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De France K, Zeng Z, Wu T, Nyström G. Functional Materials from Nanocellulose: Utilizing Structure-Property Relationships in Bottom-Up Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000657. [PMID: 32267033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is inherently challenging to recapitulate the precise hierarchical architectures found throughout nature (such as in wood, antler, bone, and silk) using synthetic bottom-up fabrication strategies. However, as a renewable and naturally sourced nanoscale building block, nanocellulose-both cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils-has gained significant research interest within this area. Altogether, the intrinsic shape anisotropy, surface charge/chemistry, and mechanical/rheological properties are some of the critical material properties leading to advanced structure-based functionality within nanocellulose-based bottom-up fabricated materials. Herein, the organization of nanocellulose into biomimetic-aligned, porous, and fibrous materials through a variety of fabrication techniques is presented. Moreover, sophisticated material structuring arising from both the alignment of nanocellulose and via specific process-induced methods is covered. In particular, design rules based on the underlying fundamental properties of nanocellulose are established and discussed as related to their influence on material assembly and resulting structure/function. Finally, key advancements and critical challenges within the field are highlighted, paving the way for the fabrication of truly advanced materials from nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhihui Zeng
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Tingting Wu
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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2
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Walters CM, Adair KR, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Synthesis of Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites and their Use as Heterogeneous Catalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Walters
- Department of Chemistry University of British 2036 Main Mall BC V6T 1Z1 Vancouver Columbia Canada
| | - Keegan R. Adair
- Department of Chemistry University of British 2036 Main Mall BC V6T 1Z1 Vancouver Columbia Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence FPInnovations 2665 East Mall BC V6T 1Z4 Vancouver Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry University of British 2036 Main Mall BC V6T 1Z1 Vancouver Columbia Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall BC V6T 1Z4 Vancouver Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University 9201192 Kanazawa Japan
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3
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Yang N, Ji X, Sun J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Fu Y, Li H, Qin M, Yuan Z. Photonic actuators with predefined shapes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10088-10096. [PMID: 31089649 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02294e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Developing actuators with multi-responsibility, large deformation, and predefined shapes is critical for the application of actuators in the field of artificial intelligence. Herein, we report the preparation of a new type of unimorph actuators containing phenol-formaldelyde resin (PFR) and graphene oxide (GO) using the chiral nematic structure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the template. The so-obtained PFR/GO films have a unimorph structure with an asymmetric distribution of GO across the film. They exhibit synchronous responses of both photonic properties and actuation to humidifying/dehumidifying. Moreover, PFR/GO films can be forged into desired shapes by aldehyde treatment, and thereby are able to produce complex movements. In addition, the objects with predetermined shapes show good shape recovery capability upon many wetting-drying cycles, especially through the treatment with formaldehyde. A mechanism model for shape predetermination by aldehyde treatment is suggested based on experimental details. By further designing the predetermined shapes and patterns, such PFR/GO actuators may hold great promise for smart actuation devices of highly complex movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Qinghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
| | - Hongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China.
| | - Menghua Qin
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Taishan University, 271021, Taian, China
| | - Zaiwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China.
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4
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Limo MJ, Sola-Rabada A, Boix E, Thota V, Westcott ZC, Puddu V, Perry CC. Interactions between Metal Oxides and Biomolecules: from Fundamental Understanding to Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11118-11193. [PMID: 30362737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-oxide (MO)-based bioinorganic nanocomposites promise unique structures, physicochemical properties, and novel biochemical functionalities, and within the past decade, investment in research on materials such as ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and GeO2 has significantly increased. Besides traditional approaches, the synthesis, shaping, structural patterning, and postprocessing chemical functionalization of the materials surface is inspired by strategies which mimic processes in nature. Would such materials deliver new technologies? Answering this question requires the merging of historical knowledge and current research from different fields of science. Practically, we need an effective defragmentation of the research area. From our perspective, the superficial accounting of material properties, chemistry of the surfaces, and the behavior of biomolecules next to such surfaces is a problem. This is particularly of concern when we wish to bridge between technologies in vitro and biotechnologies in vivo. Further, besides the potential practical technological efficiency and advantages such materials might exhibit, we have to consider the wider long-term implications of material stability and toxicity. In this contribution, we present a critical review of recent advances in the chemistry and engineering of MO-based biocomposites, highlighting the role of interactions at the interface and the techniques by which these can be studied. At the end of the article, we outline the challenges which hamper progress in research and extrapolate to developing and promising directions including additive manufacturing and synthetic biology that could benefit from molecular level understanding of interactions occurring between inanimate (abiotic) and living (biotic) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Limo
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Interface and Surface Analysis Centre, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sola-Rabada
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Estefania Boix
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Thota
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Zayd C Westcott
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Puddu
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Carole C Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
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Almeida APC, Canejo JP, Fernandes SN, Echeverria C, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Cellulose-Based Biomimetics and Their Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703655. [PMID: 29333680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature has been producing cellulose since long before man walked the surface of the earth. Millions of years of natural design and testing have resulted in cellulose-based structures that are an inspiration for the production of synthetic materials based on cellulose with properties that can mimic natural designs, functions, and properties. Here, five sections describe cellulose-based materials with characteristics that are inspired by gratings that exist on the petals of the plants, structurally colored materials, helical filaments produced by plants, water-responsive materials in plants, and environmental stimuli-responsive tissues found in insects and plants. The synthetic cellulose-based materials described herein are in the form of fibers and films. Fascinating multifunctional materials are prepared from cellulose-based liquid crystals and from composite cellulosic materials that combine functionality with structural performance. Future and recent applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P C Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João P Canejo
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Coro Echeverria
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Física, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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6
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Lizundia E, Goikuria U, Vilas JL, Cristofaro F, Bruni G, Fortunati E, Armentano I, Visai L, Torre L. Metal Nanoparticles Embedded in Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Films: Material Properties and Post-use Analysis. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2618-2628. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Bilbao Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Research Group, Deptartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- BC Materials, Basque
Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Uribarri Goikuria
- Macromolecular Chemistry Research Group, Deptartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas
- Macromolecular Chemistry Research Group, Deptartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- BC Materials, Basque
Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A., IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Fortunati
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A., IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
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7
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Xu YT, Dai Y, Nguyen TD, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Aerogel materials with periodic structures imprinted with cellulose nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3805-3812. [PMID: 29412210 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel aerogel materials with periodic structures derived from chiral nematic liquid crystalline cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are reported. The liquid crystalline structure of phase-separated CNCs is locked by a simple solvent exchange method or silica condensation. Both cellulose and silica/cellulose aerogel materials were obtained after critical point drying, and subsequent calcination of the silica/cellulose composite afforded a silica aerogel with periodic order. Gas adsorption and electron microscopy studies revealed that these materials have high surface areas and a unique chiral nematic structure imparted from the helicoidal CNC template. This is a new, scalable approach to aerogel materials with highly anisotropic structures. The high porosity and periodic, chiral features of these new materials may make them suitable for applications that require anisotropic properties or as hard templates for the construction of other ordered aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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8
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Magnetic cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites for the development of green functional materials. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:425-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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McLeod JA, Zhao J, Yang L, Liu Y, Liu L. Structural evolution of reduced GeO x nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3182-3191. [PMID: 28083591 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GeOx nanoparticles (NPs) are of growing interest in lithium storage and optoelectronics. GeOx NPs prepared by chemical reduction, exposed to air or retained under N2, then annealed under H2 at various temperatures are studied herein using soft X-ray spectroscopy. We find that fresh and air-exposed GeOx NPs evolve rather differently under annealing. The fresh GeOx NPs start as a very amorphous heterogeneous mixture of GeOx and Ge, and during annealing both the valence band and conduction band edges evolve. In contrast, the air-exposed GeOx NPs initially contain quartz-phase GeO2, and during annealing only the conduction band edge evolves due to increased oxygen vacancies forming unoccupied defect states (the valence band does not change until annealing at high temperture, at which point almost all of the GeO2 is removed). These findings suggest a preparation and annealing strategy that could be used to tailor GeOx NPs for their intended use in lithium storage or optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McLeod
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Jia Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Linju Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Lijia Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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10
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Cardoso L, Cacciaguerra T, Gaveau P, Heux L, Belamie E, Alonso B. Synthesis of textured polysaccharide–silica nanocomposites: a comparison between cellulose and chitin nanorod precursors. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00191f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Through a straightforward sol–gel procedure, two polysaccharide (cellulose and chitin) nanorods can be used to elaborate textured hybrid nanocomposites and mesoporous silica-based materials whose textural properties are defined by the nanorod dimensions and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cardoso
- ICGM-MACS
- UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier
- 8 rue de l'Ecole normale
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Thomas Cacciaguerra
- ICGM-MACS
- UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier
- 8 rue de l'Ecole normale
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Philippe Gaveau
- ICGM-MACS
- UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier
- 8 rue de l'Ecole normale
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Laurent Heux
- CERMAV
- UPR 5301 CNRS
- BP 53
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Emmanuel Belamie
- ICGM-MACS
- UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier
- 8 rue de l'Ecole normale
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Bruno Alonso
- ICGM-MACS
- UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier
- 8 rue de l'Ecole normale
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
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De France KJ, Yager KG, Hoare T, Cranston ED. Cooperative Ordering and Kinetics of Cellulose Nanocrystal Alignment in a Magnetic Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7564-71. [PMID: 27407001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are emerging nanomaterials that form chiral nematic liquid crystals above a critical concentration (C*) and additionally orient within electromagnetic fields. The control over CNC alignment is significant for materials processing and end use; to date, magnetic alignment has been demonstrated using only strong fields over extended or arbitrary time scales. This work investigates the effects of comparatively weak magnetic fields (0-1.2 T) and CNC concentration (1.65-8.25 wt %) on the kinetics and degree of CNC ordering using small-angle X-ray scattering. Interparticle spacing, correlation length, and orientation order parameters (η and S) increased with time and field strength following a sigmoidal profile. In a 1.2 T magnetic field for CNC suspensions above C*, partial alignment occurred in under 2 min followed by slower cooperative ordering to achieve nearly perfect alignment in under 200 min (S = -0.499 where S = -0.5 indicates perfect antialignment). At 0.56 T, nearly perfect alignment was also achieved, yet the ordering was 36% slower. Outside of a magnetic field, the order parameter plateaued at 52% alignment (S = -0.26) after 5 h, showcasing the drastic effects of relatively weak magnetic fields on CNC alignment. For suspensions below C*, no magnetic alignment was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J De France
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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