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Woern K, Poddel'sky AI, Mayer A, Schrenk C, Schnepf A, Klementyeva SV. A Series of Cyclopentadienyl Lanthanum Complexes with Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38984981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of cyclopentadienyllanthanum complexes with the disilylated metalloid germanium cluster [Ge9(Hyp)2]2- [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3] has been prepared and fully characterized. The synthetic procedure is based on the salt metathesis reaction of two different cyclopentadienyllanthanum diiodides CpLaI2 (Cp: Cp*, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; Cpttt, 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) with K2[Ge9(Hyp)2] in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a subsequent extraction with n-hexane. The composition of the obtained compounds and the mode of coordination of the germanium cluster to the rare-earth metal are strongly influenced by the steric demand of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and the crystallization conditions. The centrosymmetric dimeric compounds with the common formula [CpLa(solv)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)]2 [1, Cp = Cp*, solv-THF; 2, Cp = Cpttt, solv-NCCH2C(Me)NSiMe3] have been isolated by the slow evaporation of a n-hexane solution, while a mononuclear complex [CptttLa(THF)2(η3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (4) was found by crystallization from THF. The repeated recrystallization of 1 from n-hexane afforded the asymmetric dimer [Cp*La(THF)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)][Cp*La(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (3) with only one coordinated THF molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Woern
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrey I Poddel'sky
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svetlana V Klementyeva
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Gransbury GK, Réant BLL, Wooles AJ, Emerson-King J, Chilton NF, Liddle ST, Mills DP. Electronic structure comparisons of isostructural early d- and f-block metal(iii) bis(cyclopentadienyl) silanide complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:621-634. [PMID: 36741509 PMCID: PMC9847655 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of the U(iii) bis(cyclopentadienyl) hypersilanide complex [U(Cp'')2{Si(SiMe3)3}] (Cp'' = {C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3}), together with isostructural lanthanide and group 4 M(iii) homologues, in order to meaningfully compare metal-silicon bonding between early d- and f-block metals. All complexes were characterised by a combination of NMR, EPR, UV-vis-NIR and ATR-IR spectroscopies, single crystal X-ray diffraction, SQUID magnetometry, elemental analysis and ab initio calculations. We find that for the [M(Cp'')2{Si(SiMe3)3}] (M = Ti, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, U) series the unique anisotropy axis is conserved tangential to ; this is governed by the hypersilanide ligand for the d-block complexes to give easy plane anisotropy, whereas the easy axis is fixed by the two Cp'' ligands in f-block congeners. This divergence is attributed to hypersilanide acting as a strong σ-donor and weak π-acceptor with the d-block metals, whilst f-block metals show predominantly electrostatic bonding with weaker π-components. We make qualitative comparisons on the strength of covalency to derive the ordering Zr > Ti ≫ U > Nd ≈ Ce ≈ La in these complexes, using a combination of analytical techniques. The greater covalency of 5f3 U(iii) vs. 4f3 Nd(iii) is found by comparison of their EPR and electronic absorption spectra and magnetic measurements, with calculations indicating that uranium 5f orbitals have weak π-bonding interactions with both the silanide and Cp'' ligands, in addition to weak δ-antibonding with Cp''.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma K Gransbury
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Benjamin L L Réant
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jack Emerson-King
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David P Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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3
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Corner SC, Goodwin CAP, Ortu F, Evans P, Zhang H, Gransbury GK, Whitehead GFS, Mills DP. Synthesis of heteroleptic yttrium and dysprosium 1,2,4-tris(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl complexes. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Goodwin CAP, Janicke MT, Scott BL, Gaunt AJ. [AnI 3(THF) 4] (An = Np, Pu) Preparation Bypassing An 0 Metal Precursors: Access to Np 3+/Pu 3+ Nonaqueous and Organometallic Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20680-20696. [PMID: 34854294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct comparison of homologous molecules provides a foundation from which to elucidate both subtle and patent changes in reactivity patterns, redox processes, and bonding properties across a series of elements. While trivalent molecular U chemistry is richly developed, analogous Np or Pu research has long been hindered by synthetic routes often requiring scarcely available metallic-phase source material, high-temperature solid-state reactions producing poorly soluble binary halides, or the use of pyrophoric reagents. The development of routes to nonaqueous Np3+/Pu3+ from widely available precursors can potentially transform the scope and pace of research into actinide periodicity. Here, aqueous stocks of An4+ (An = Np, Pu) are dehydrated to well-defined [AnCl4(DME)2] (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane), and then a single-step halide exchange/reduction employing Me3SiI produces [AnI3(THF)4] (THF = tetrahydrofuran) in a high to nearly quantitative crystalline yield (with I2 and Me3SiCl as easily removed byproducts). We demonstrate the synthetic utility of these An-iodide molecules, prepared by metal0-free routes, through characterization of archetypal complexes including the tris-silylamide, [Np{N(SiMe3)2}3], and bent metallocenes, [An(C5Me5)2(I)(THF)] (An = Np, Pu)─chosen because both motifs are ubiquitous in Th, U, and lanthanide research. The synthesis of [Np{N(Se═PPh2)2}3] is also reported, completing an isomorphous series that now extends from U to Am and is the first characterized Np3+-Se bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A P Goodwin
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael T Janicke
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian L Scott
- Materials Physics & Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew J Gaunt
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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5
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Gu D, Yi C, Ren W. Lanthanocene and Cerocene Alkyl Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity Studies. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9260-9269. [PMID: 31247831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanocene and cerocene alkyl complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2) (Ln = La 3 and Ce 4) were obtained from the salt metathesis of {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ3-κ3-O3SCF3)2K(THF)2}2·THF (Ln = La 1·THF and Ce 2·THF) with LiCH2C6H4-o-NMe2. Reactivity of 3 and 4 toward various small molecules provides access to a series of lanthanide derivatives. For example, reactions of 3 and 4 with elemental chalcogens (sulfur and selenium) in 1:1 molar ratio give the lanthanide thiolates {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ-SCH2C6H4-o-NMe2)}2 (Ln = La 5 and Ce 6) and selenolates {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ-SeCH2C6H4-o-NMe2)}2 (Ln = La 7 and Ce 8). The compounds 3 and 4 react with two equivalents of elemental chalcogens (sulfur and selenium) to afford the lanthanide disulfides {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln}2(μ-η2:η2-S2) (Ln = La 9 and Ce 10) and diselenides {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln}2(μ-η2:η2-Se2) (Ln = La 11 and Ce 12). The lanthanide disulfides (9 and 10) or diselenides (11 and 12) can also be readily obtained through oxidation of the corresponding lanthanide thiolates (5 and 6) or selenolates (7 and 8) by elemental chalcogens concomitant with the (Me2N-o-C6H4CH2)2E2 (E = S or Se) release. Treatment of 3 and 4 with one equivalent or two equivalents of benzonitrile produces the serendipitous lanthanum and cerium-1-azaallyl complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[N(H)C(Ph)═CHC6H4-o-NMe2] (Ln = La 13 and Ce 14) or amidine complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[N(H)C(Ph)NC(Ph)═CHC6H4-o-NMe2]·C7H8 (Ln = La 15·C7H8 and Ce 16·C7H8), respectively. The compound 15 or 16 can also be readily synthesized by further insertion of one benzonitrile molecule into the 1-azaallyl complex 13 or 14. Insertion of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or phenyl isothiocyanate into Ln-C bonds within 3 and 4 results in the formation of the amidine complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[CyNC(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)NCy] (Cy = cyclohexyl, Ln = La 17 and Ce 18) or thioamidato complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[SC(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)NPh] (Ln = La 19 and Ce 20). All of the new compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, and their solid-state structures were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defa Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Chengkun Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Wenshan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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6
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Synthesis and structural characterization of lanthanum and cerium substituted cyclopentadienyl borohydride complexes. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Xémard M, Goudy V, Braun A, Tricoire M, Cordier M, Ricard L, Castro L, Louyriac E, Kefalidis CE, Clavaguéra C, Maron L, Nocton G. Reductive Disproportionation of CO2 with Bulky Divalent Samarium Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Xémard
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Violaine Goudy
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Augustin Braun
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Maxime Tricoire
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Louis Ricard
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Castro
- LPCNO,
UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Louyriac
- LPCNO,
UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Carine Clavaguéra
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO,
UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM,
CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de
Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
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8
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Windorff CJ, Dumas MT, Ziller JW, Gaunt AJ, Kozimor SA, Evans WJ. Small-Scale Metal-Based Syntheses of Lanthanide Iodide, Amide, and Cyclopentadienyl Complexes as Analogues for Transuranic Reactions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11981-11989. [PMID: 28915015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale reactions of the Pu analogues La, Ce, and Nd have been explored in order to optimize reaction conditions for milligram scale reactions of radioactive plutonium starting from the metal. Oxidation of these lanthanide metals with iodine in ether and pyridine has been studied, and LnI3(Et2O)x (1-Ln; x = 0.75-1.9) and LnI3(py)4 (2-Ln; py = pyridine, NC5H5) have been synthesized on scales ranging from 15 mg to 2 g. The THF adducts LnI3(THF)4 (3-Ln) were synthesized by dissolving 1-Ln in THF. The viability of these small-scale samples as starting materials for amide and cyclopentadienyl f-element complexes was tested by reacting KN(SiMe3)2, KCp' (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3), KCp'' (Cp'' = C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3), and KC5Me4H with 1-Ln generated in situ. These reactions produced Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (4-Ln), Cp'3Ln (5-Ln), Cp″3Ln (6-Ln), and (C5Me4H)3Ln (7-Ln), respectively. Small-scale samples of Cp'3Ce (5-Ce) and Cp'3Nd (5-Nd) were reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand to check the viability of generating the crystallographically characterizable Ln2+ complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'3Ln] (8-Ln; Ln = Ce, Nd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Windorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Megan T Dumas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew J Gaunt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Schneider D, Anwander R. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl‐Supported Cerocene(III) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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10
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Ortu F, Liu J, Burton M, Fowler JM, Formanuik A, Boulon ME, Chilton NF, Mills DP. Analysis of Lanthanide-Radical Magnetic Interactions in Ce(III) 2,2′-Bipyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2496-2505. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Matthew Burton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jonathan M. Fowler
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Alasdair Formanuik
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David P. Mills
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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11
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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