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Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Pharmacology of Sarsasapogenin: A Potential Natural Steroid Molecule for New Drug Design, Development and Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27062032. [PMID: 35335393 PMCID: PMC8955086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarsasapogenin is a natural steroidal sapogenin molecule obtained mainly from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Among the various phytosteroids present, sarsasapogenin has emerged as a promising molecule due to the fact of its diverse pharmacological activities. In this review, the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacological potentials of sarsasapogenin are summarised. Between 1996 and the present, the relevant literature regarding sarsasapogenin was obtained from scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Overall, sarsasapogenin is a potent molecule with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-osteoclastogenic and neuroprotective activities. It is also a potential molecule in the treatment for precocious puberty. This review also discusses the metabolism, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications as well as obstacles and opportunities for sarsasapogenin to become a drug molecule in the near future. More comprehensive preclinical studies, clinical trials, drug delivery, formulations of effective doses in pharmacokinetics studies, evaluation of adverse effects and potential synergistic effects with other drugs need to be thoroughly investigated to make sarsasapogenin a potential molecule for future drug development.
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Song X, Yuan Y, Wang S, Sun X, Zhang C, Gao P, Shi L. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of six steroid saponins in rat plasma following oral administration of crude and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5151. [PMID: 33939847 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Fructus Tribuli can improve sexual function and treat cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we focused on comparing the pharmacokinetics of crude Fructus Tribuli (CFT) and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli (SFT) to further clarify the changes in chemical composition in vivo. The quantitation of six analytes was performed in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Separation was performed on a Halo® C18 column using 0.05% formic acid and 5 μmol/L sodium formate in water, and 0.05% formic acid and 5 μmol/L sodium formate in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The selectivity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability of the method were fully validated. Compared with the crude group, the parameters Cmax and AUC0-t of terrestroside B and terrestrosin K increased significantly (P < 0.05), but the Cmax and AUC0-t of polianthoside D, terrestrinin D, tribuluside A and terrestrosin D were decreased, terrestrosin D being especially decreased (P < 0.05), after oral administration of SFT extract. These results showed that the developed method was suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis of the six steroid saponins of CFT and SFT in rat plasma, and can be used to facilitate future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaohui Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Pei L, Ye Y, Zhao W, Ye Q, Ge S, Jiang ZW, Liang XQ, Gan HX, Ma L. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of a potent neuroprotective agent Sarsasapogenin-AA13 in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4775. [PMID: 31845362 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarsasapogenin-AA13(AA13), a sarsasapogenin derivative, exhibited good neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and therapeutic effects on learning and memory dysfunction in amyloid-β-injected mice. A sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantitatively determine AA13 in rat plasma and was further applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behaviour of AA13 in rats that were administered AA13 intravenously and orally. This method was validated to exhibit excellent linearity in the concentration range of 1-1000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for AA13 in rat plasma. Intra-day accuracy for AA13 was in the range of 90-114%, and inter-day accuracy was in the range of 97-103 %. The relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day assay was less than 15%. After a single oral administration of AA13 at the dose of 25 mg/kg, Cmax of AA13 was 1266.4 ± 316.1 ng/mL. AUC0-48 h was 6928.5 ± 1990.1 h·ng/mL, and t1/2 was 10.2 ± 0.8 h. Under intravenous administration of AA13 at a dosage of 250 μg/kg, AUC0-48 h was 785.7 ± 103.3 h⋅ng/mL, and t1/2 was 20.8 ± 7.2 h. Based on the results, oral bioavailability (F %) of AA13 in rats at 25 mg/kg was 8.82 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pei
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Ye
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshu Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Ye
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlan Ge
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Wei Jiang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xian Gan
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Tian X, Liu F, Li Z, Lin Y, Liu H, Hu P, Chen M, Sun Z, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Han L, Zhang Y, Pan G, Huang C. Enhanced Anti-diabetic Effect of Berberine Combined With Timosaponin B2 in Goto-Kakizaki Rats, Associated With Increased Variety and Exposure of Effective Substances Through Intestinal Absorption. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30733676 PMCID: PMC6353801 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inspired by the traditionally clinical application of herb pair Zhimu-Huangbo to treat diabetes, a combination of plant ingredients, timosaponin B2 (TB-2) and berberine (BBR), was evaluated for their anti-diabetic efficacy and cooperative mechanisms. Methods: The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of orally administered TB-2 (33.3 mg/kg/day), BBR (66.7 mg/kg/day), and TB-2+BBR (100 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in spontaneously non-obese diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, and metformin (200 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control. The comparative exposure of the parent drugs, timosaponin A3 (TB-2 metabolite), and M1–M5 (BBR metabolites) was quantified in the portal vein plasma (before hepatic disposition), liver, and systemic plasma (after hepatic disposition) of normal rats on single and combination treatments. Cooperative mechanism of TB-2 and BBR on intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism was investigated in Caco-2 cells and primary hepatocytes, respectively. Results: After a 6-week experiment, non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance test results showed that TB-2+BBR treatments (100 mg/kg/day) displayed significantly anti-diabetic efficacy in GK rats, comparable to that on metformin treatments. However, no significant improvement was observed on TB-2 or BBR treatments alone. Compared to single treatments, combination treatments led to the increased circulating levels of BBR by 107% in GK rats. In normal rats, the hepatic exposure of BBR, timosaponin A3, and M1–M5 was several hundred folds higher than their circulating levels. Co-administration also improved the levels in the plasma and liver by 41–114% for BBR, 141–230% for TB-2, and 12–282% for M1–M5. In vitro, the interaction between TB-2 and BBR was mediated by intestinal absorption, rather than hepatic metabolism. Conclusion: Combining TB-2 and BBR enhanced the anti-diabetic efficacy by increasing the in vivo variety of effective substances, including the parent compounds and active metabolites, and improving the levels of those substances through intestinal absorption. This study is a new attempt to assess the effects of combined plant ingredients on diabetes by scientifically utilizing clinical experience of an herb pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jiang CX, Ji D, Qiu JC, Su XN, Qin YW, Hao M, Li L, Lu TL, Li XK. Study on pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of neomangiferin, mangiferin, timosaponin BII, Timosaponin BIII, and timosaponin AIII after oral administration of Anemarrhenae rhizoma extract in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_65_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Xie Y, Zhou X, Pei H, Chen MC, Sun ZL, Xue YR, Tian XT, Huang CG. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and hepatic disposition of xanthones and saponins on Zhimu treatments for exploratively interpreting the discrepancy between the herbal safety and timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1923-1934. [PMID: 29795136 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Timosaponin A3, a saponin in Zhimu, elicited hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress. However, the clinical medication of Zhimu has been historically regarded as safe, probably associated with the antioxidants it contains. However, the related information on the in vivo levels of timosaponin A3 and antioxidants remained unclear on Zhimu treatments. Therefore, a combination of the in vitro metabolism, including microbiota-mediated and liver-mediated metabolism, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and hepatic disposition, was conducted for three xanthones (neomangiferin, mangiferin, and norathyriol) and three saponins (timosaponin B2, timosaponin B3, and timosaponin A3) on Zhimu treatments. Consequently, following oral administration of Zhimu decoction to rats, those saponins and xanthones were all observed in the plasma with severe liver first-pass effect, where mangiferin was of the maximum exposure. Despite the ignorable content in the herb, timosaponin A3 elicited sizable hepatic exposure as the microbiota-mediated metabolite of saponins in Zhimu. The similar phenomenon also occurred to norathyriol, the microbiota-mediated metabolite of xanthones. However, the major prototypes in Zhimu were of limited hepatic exposure. We deduced the hepatic collection of norathyriol, maximum circulating levels of mangiferin, and timosaponin B2 and mangiferin interaction may directly or indirectly contribute to the whole anti-oxidation of Zhimu, and then resisted the timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study exploratively interpreted the discrepancy between herbal safety and timosaponin A3-induced hepatotoxicity. However, given the considerable levels and slow eliminated rate of timosaponin A3 in the liver, more attention should be paid to the safety on the continuous clinical medication of Zhimu in the future.
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Zhao YF, Zhang YW, Wang Y, Morris-Natschke SL, Liu W, Shang TT, Yin H, Lee KH, Huang XF. New transformation pathway and cytotoxic derivatives from the acid hydrolysis of timosaponin B III. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2755-2761. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1499640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xue-Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ji D, Su X, Huang Z, Wang Q, Lu T. A novel ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of xanthones and steroidal saponins in crude and salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma aqueous extracts. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2310-2320. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- De Ji
- College of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaonan Su
- College of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ziyan Huang
- College of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qiaohan Wang
- College of Basic Medical; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
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