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Cruz H, Jordão N, Santiago S, Gago S, Villabona M, Hernando J, Guirado G, Branco LC. Photo‐electrochromic salt composed by viologen cation and diarylethene anion derivatives. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cruz
- Departamento de Química LAQV‐REQUIMTE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal
| | - Noemi Jordão
- Departamento de Química LAQV‐REQUIMTE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal
| | - Sara Santiago
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Sandra Gago
- Departamento de Química LAQV‐REQUIMTE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal
| | - Marc Villabona
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Luís C. Branco
- Departamento de Química LAQV‐REQUIMTE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal
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Laschuk NO, Ebralidze II, Easton EB, Zenkina OV. Post-Synthetic Color Tuning of the Ultra-Effective and Highly Stable Surface-Confined Electrochromic Monolayer: Shades of Green for Camouflage Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39573-39583. [PMID: 34378920 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the strategy for the preparation of a series of electrochromic (EC) materials in green shades designed for camouflage purposes. This top-down post-synthetic modification provides access to new EC materials by fine modulation of the color of the surface-confined metalorganic monolayer pre-deposited on indium tin oxide screen-printed supports. Selective on-surface N-quaternization of the outer pyridine unit of the EC metal complex covalently embedded onto an enhanced surface area electrode results in a bathochromic shift of the absorbance signal as well as visual color change from blue to different shades of green. When assembled into solid-state EC devices (ECDs), the materials demonstrate high color differences between colored and bleached states and significant differences in optical density. Upon electrochemical switching, the ECDs initially featuring different shades of green become yellowish or clay. The accessible gamut of colors, fulfilling the requirements for chameleon-like camouflage materials, is able to mimic conditions of various natural environments including forests and sands. Notably, ECDs demonstrate high long-term durability (95% retention of the performance after 3300 cycles), fast coloration (0.6-1.1 s), and bleaching (1.2-3.3 s) times and outstanding coloration efficiencies of 1018-1513 cm2/C. Importantly, post-synthetic N-quaternization/color tuning does not deteriorate the performance of the resulting EC materials and devices as judged by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This work adds to the limited number of reports that explore color tuning of EC molecular layers via on-surface modification with the aim to access new non-symmetric materials. Notably, the facile and straightforward technology presented here allows the creation of green-colored EC materials that are difficult to prepare in other ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia O Laschuk
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Iraklii I Ebralidze
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - E Bradley Easton
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Olena V Zenkina
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech. University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa L1G 0C5, Canada
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In YR, Kim YM, Lee Y, Choi WY, Kim SH, Lee SW, Moon HC. Ultra-Low Power Electrochromic Heat Shutters Through Tailoring Diffusion-Controlled Behaviors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30635-30642. [PMID: 32519836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose low power consumption, all-in-one type electrochromic devices (ECDs) for effective heat shutters. Considering diffusion-controlled device operation, polymeric viologens (poly-viologens) are synthesized to lower the diffusivity of EC chromophores and to minimize self-bleaching. In comparison with devices based on mono-viologens corresponding to the monomer of poly-viologens, poly-viologen-containing ECDs exhibit advantages of lower coloration voltage (ca, -0.55 V) and higher coloration/bleaching cyclic stability (>1500 cycles). In particular, poly-viologen ECDs show remarkably reduced self-bleaching as designed, resulting in extremely low power consumption (∼8.3 μW/cm2) to maintain the colored state. Moreover, we successfully demonstrate solar heat shutters that suppress the increment of indoor temperature by taking the advantage of low-power operation and near-IR absorption of the colored poly-viologen-based ECDs. Overall, these results imply that the control of the diffusivity of EC chromophores is an effective methodology for achieving single-layered, low-power electrochemical heat shutters that can save indoor cooling energy when applied as smart windows for buildings or vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ryeong In
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Saielli G, Satoh K. A coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals: the effect of stoichiometry on the stability of the ionic nematic phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20327-20337. [PMID: 31495845 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated, by means of molecular dynamics simulations, the phase behaviour of mixtures of charged ellipsoidal Gay-Berne (GB) particles and spherical Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles, as a coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). The anisotropic GB particles represent cations usually found in ILCs, for example, pyridinium or bipyridinium salts, while the spherical LJ particles are taken as a model of anions like common halides, hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate. Here we have focused our attention on the effect of the stoichiometry of the system (that is, the GB : LJ ratio n : m in the salt formula [GB]n[LJ]m) on the stability and thermal range of the ionic liquid crystal phases formed, with special attention to the ionic nematic phase. To isolate the stoichiometry effect, a comparison of four different systems with GB : LJ ratios of 1 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 is made by keeping the packing fraction and the charge of the minor component fixed. Our results suggest a way to improve the stability of the ionic nematic phase by enhancing the anisotropic van der Waals interaction compared to the Coulomb interaction, and by increasing the proportion of anisotropic particles in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Unit of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Cruz H, Jordão N, Dionísio M, Pina F, Branco LC. Intrinsically Electrochromic Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cruz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-NOVA) 2829-516 Caparica Portuga
| | - Noémi Jordão
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-NOVA) 2829-516 Caparica Portuga
| | - Madalena Dionísio
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-NOVA) 2829-516 Caparica Portuga
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-NOVA) 2829-516 Caparica Portuga
| | - Luís C. Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-NOVA) 2829-516 Caparica Portuga
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Li S, Saielli G, Wang Y. Aggregation behavior of dihexadecylviologen bistriflimide ionic liquid crystal in different solvents: influence of polarity and concentration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22730-22738. [PMID: 30137072 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03055c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of 1,1'-dihexadecyl-4,4'-bipyridinium di[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] salt, also known as dihexadecylviologen bistriflimide, in deuterated acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform (CDCl3), respectively, were investigated by the combination of 1H and DOSY NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations and MD simulation to understand the influence of solvent polarity and solute concentration (10-5-10-1 M) on its aggregation behavior. We found that the polar solvent acetonitrile (ACN) does not favor ion aggregation and cluster formation. In the whole range of concentrations investigated, the system appears to be dominated by neutral ion pairs composed of one cation and two anions, possibly in fast equilibrium (on the NMR time scale) with small or slightly larger aggregates. The diffusion coefficient of the cationic species is only weakly affected by concentration. In contrast, the low-polar solvents of chloroform (CDCl3) and dichloromethane (DCM) strongly favor cluster formation above a certain concentration and the viologen diffusion coefficient in CDCl3 is much smaller and more strongly dependent on concentration than that in ACN. The information obtained from the MD simulations suggests that the aggregates have a structure similar to the isotropic liquid phase of the viologen-based ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals. The lifetimes of such large clusters appear to be relatively long, beyond the time scale of tens of nanoseconds. Moreover, the results from the aromatic proton NMR resonances provide some insights on the dielectric constants inside the viologen aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 55 East Zhongguancun Road, P. O. Box 2735, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Jordão N, Cruz H, Pina F, Branco LC. Studies of bipyridinium ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes for electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have aroused great interest because of their potential applicability in displays and smart systems, including windows, rearview mirrors, and helmet visors. In the last decades, different device structures and materials have been proposed to meet the requirements of commercial applications to boost market entry. To this end, employing simple device architectures and achieving a competitive electrolyte are crucial to accomplish easily implementable, high-performance ECDs. The present review outlines devices comprising gel electrolytes as a single electroactive layer ("all-in-one") ECD architecture, highlighting some advantages and opportunities they offer over other electrochromic systems. In this context, gel electrolytes not only overcome the drawbacks of liquid and solid electrolytes, such as liquid's low chemical stability and risk of leaking and soil's slow switching and lack of transparency, but also exhibit further strengths. These include easier processability, suitability for flexible substrates, and improved stabilization of the chemical species involved in redox processes, leading to better cyclability and opening wide possibilities to extend the electrochromic color palette, as discussed herein. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided.
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Allan JTS, Quaranta S, Ebralidze II, Egan JG, Poisson J, Laschuk NO, Gaspari F, Easton EB, Zenkina OV. Terpyridine-Based Monolayer Electrochromic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40438-40445. [PMID: 29076345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel electrochromic (EC) materials were developed and formed by a two-step chemical deposition process. First, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-4'-ylphosphonic acid, L, was deposited on the surface of a nanostructured conductive indium-tin oxide (ITO) screen-printed support by simple submerging of the support into an aqueous solution of L. Further reaction of the SAM with Fe or Ru ions results in the formation of a monolayer of the redox-active metal complex covalently bound to the ITO support (Fe-L/ITO and Ru-L/ITO, respectively). These novel light-reflective EC materials demonstrate a high color difference, significant durability, and fast switching speed. The Fe-based material shows an excellent change of optical density and coloration efficiency. The results of thermogravimetric analysis suggest high thermal stability of the materials. Indeed, the EC characteristics do not change significantly after heating of Fe-L/ITO at 100 °C for 1 week, confirming the excellent stability and high EC reversibility. The proposed fabrication approach that utilizes interparticle porosity of the support and requires as low as a monolayer of EC active molecule benefits from the significant molecular economy when compared with traditional polymer-based EC devices and is significantly less time-consuming than layer-by-layer growth of coordination-based molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T S Allan
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Simone Quaranta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Iraklii I Ebralidze
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn G Egan
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Jade Poisson
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Nadia O Laschuk
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Franco Gaspari
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - E Bradley Easton
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Olena V Zenkina
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
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Jordão N, Cruz H, Branco A, Pina F, Branco LC. Bis(bipyridinium) Salts as Multicolored Electrochromic Devices. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1211-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Jordão
- LAQV-REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Hugo Cruz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Aida Branco
- Ynvisible; Rua Mouzinho de Albuquerque 7 2070-104 Cartaxo Portugal
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luís C. Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Shi Z, Neo WT, Lin TT, Zhou H, Xu J. Solution-processable low-bandgap 3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate-based conjugated polymers for electrochromic applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate-based conjugated polymers were synthesized and their electrochromic devices displayed good optical contrasts, good coloration efficiencies and reasonable redox stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Shi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
| | - Wei Teng Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering
| | - Ting Ting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138634
- Department of Chemistry
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