high sensitivity and single target detection. This review presents the current technology for compartmentalizing reactions and their applications in detecting proteins and nucleic acids. We also analyze existing challenges and future opportunities associated with digital biosensing and research opportunities for developing integrated digital biosensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Curtin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Bethany J. Fike
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Brandi Binkley
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Toktam Godary
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Yu Z, Xu L, Lyu W, Shen F. Parallel multistep digital analysis SlipChip demonstrated with the quantification of nucleic acid by digital LAMP-CRISPR. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2954-2961. [PMID: 35696983 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital biological analysis compartmentalizes targets of interest, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and cells, to a single event level and performs detection and further investigation. Microfluidic-based digital biological analysis methods, including digital PCR, digital protein analysis, and digital cell analysis, have demonstrated superior advantages in research applications and clinical diagnostics. However, most of the methods are still based on a one-step "divide and detect" strategy, and it is challenging for these methods to perform further parallel manipulation of reaction partitions to achieve "divide, manipulate, and analyze" capabilities. Here, we present a parallel multistep digital analysis (PAMDA) SlipChip for the parallel multistep manipulation of a large number of droplets for digital biological analysis, demonstrated by the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids by a two-step digital isothermal amplification combined with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). This PAMDA SlipChip utilizes a "chain-of-pearl" channel with a self-partitioning droplet formation mechanism that does not require the precise alignment of microfeatures for fluidic loading as the traditional SlipChip design. This device can first generate 2400 3.2 nanoliter droplets to perform digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and then deliver reagents containing Cas12a protein and crRNA to each individual partition in parallel to simultaneously initiate digital CRISPR detection by a simple multistep slipping operation. This PAMDA SlipChip not only provides a promising tool to perform digital CRISPR with a flexible assay and workflow design but can also be applied for a broad range of applications in digital biological analysis that require multistep manipulation of partitions in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- MineBio Technology LLC, 333 Gui Ping Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Weiyuan Lyu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Feng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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25
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Cui JQ, Liu FX, Park H, Chan KW, Leung T, Tang BZ, Yao S. Droplet digital recombinase polymerase amplification (ddRPA) reaction unlocking via picoinjection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:114019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Gowda HN, Kido H, Wu X, Shoval O, Lee A, Lorenzana A, Madou M, Hoffmann M, Jiang SC. Development of a proof-of-concept microfluidic portable pathogen analysis system for water quality monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152556. [PMID: 34952082 PMCID: PMC8837627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide, especially in developing communities. The monitoring and rapid detection of microbial pathogens in water is critical for public health protection. This study reports the development of a proof-of-concept portable pathogen analysis system (PPAS) that can detect bacteria in water with the potential application in a point-of-sample collection setting. A centrifugal microfluidic platform is adopted to integrate bacterial cell lysis in water samples, nucleic acid extraction, and reagent mixing with a droplet digital loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for bacteria quantification onto a single centrifugal disc (CD). Coupled with a portable "CD Driver" capable of automating the assay steps, the CD functions as a single step bacterial detection "lab" without the need to transfer samples from vial-to-vial as in a traditional laboratory. The prototype system can detect Enterococcus faecalis, a common fecal indicator bacterium, in water samples with a single touch of a start button within 1 h and having total hands-on-time being less than 5 min. An add-on bacterial concentration cup prefilled with absorbent polymer beads was designed to integrate with the pathogen CD to improve the downstream quantification sensitivity. All reagents and amplified products are contained within the single-use disc, reducing the opportunity of cross contamination of other samples by the amplification products. This proof-of-concept PPAS lays the foundation for field testing devices in areas needing more accessible water quality monitoring tools and are at higher risk for being exposed to contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsa N Gowda
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Horacio Kido
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Xunyi Wu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Oren Shoval
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Adrienne Lee
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Albert Lorenzana
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Marc Madou
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sunny C Jiang
- Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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27
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Zhang N, Li C, Dou X, Du Y, Tian F. Overview and Future Perspectives of Microfluidic Digital Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (dRPA). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 52:1969-1989. [PMID: 35201910 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Digital recombinase polymerase amplification (dRPA) aims to quantify the initial amount of nucleic acid by dividing nucleic acid and all reagents required for the RPA reaction evenly into numerous individual reaction units, such as chambers or droplets. dRPA turns out to be a prominent technique for quantifying the absolute quantity of target nucleic acid because of its advantages including low equipment requirements, short time consumption, as well as high sensitivity and specificity. dRPA combined with microfluidics are recognized as simple, various, and high-throughput nucleic acid quantization systems. This paper classifies the microfluidic dRPA systems over the last decade. We analyze and summarize the vital technologies of various microfluidic dRPA systems (e.g., chip preparation process, segmentation principle, microfluidic control, and statistical analysis methods), and major efforts to address limitations (e.g., prevention of evaporation and contamination, accurate initiation, and reduction of manual operation). In addition, this paper summarizes key factors and potential constraints to the success of the microfluidic dRPA to help more researchers, and possible strategies to overcome the mentioned challenges. Lastly, actual suggestions and strategies are proposed for the subsequent development of microfluidic dRPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuechen Dou
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaohua Du
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, China
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28
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Wei C, Yu C, Li S, Meng J, Li T, Cheng J, Pan F, Li J. Easy-to-Operate Co-flow Step Emulsification Device for Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3939-3947. [PMID: 35200004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) plays important roles in the detection and quantification of nucleic acid targets, while there still remain challenges including high cost, complex operation, and low integration of the instrumental system. Here, in this work, a novel microfluidic chip based on co-flow step emulsification is proposed for droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), which can achieve droplet generation, droplet array self-assembly, PCR amplification, and fluorescence detection on a single device. With the combination of single-layer lithography and punching operation, a step microstructure was constructed and it served as the key element to develop a Laplace pressure gradient at the Rayleigh-Plateau instability interface so as to achieve droplet generation. It is demonstrated that the fabrication of step microstructure is low cost, easy-to-operate, and reliable. In addition, the single droplet volume can be adjusted flexibly due to the co-flow design; thus, the ddPCR chip can get an ultrahigh upper limit of quantification to deal with DNA templates with high concentrations. Furthermore, the volume fraction of the resulting droplets in this ddPCR chip can be up to 72% and it results in closely spaced droplet arrays, makes the best of CCD camera for fluorescence detections, and is beneficial for the minimization of a ddPCR system. The quantitative capability of the ddPCR chip was evaluated by measuring template DNA at concentrations from 20 to 50 000 copies/μL. Owing to the characteristics of low cost, easy operation, excellent quantitative capability, and minimization, the proposed ddPCR chip meets the requirements of DNA molecule quantification and is expected to be applied in the point-of-care testing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chengzhuang Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiyu Meng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China
| | - Jingmeng Cheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Science and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.,Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Langfang 065000, China
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29
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Advances in improvement strategies of digital nucleic acid amplification for pathogen detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Hatori MN, Modavi C, Xu P, Weisgerber D, Abate AR. Dual-layered hydrogels allow complete genome recovery with nucleic acid cytometry. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100483. [PMID: 35088927 PMCID: PMC9208836 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeting specific cells for sequencing is important for applications in cancer, microbiology, and infectious disease. Nucleic acid cytometry is a powerful approach for accomplishing this because it allows specific cells to be isolated based on sequence biomarkers that are otherwise impossible to detect. However, existing methods require specialized microfluidic devices, limiting adoption. Here, we describe a modified workflow that uses particle-templated emulsification and flow cytometry to conduct the essential steps of cell detection and sorting normally accomplished by microfluidics. Our microfluidic-free workflow allows facile isolation and sequencing of cells, viruses, and nucleic acids and thus provides a powerful enrichment approach for targeted sequencing applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko N Hatori
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Cyrus Modavi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Weisgerber
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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31
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Low Cost, Easily-Assembled Centrifugal Buoyancy-Based Emulsification and Digital PCR. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020171. [PMID: 35208296 PMCID: PMC8924881 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based droplet generation approaches require the design of microfluidic chips and a precise lithography process, which require skilled technicians and a long manufacturing time. Here we developed a centrifugal buoyancy-based emulsification (CBbE) method for producing droplets with high efficiency and minimal fabrication time. Our approach is to fabricate a droplet generation module that can be easily assembled using syringe needles and PCR tubes. With this module and a common centrifuge, high-throughput droplet generation with controllable droplet size could be realized in a few minutes. Experiments showed that the droplet diameter depended mainly on centrifugal speed, and droplets with controllable diameter from 206 to 158 μm could be generated under a centrifugal acceleration range from 14 to 171.9 g. Excellent droplet uniformity was achieved (CV < 3%) when centrifugal acceleration was greater than 108 g. We performed digital PCR tests through the CBbE approach and demonstrated that this cost-effective method not only eliminates the usage of complex microfluidic devices and control systems but also greatly suppresses the loss of materials and cross-contamination. CBbE-enabled droplet generation combines both easiness and robustness, and breaks the technical challenges by using conventional lab equipment and supplies.
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32
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Recombinase polymerase amplification integrated with microfluidics for nucleic acid testing at point of care. Talanta 2022; 240:123209. [PMID: 35026642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) implemented on a portable, miniaturized, and integrated device with rapid and sensitive results readout is highly demanded for pathogen detection or genetic screening at resource-limited settings, especially after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The integration of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with emerging microfluidics, classified by paper-based microfluidics and chip-based microfluidics, shows great potential to perform laboratory independent NAT assays at point of care with minimal labor, time and energy consumption. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of RPA integrated with paper-based microfluidics and chip-based microfluidics, and discusses their pros and cons. Finally, existing challenges and possible ways for optimization of microfluidics-based RPA are proposed.
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33
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Lin L, Wu T, Zhao Z, Ying B, Chang L. A finger-driven disposable micro-platform based on isothermal amplification for the application of multiplexed and point-of-care diagnosis of tuberculosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113663. [PMID: 34610534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the high-risk infectious pathogen that caused global pandemic and high mortality, particularly in the areas lack in health resources. Clinical TB screening and diagnosis are so far mainly conducted on limited types of commercial platforms, which are expensive and require skilled personnel. In this work, we introduced a low-cost and portable finger-driven microfluidic chip (named Fd-MC) based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for rapid on-site detection of TB. After injection of the pre-treated sample solution, the pre-packaged buffer was driven by the pressure generated by the finger-actuated operation to accomplish sequential processes of diagnosis in a fully isolated microchannel. An in-situ fluorescence strategy based on FAM-probe was implemented for on-chip results read-out though a hand-held UV lamp. Hence, the Fd-MC proved unique advantageous for avoiding the risk of infection or environmental contamination. In addition, the Fd-MC was designed for multiplexed detection, which is able to not only identify TB/non-TB infection, but also differentiate between human Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. The platform was verified in 37 clinical samples, statistically with 100% specificity and 95.2% sensitivity as compared to commercial real-time RPA. Overall, the proposed platform eliminates the need on external pumps and skilled personnel, holding promise to POC testing in the resource-limited area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Long Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest Minzu University), Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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34
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Ducrée J. Systematic review of centrifugal valving based on digital twin modeling towards highly integrated lab-on-a-disc systems. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:104. [PMID: 34987859 PMCID: PMC8677742 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current, application-driven trends towards larger-scale integration (LSI) of microfluidic systems for comprehensive assay automation and multiplexing pose significant technological and economical challenges to developers. By virtue of their intrinsic capability for powerful sample preparation, centrifugal systems have attracted significant interest in academia and business since the early 1990s. This review models common, rotationally controlled valving schemes at the heart of such "Lab-on-a-Disc" (LoaD) platforms to predict critical spin rates and reliability of flow control which mainly depend on geometries, location and liquid volumes to be processed, and their experimental tolerances. In absence of larger-scale manufacturing facilities during product development, the method presented here facilitates efficient simulation tools for virtual prototyping and characterization and algorithmic design optimization according to key performance metrics. This virtual in silico approach thus significantly accelerates, de-risks and lowers costs along the critical advancement from idea, layout, fluidic testing, bioanalytical validation, and scale-up to commercial mass manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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35
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Chen Z, Lv Z, Zhang Z, Weitz DA, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Cui W. Advanced microfluidic devices for fabricating multi-structural hydrogel microsphere. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210036. [PMID: 37323691 PMCID: PMC10191056 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel microspheres are a novel functional material, arousing much attention in various fields. Microfluidics, a technology that controls and manipulates fluids at the micron scale, has emerged as a promising method for fabricating hydrogel microspheres due to its ability to generate uniform microspheres with controlled geometry. With the development of microfluidic devices, more complicated hydrogel microspheres with multiple structures can be constructed. This review presents an overview of advances in microfluidics for designing and engineering hydrogel microspheres. It starts with an introduction to the features of hydrogel microspheres and microfluidic techniques, followed by a discussion of material selection for fabricating microfluidic devices. Then the progress of microfluidic devices for single-component and composite hydrogel microspheres is described, and the method for optimizing microfluidic devices is also given. Finally, this review discusses the key research directions and applications of microfluidics for hydrogel microsphere in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Chen
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Zhendong Lv
- Department of Spine SurgeryRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - David A. Weitz
- Department of Physics and Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryÅbo Akademi University and Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of Spine SurgeryRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
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36
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Liu Z, Liu X, Jiang S, Zhu C, Ma Y, Fu T. Effects on droplet generation in step-emulsification microfluidic devices. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Cui X, Hu T, Chen Q, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Xie T, Liu P, Su X, Li G. A facile and rapid route to self-digitization of samples into a high density microwell array for digital bioassays. Talanta 2021; 233:122589. [PMID: 34215079 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Digital bioassays are powerful methods to detect rare analytes from complex mixtures and study the temporal processes of individual entities within biological systems. In digital bioassays, a crucial first step is the discretization of samples into a large number of identical independent partitions. Here, we developed a rapid and facile sample partitioning method for versatile digital bioassays. This method is based on a detachable self-digitization (DSD) chip which couples a reversible assembly configuration and a predegassing-based self-pumping mechanism to achieve an easy, fast, and large-scale sample partitioning. The DSD chip consists of a channel layer used for loading the sample and a microwell layer used for holding the sample partitions. Benefitting from its detachability, the chip avoids a lengthy oil flushing process used to remove the excess sample in loading channels and can compartmentalize a sample into more than 100,000 wells of picoliter volume with densities up to 14,000 wells/cm2 in less than 30 s. We also demonstrated the utility of the proposed method by applying it to digital PCR and digital microbial assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tianbao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Fluid Measurement and Simulation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tengbao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Pengyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xi Su
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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38
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Design Optimization of Centrifugal Microfluidic “Lab-on-a-Disc” Systems towards Fluidic Larger-Scale Integration. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the degree of functional multiplexing while assuring operational reliability and manufacturability at competitive costs are crucial ingredients for enabling comprehensive sample-to-answer automation, e.g., for use in common, decentralized “Point-of-Care” or “Point-of-Use” scenarios. This paper demonstrates a model-based “digital twin” approach, which efficiently supports the algorithmic design optimization of exemplary centrifugo-pneumatic (CP) dissolvable-film (DF) siphon valves toward larger-scale integration (LSI) of well-established “Lab-on-a-Disc” (LoaD) systems. Obviously, the spatial footprint of the valves and their upstream laboratory unit operations (LUOs) have to fit, at a given radial position prescribed by its occurrence in the assay protocol, into the locally accessible disc space. At the same time, the retention rate of a rotationally actuated CP-DF siphon valve and, most challengingly, its band width related to unavoidable tolerances of experimental input parameters need to slot into a defined interval of the practically allowed frequency envelope. To accomplish particular design goals, a set of parametrized metrics is defined, which are to be met within their practical boundaries while (numerically) minimizing the band width in the frequency domain. While each LSI scenario needs to be addressed individually on the basis of the digital twin, a suite of qualitative design rules and instructive showcases structures are presented.
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39
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Li X, Zhao X, Yang W, Xu F, Chen B, Peng J, Huang J, Mi S. Stretch-driven microfluidic chip for nucleic acid detection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3559-3568. [PMID: 34042175 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis is an essential means to detect pathogens. The portable nucleic acid detection chip has excellent prospects in places where medical resources are scarce, and it is also of research interest in the field of microfluidic chips. Here, the article developed a new type of microfluidic chip for nucleic acid detection where stretching acts as the driving force. The sample entered the chip by applying capillary force. The strain valve was opened under the action of tensile force, and the spring pump generated the power to drive the fluid to flow to the detection chamber in a specific direction. The detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was realized on the chip. The RT-LAMP amplification system was adopted to observe the liquid color in the detection chamber to decide whether the sample tested positive or negative qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihao Yang
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bailiang Chen
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiwei Peng
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
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40
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Jiang M, Liao P, Sun Y, Shao X, Chen Z, Fei P, Wang J, Huang Y. Rotational scan digital LAMP for accurate quantitation of nucleic acids. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2265-2271. [PMID: 33908545 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Digital quantitation of nucleic acids is precise and sensitive because of its molecular-level resolution. However, only several quantitation formats are common, especially pertaining to how one obtains digital signals from multiple droplets. Here we present rotational scan digital loop-mediated amplification, termed RS-dLAMP. Droplets generated by centrifugation undergo isothermal loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), and self-tile by gravitation into a tubular space between two coaxial cylinders, which are then rotated and scanned to acquire droplet fluorescence signals. RS-dLAMP is quantitatively comparable to commercial digital PCR, yet has higher throughput. Moreover, by sealing the sample throughout analysis, RS-dLAMP eliminates contamination, facilitating point-of-care diagnosis and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China. and Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyu Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China. and Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Shao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zitian Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China. and Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China. and Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China and Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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41
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Del Giudice F, D'Avino G, Maffettone PL. Microfluidic formation of crystal-like structures. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2069-2094. [PMID: 34002182 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00144b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crystal-like structures find application in several fields ranging from biomedical engineering to material science. For instance, droplet crystals are critical for high throughput assays and material synthesis, while particle crystals are important for particles and cell encapsulation, Drop-seq technologies, and single-cell analysis. Formation of crystal-like structures relies entirely on the possibility of manipulating with great accuracy the micrometer-size objects forming the crystal. In this context, microfluidic devices offer versatile tools for the precise manipulation of droplets and particles, thus enabling fabrication of crystal-like structures that form due to hydrodynamic interactions among droplets or particles. In this review, we aim at providing an holistic representation of crystal-like structure formation mediated by hydrodynamic interactions in microfluidic devices. We also discuss the physical origin of these hydrodynamic interactions and their relation to parameters such as device geometry, fluid properties, and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Giudice
- System and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Gaetano D'Avino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pier Luca Maffettone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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42
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Tan YL, Huang AQ, Tang LJ, Jiang JH. Multiplexed droplet loop-mediated isothermal amplification with scorpion-shaped probes and fluorescence microscopic counting for digital quantification of virus RNAs. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8445-8451. [PMID: 34221326 PMCID: PMC8221175 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive digital nucleic acid techniques are of great significance for the prevention and control of epidemic diseases. Here we report the development of multiplexed droplet loop-mediated isothermal amplification (multiplexed dLAMP) with scorpion-shaped probes (SPs) and fluorescence microscopic counting for simultaneous quantification of multiple targets. A set of target-specific fluorescence-activable SPs are designed, which allows establishment of a novel multiplexed LAMP strategy for simultaneous detection of multiple cDNA targets. The digital multiplexed LAMP assay is thus developed by implementing the LAMP reaction using a droplet microfluidic chip coupled to a droplet counting microwell chip. The droplet counting system allows rapid and accurate counting of the numbers of total droplets and the positive droplets by collecting multi-color fluorescence images of the droplets in a microwell. The multiplexed dLAMP assay was successfully demonstrated for the quantification of HCV and HIV cDNA with high precision and detection limits as low as 4 copies per reaction. We also verified its potential for simultaneous digital assay of HCV and HIV RNA in clinical plasma samples. This multiplexed dLAMP technique can afford a useful platform for highly sensitive and specific detection of nucleic acids of viruses and other pathogens, enabling rapid diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases. The development of multiplexed dLAMP with scorpion-shaped probes and fluorescence microscopic counting affords simultaneous digital quantification of multiple virus RNAs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China +86-731-88822577 +86-731-88822872
| | - A-Qian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China +86-731-88822577 +86-731-88822872
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China +86-731-88822577 +86-731-88822872
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China +86-731-88822577 +86-731-88822872
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43
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Wu X, Tay JK, Goh CK, Chan C, Lee YH, Springs SL, Wang DY, Loh KS, Lu TK, Yu H. Digital CRISPR-based method for the rapid detection and absolute quantification of nucleic acids. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120876. [PMID: 34034027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostics of adventitious agents in biopharmaceutical/cell manufacturing release testing and the fight against viral infection have become critical. Quantitative real-time PCR and CRISPR-based methods rapidly detect DNA/RNA in 1 h but suffer from inter-site variability. Absolute quantification of DNA/RNA by methods such as digital PCR reduce this variability but are currently too slow for wider application. Here, we report a RApid DIgital Crispr Approach (RADICA) for absolute quantification of nucleic acids in 40-60 min. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a proof-of-concept target, RADICA allows for absolute quantification with a linear dynamic range of 0.6-2027 copies/μL (R2 value > 0.99), high accuracy and low variability, no cross-reactivity to similar targets, and high tolerance to human background DNA. RADICA's versatility is validated against other targets such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from human B cells and patients' serum. RADICA can accurately detect and absolutely quantify EBV DNA with similar dynamic range of 0.5-2100 copies/μL (R2 value > 0.98) in 1 h without thermal cycling, providing a 4-fold faster alternative to digital PCR-based detection. RADICA therefore enables rapid and sensitive absolute quantification of nucleic acids which can be widely applied across clinical, research, and biomanufacturing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore
| | - Joshua K Tay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Keng Goh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Chan
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore; Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Hanry Yu
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31, Biopolis Way, 138669, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Physiology & the Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, 117593, Singapore.
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44
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Khater A, Abdelrehim O, Mohammadi M, Mohamad A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Thermal droplet microfluidics: From biology to cooling technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Zhang P, Kaushik AM, Mach KE, Hsieh K, Liao JC, Wang TH. Facile syringe filter-enabled bacteria separation, enrichment, and buffer exchange for clinical isolation-free digital detection and characterization of bacterial pathogens in urine. Analyst 2021; 146:2475-2483. [PMID: 33899069 PMCID: PMC10697054 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of accelerated methods for pathogen identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for infectious diseases is necessary to facilitate evidence-based antibiotic therapy and reduce clinical overreliance on broad-spectrum antibiotics. Towards this end, droplet-based microfluidics has unlocked remarkably rapid diagnostic assays with single-cell and single-molecule resolution. Yet, droplet platforms invariably rely on testing purified bacterial samples that have been clinically isolated after lengthy (>16 h) plating. While plating-based clinical isolation is important for enriching and separating out bacteria from background in clinical samples and also facilitating buffer exchange, it creates a diagnostic bottleneck that ultimately precludes droplet-based methods from achieving significantly accelerated times-to-result. To alleviate this bottleneck, we have developed facile syringe filter-enabled strategies for bacterial separation, enrichment, and buffer exchange from urine samples. By selecting appropriately sized filter membranes, we separated bacterial cells from background particulates in urine samples and achieved up to 91% bacterial recovery after such 1-step filtration. When interfaced with droplet-based detection of bacterial cells, 1-step filtration improved the limit of detection for bacterial ID and quantification by over an order of magnitude. We also developed a facile buffer exchange strategy to prepare bacteria in urine samples for droplet-based AST that achieved up to 10-fold bacterial enrichment during buffer exchange. Our filtration strategies, can be easily integrated into droplet workflows, enable clinical isolation-free sample-to-answer ID and AST, and significantly accelerate the turnaround of standard infectious disease diagnostic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Aniruddha M Kaushik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen E Mach
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Zhu Y, Li J, Lin X, Huang X, Hoffmann MR. Single-Cell Phenotypic Analysis and Digital Molecular Detection Linkable by a Hydrogel Bead-Based Platform. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2664-2674. [PMID: 33763633 PMCID: PMC7976597 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell heterogeneity, such as antibiotic heteroresistance and cancer cell heterogeneity, has been increasingly observed. To probe the underlying molecular mechanisms in the dynamically changing heterogeneous cells, a high throughput platform is urgently needed to establish single cell genotype-phenotype correlations. Herein, we report a platform combining single-cell viability phenotypic analysis with digital molecular detection for bacterial cells. The platform utilizes polyethylene glycol hydrogel that cross-links through a thiol-Michael addition, which is biocompatible, fast, and spontaneous. To generate uniform nanoliter-sized hydrogel beads (Gelbeads), we developed a convenient and disposable device made of needles and microcentrifuge tubes. Gelbead-based single cell viability and molecular detection assays were established. Enhanced thermal stability and uncompromised efficiency were achieved for digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) within the Gelbeads. Reagent exchange for in situ PCR following viability phenotypic analyses was demonstrated. The combined analyses may address the genotypic differences between cellular subpopulations exhibiting distinct phenotypes. The platform promises unique perspectives in mechanism elucidation of environment-evolution interaction that may be extended to other cell types for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Zhu
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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47
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Park J, Lee KG, Han DH, Lee JS, Lee SJ, Park JK. Pushbutton-activated microfluidic dropenser for droplet digital PCR. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113159. [PMID: 33773218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a portable microfluidic device to generate and dispense droplets simply operated by pushbutton for droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), which is named pushbutton-activated microfluidic dropenser (droplet dispenser) (PAMD). After loading the PCR mixtures and the droplet generation oil to PAMD, digitized PCR mixtures are prepared in PCR tubes after the actuation of a pushbutton. Multiple droplet generation units are simultaneously operated by a single pushbutton, and the size of droplets is controllable by adjusting the geometry of the droplet generation channel. To examine the performance of PAMD, digitized PCR mixtures containing genomic DNA of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 prepared by PAMD were assessed by a fluorescence signal analyzer after PCR with a thermal cycler. As a result, PAMD can produce analytical droplets for ddPCR as much as a conventional droplet generator even though any external equipment is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung G Lee
- Nanobio Application Team, National Nanofab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Han
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Lee
- TNS Co., Ltd., Daehak-ro 76 Beonan-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34183, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jae Lee
- Nanobio Application Team, National Nanofab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Zhao S, Zhang Z, Hu F, Wu J, Peng N. Massive droplet generation for digital PCR via a smart step emulsification chip integrated in a reaction tube. Analyst 2021; 146:1559-1568. [PMID: 33533355 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Step emulsification (SE) devices coupled with parallel generation nozzles are widely used in the production of large-scale monodisperse droplets, especially for droplet-based digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) analysis. Although current ddPCR systems based on the SE method can provide a fully enclosed ddPCR scheme, high demands on chip fabrication and system control will increase testing costs and reduce its flexibility in ddPCR analysis. In this study, a compact SE device, integrating a smart SE chip into a reaction tube, was developed to prepare large-scale water-in-fluorinated-oil droplets for ddPCR analysis. The SE chip contained dozens of droplet-generation nozzles. By adjusting the nozzle height of the SE chip, monodisperse droplets in a picolitre to nanolitre vloume could be prepared at a production rate of tens to hundreds of microlitres per minute. Subsequently, we utilized such an integrated SE device to prepare monodisperse droplets for ddPCR experiments. The volume of PCR reagent and the number of droplets could be flexibly adjusted according to the requirements of the ddPCR analysis. The quantitative results showed that emulsions prepared by the SE device could achieve ddPCR detection with high accuracy, good repeatability, and an adaptive dynamic range, which also demonstrated the robustness and reliability of such devices in the droplet preparation. Thus, this compact SE device provides an inexpensive, flexible, and simplified droplet preparation method for digital PCR quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
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49
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Schulz M, Ruediger J, Landmann E, Bakheit M, Frischmann S, Rassler D, Homann AR, von Stetten F, Zengerle R, Paust N. High Dynamic Range Digital Assay Enabled by Dual-Volume Centrifugal Step Emulsification. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2854-2860. [PMID: 33481582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We implement dual-volume centrifugal step emulsification on a single chip to extend the dynamic range of digital assays. Compared to published single-volume approaches, the range between the lower detection limit (LDL) and the upper limit of quantification (ULQ) increases by two orders of magnitude. In comparison to existing multivolume approaches, the dual-volume centrifugal step emulsification requires neither complex manufacturing nor specialized equipment. Sample metering into two subvolumes, droplet generation, and alignment of the droplets in two separate monolayers are performed automatically by microfluidic design. Digital quantification is demonstrated by exemplary droplet digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ddLAMP). Within 5 min, the reaction mix is split into subvolumes of 10.5 and 2.5 μL, and 2,5k and 176k droplets are generated with diameters of 31.6 ± 1.4 and 213.9 ± 7.5 μm, respectively. After 30 min of incubation, quantification over 5 log steps is demonstrated with a linearity of R2 ≥ 0.992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Ruediger
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emelie Landmann
- Mast Diagnostica GmbH, Feldstraße 20, 23858 Reinfeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniela Rassler
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana R Homann
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Paust
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Liu Z, Duan C, Jiang S, Zhu C, Ma Y, Fu T. Microfluidic step emulsification techniques based on spontaneous transformation mechanism: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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